mkdir -p /tmp/workspace/heat-questions && cat > /tmp/workspace/heat-questions/generate_pdf.py << 'PYEOF' from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4 from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle from reportlab.lib.units import cm from reportlab.lib import colors from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, HRFlowable, Table, TableStyle from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_LEFT, TA_CENTER, TA_JUSTIFY questions_data = { "10.1": { "title": "Specific Heat Capacity", "unit": "Unit 10: Heat Capacity and Modes of Heat Transfer", "questions": [ "Define specific heat capacity and state its SI unit. How does it differ from heat capacity?", "A substance has a high specific heat capacity. What does this imply about the energy required to raise its temperature compared to a substance with a low specific heat capacity?", "Why does water have an unusually high specific heat capacity, and what practical significance does this have for coastal climates?", "Write the mathematical relationship between heat energy (Q), mass (m), specific heat capacity (c), and temperature change (ΔT). Identify each variable and its unit.", "Two objects of equal mass but different materials are supplied with the same amount of heat. Object A shows a larger temperature rise than Object B. Which object has a higher specific heat capacity? Explain.", "How does the specific heat capacity of a substance relate to the concept of thermal inertia? Give a real-life example.", "Explain why a metal spoon in a hot drink feels hotter than the drink itself, relating your answer to specific heat capacity.", "Sand heats up faster than water on a beach during the day. How does specific heat capacity account for this observation?", "If the specific heat capacity of iron is 450 J kg⁻¹ °C⁻¹, calculate the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of a 2 kg iron block by 30°C.", "Distinguish between the specific heat capacity of water in its liquid state versus ice. Why might these values differ?", ] }, "10.2": { "title": "Transfer of Heat", "unit": "Unit 10: Heat Capacity and Modes of Heat Transfer", "questions": [ "Name and define the three modes of heat transfer. Give one everyday example of each.", "Conduction requires physical contact between objects, while radiation does not. Explain the molecular-level mechanism that accounts for this difference.", "Why are metals generally better conductors of heat than non-metals? Relate your answer to the structure of metals.", "Explain the concept of convection currents. How does the density of a fluid change when heated, and how does this drive heat transfer?", "A thermos flask is designed to minimize all three modes of heat transfer. Describe how its structure addresses conduction, convection, and radiation separately.", "Why does heat always flow from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature? What happens to heat flow when two objects reach the same temperature?", "Distinguish between natural convection and forced convection. Give an example of each.", "How does the color and texture of a surface affect its ability to absorb and emit radiant heat? What practical applications use this principle?", "A cooking pot has a metal body but a plastic handle. Explain this design choice in terms of heat conduction.", "The rate of conductive heat transfer through a material depends on several factors. Identify three such factors and explain how each affects the rate of heat transfer.", ] }, "10.3": { "title": "Applications of Heat Transfer", "unit": "Unit 10: Heat Capacity and Modes of Heat Transfer", "questions": [ "Explain how a solar water heater uses the principles of heat transfer to warm water. Which mode(s) of heat transfer are involved?", "How does the working principle of a refrigerator relate to heat transfer? In which direction does heat move in a refrigerator, and why does this require energy?", "Describe how central heating systems in buildings use convection to distribute warmth throughout a room.", "Why are buildings in hot climates often painted white? Use the concept of heat radiation absorption and reflection to explain.", "How do double-glazed windows reduce heat loss in cold climates? Which mode of heat transfer is primarily being minimized?", "Explain the role of heat sinks in electronic devices. What properties should a good heat sink material have?", "How does the human body use sweating as a mechanism of heat loss? What mode of heat transfer is primarily involved?", "Describe the application of heat transfer principles in the design of car radiators. What fluid is used and why?", "Why are steam pipes insulated in industrial settings? What materials are typically used as thermal insulators?", "How does a greenhouse (agricultural) use heat transfer principles to maintain warmth for plants? Relate this to the mode of heat transfer involved.", ] }, "10.4": { "title": "Green House Effect and Global Warming", "unit": "Unit 10: Heat Capacity and Modes of Heat Transfer", "questions": [ "Define the greenhouse effect. Is it entirely a harmful phenomenon? Explain the natural role it plays in sustaining life on Earth.", "Name four major greenhouse gases and describe how human activities have increased their concentration in the atmosphere.", "Explain the mechanism by which greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere. What type of radiation is absorbed and re-emitted?", "What is global warming? How does an enhanced greenhouse effect lead to a rise in average global temperatures?", "Describe three consequences of global warming on the Earth's ecosystems and climate patterns.", "What is the difference between the natural greenhouse