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Describe the functional anatomy of lungs, the physiology of breathing and sleep physiology and cricardial rythem disorder

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This is a broad cardiopulmonary physiology topic. It can be divided into:
  1. Functional anatomy of the lungs
    • Airways, lobes and segments, alveoli, pleura, pulmonary circulation, and autonomic innervation.
  2. Physiology of breathing
    • Mechanics of inspiration and expiration, lung volumes, compliance, airway resistance, ventilation-perfusion matching, gas exchange, and neural/chemical regulation of respiration.
  3. Sleep physiology
    • Sleep stages, circadian control, normal respiratory and cardiovascular changes in NREM and REM sleep, and control of upper-airway tone.
  4. Cardiac rhythm disorders
    • Normal conduction system and ECG basis, then bradyarrhythmias, supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial fibrillation/flutter, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and heart block.
At a high level, the lungs conduct air to alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across a very thin alveolar-capillary membrane. Breathing depends on respiratory-muscle action creating pressure gradients, while the brainstem adjusts ventilation mainly in response to carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen signals. During sleep, ventilation and airway-muscle activity change substantially, especially in REM sleep. Cardiac rhythm disorders result from abnormal impulse formation, abnormal conduction, or both.
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