A pathophysiology diagram illustrating the 'hallmarks of cancer' in the context of phase separation and biomolecular condensates. Centrally, a pink, irregular mass represents a cluster of proliferating cancer cells. Radiating from this center are various mechanisms linked to oncogenesis and tumor maintenance, categorized as original, enabling, or emerging hallmarks. These include: (1) Sustained proliferative signaling via aberrant cAMP signaling; (2) Genome instability and mutation through ENL protein phase segregation; (3) Enabling replicative immortality via PML body-mediated telomere lengthening; (4) Resisting cell death through stress granule (SG) formation; (5) Activating invasion and metastasis via YAP/TAZ phase separation and EMT; (6) Inducing angiogenesis through VEGF-promoting transcription condensates; (7) Evading growth suppression via SPOP mutations; and (8) Avoiding immune destruction involving YAP-mediated resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy. The diagram uses distinct icons (DNA strands, blood vessels, spiky immune cells) and text annotations to connect specific phase-separation abnormalities to established cancer phenotypes, emphasizing how aberrant condensates drive pathological signaling cascades and malignant transformation.

This medical infographic illustrates Hanahan and Weinberg’s hallmarks of cancer and their regulation by specific microRNAs (miRNAs). Centered around a primary tumor mass, ten hallmarks are arranged radially: Sustained proliferative signaling (DNA helix), Deregulating cellular energetics (mitochondrion), Avoiding immune destruction (leukocyte), Tumor-promoting inflammation, Genome instability & mutation (fragmented DNA), Enabling replicative immortality (dividing cells), Resisting cell death (apoptotic bodies), Activating invasion and metastasis (migrating cells), Inducing angiogenesis (vessel sprouting), and Evading growth suppressors. The diagram classifies these into original hallmarks, enabling factors, and emerging hallmarks. Specific miRNAs (oncomiRs and tumor-suppressor miRs) are linked to each hallmark with green arrows (activation) or red bars (inhibition). For example, miR-21 is shown promoting metastasis and resisting cell death across multiple cancers (pancreatic, breast, lung), while miR-155 is linked to inflammation and angiogenesis. The diagram serves as an educational summary of how non-coding RNA dysregulation drives malignant transformation and progression in various human cancers, including lung, colorectal, and prostate carcinomas.

A pathophysiology diagram illustrating the regulatory role of Heparanase (HPSE) in the hallmarks of cancer within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The central graphic depicts a heterogeneous TME containing various cell types including cancer cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs), NK cells, macrophages, T cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), pericytes, and endothelial cells. Radiating from this center are several thematic categories of cancer hallmarks, each linked to specific HPSE-mediated mechanisms: 1) Evading immune destruction (cytokine regulation); 2) Sustaining proliferative signaling (growth factor and feedback signaling); 3) Evading growth suppressors; 4) Resisting cell death (apoptosis inhibition, autophagy); 5) Enabling replicative immortality (HS-mediated signaling); 6) Inducing angiogenesis (VEGF and pro-angiogenic factors); 7) Activating invasion and metastasis (MMP regulation, EMT, and ECM degradation); 8) Genome instability and mutation; 9) Tumor-promoting inflammation; and 10) Reprogramming energy metabolism (hypoxia modification). The diagram serves as a comprehensive educational summary of how HPSE enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities drive oncogenic progression and therapeutic resistance across oncology specialties.