effect and the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by human activity?", "Carbon dioxide is often called the primary driver of current global warming. Explain why deforestation increases CO₂ levels in the atmosphere.", "How do melting polar ice caps serve as both a consequence of and a contributor to further global warming? Explain the feedback mechanism involved.", "List three measures that individuals, governments, or industries can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.", "What is the relationship between global warming and sea level rise? Name two mechanisms through which sea levels increase as temperatures rise.", ] }, "11.1": { "title": "Kinetic Theory of Matter", "unit": "Unit 11: Thermal Expansion and Change of State", "questions": [ "State the main postulates of the kinetic theory of matter. How does this theory explain the three states of matter?", "According to the kinetic theory, what is temperature a measure of? How does increasing temperature affect the particles of a substance?", "Explain why gases are more compressible than solids, using the kinetic theory to justify your answer.", "How does the kinetic theory explain the process of diffusion? Why does diffusion occur faster in gases than in liquids?", "What is Brownian motion? How does it provide evidence for the kinetic theory of matter?", "Compare the arrangement, separation, and movement of particles in solids, liquids, and gases according to the kinetic theory.", "How does the kinetic theory account for the pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of its container?", "Using the kinetic theory, explain why a gas expands to fill its container completely while a liquid only fills the container to the level it was poured.", "What happens to the kinetic energy of particles when a solid is heated to its melting point? Does the temperature change during melting? Explain.", "Define absolute zero. According to the kinetic theory, what is happening to the particles of a substance at absolute zero?", ] }, "11.2": { "title": "Thermal Expansion", "unit": "Unit 11: Thermal Expansion and Change of State", "questions": [ "Define thermal expansion. What happens at the particle level of a solid when it is heated that causes it to expand?", "Arrange solids, liquids, and gases in order of the magnitude of their thermal expansion for the same temperature increase. Explain why this order exists.", "What is the coefficient of linear expansion? Write its defining equation and state its unit.", "Why are gaps left between railway tracks and in bridge segments? What would happen if these gaps were absent?", "Explain the concept of the bimetallic strip. How does differential thermal expansion make it useful as a thermostat?", "Water shows an anomalous expansion behavior between 0°C and 4°C. Describe this behavior and explain its ecological importance for aquatic life.", "How is the thermal expansion of liquids applied in the design of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?", "A steel rod has a length of 2 m at 20°C. If the coefficient of linear expansion of steel is 12 × 10⁻⁶ °C⁻¹, by how much will it expand when heated to 120°C?", "Distinguish between linear expansion, superficial expansion, and cubical (volumetric) expansion. How are their coefficients related?", "Give two practical applications where thermal expansion is used beneficially and two cases where it must be carefully accounted for to prevent damage.", ] }, "11.3": { "title": "Evaporation", "unit": "Unit 11: Thermal Expansion and Change of State", "questions": [ "Define evaporation. How does it differ from boiling in terms of temperature, location within the liquid, and rate?", "Using the kinetic theory, explain why evaporation causes cooling of the remaining liquid.", "List four factors that affect the rate of evaporation and explain how each factor influences it.", "Why does a wet cloth dry faster on a windy, hot day compared to a still, humid day? Relate your answer to the factors affecting evaporation.", "Explain the concept of saturation vapor pressure. What happens to the rate of evaporation when the surrounding air is already saturated with water vapor?", "How does the human body use evaporation of sweat for thermoregulation? Why does this mechanism work less effectively in humid weather?", "What is meant by the dew point? How is it related to the process of condensation as the reverse of evaporation?", "Why do liquids with weaker intermolecular forces (e.g., alcohol) evaporate faster than those with stronger forces (e.g., water)?", "Explain how evaporation is used in refrigeration systems. What substance is typically used and why?", "Distinguish between evaporation and condensation. Under what conditions does condensation occur?", ] }, "11.4": { "title": "Latent Heat", "unit": "Unit 11: Thermal Expansion and Change of State", "questions": [ "Define latent heat. Why is it called 'latent' (hidden) heat if energy is still being transferred during a change of state?", "Distinguish between latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization. Which is typically larger for the same substance and why?", "Write the equation for calculating the heat energy involved in a change of state. Define each term and state its unit.", "During melting, heat is absorbed but the temperature of the substance does not rise. Where does this absorbed energy go at the particle level?", "The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is much greater than its specific latent heat of fusion. Give a molecular explanation for this difference.", "Why does steam at 100°C cause more severe burns than water at 100°C? Use the concept of latent heat to explain.", "How is the concept of latent heat applied in the working of a refrigerator or air conditioner?", "Describe what happens on a heating curve (temperature vs. time graph) when a solid is heated uniformly from below its melting point to above its boiling point. Identify all the flat regions.", "Calculate the heat energy needed to melt 500 g of ice at 0°C, given that the specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 336,000 J kg⁻¹.", "How does latent heat of vaporization play a role in weather systems, particularly in the formation of clouds and rainfall?", ] }, "11.5": { "title": "Pressure Exerted by Gas Particles", "unit": "Unit 11: Thermal Expansion and Change of State", "questions": [ "Explain how gas particles exert pressure on the walls of a container. What happens to pressure if the number of collisions per second increases?", "State Boyle's Law. How does the kinetic theory of gases explain the relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature?", "State Charles's Law. What happens to the volume of a gas when its temperature is increased at constant pressure? Justify using kinetic theory.", "What is the combined gas law? Write its mathematical expression and state the conditions under which it applies.", "Why does a balloon expand when heated? Use both Charles's Law and kinetic theory in your answer.", "A sealed container holds a fixed amount of gas. If the temperature of the gas is doubled (in Kelvin), what happens to the pressure? Which gas law explains this?", "Define the concept of an ideal gas. What assumptions are made about ideal gas particles that differ from real gas behavior?", "A fixed mass of gas has a pressure of 200 kPa and a volume of 3 L at 300 K. Calculate its volume if the pressure is increased to 400 kPa at the same temperature.", "How does increasing altitude affect atmospheric pressure? Explain this in terms of the weight and density of air above a given point.", "Why does a gas exert greater pressure at higher temperatures even if its volume remains constant? Relate your answer to the kinetic energy of the particles.", ] }, } doc = SimpleDocTemplate( "/tmp/workspace/heat-questions/Unit10_11_ConceptQuestions.pdf", pagesize=A4, rightMargin=2*cm, leftMargin=2*cm, topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm ) styles = getSampleStyleSheet() title_style = ParagraphStyle( 'CustomTitle', parent=styles['Title'], fontSize=20, textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a237e'), spaceAfter=6, alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName='Helvetica-Bold' ) subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle( 'Subtitle', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=11, textColor=colors.HexColor('#455a64'), spaceAfter=20, alignment=TA_CENTER, fontName='Helvetica' ) unit_heading_style = ParagraphStyle( 'UnitHeading', parent=styles['Heading1'], fontSize=14, textColor=colors.white, backColor=colors.HexColor('#1565c0'), spaceBefore=18, spaceAfter=8, leftIndent=-0.3*cm, rightIndent=-0.3*cm, borderPad=6, fontName='Helvetica-Bold' ) section_heading_style = ParagraphStyle( 'SectionHeading', parent=styles['Heading2'], fontSize=12, textColor=colors.HexColor('#0d47a1'), spaceBefore=14, spaceAfter=6, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', borderPad=3, ) question_style = ParagraphStyle( 'Question', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=10.5, textColor=colors.HexColor('#212121'), spaceAfter=8, spaceBefore=2, leftIndent=0.5*cm, fontName='Helvetica', leading=15, alignment=TA_JUSTIFY ) story = [] story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm)) story.append(Paragraph("Unit 10 & 11 — Physics", title_style)) story.append(Paragraph("Concept-Based Questions", title_style)) story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm)) story.append(Paragraph("Heat Capacity, Modes of Heat Transfer | Thermal Expansion and Change of State", subtitle_style)) story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=2, color=colors.HexColor('#1565c0'), spaceAfter=10)) story.append(Paragraph("Total Sections: 9 | Total Questions: 90 | (Section 10.5 excluded)", subtitle_style)) story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm)) section_order = ["10.1", "10.2", "10.3", "10.4", "11.1", "11.2", "11.3", "11.4", "11.5"] current_unit = None for sec_key in section_order: sec = questions_data[sec_key] unit_label = sec["unit"] if unit_label != current_unit: current_unit = unit_label story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm)) # Unit heading as colored table cell for background color support unit_data = [[Paragraph(f" {unit_label}", ParagraphStyle( 'UnitCell', fontSize=13, textColor=colors.white, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', leading=16, ))]] unit_table = Table(unit_data, colWidths=[17*cm]) unit_table.setStyle(TableStyle([ ('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor('#1565c0')), ('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8), ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 8), ('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 10), ])) story.append(unit_table) story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm)) story.append(Paragraph(f"Section {sec_key}: {sec['title']}", section_heading_style)) story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.8, color=colors.HexColor('#90caf9'), spaceAfter=5)) for i, q in enumerate(sec["questions"], 1): story.append(Paragraph(f"<b>Q{i}.</b> {q}", question_style)) story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm)) doc.build(story) print("PDF generated successfully at /tmp/workspace/heat-questions/Unit10_11_ConceptQuestions.pdf") PYEOF python /tmp/workspace/heat-questions/generate_pdf.py