FBISE new scheme class 10 physics chapter 10 syllabus sections 2024 2025

https://fbise.edu.pk/ModelPaper/2025/Assessment%20Frameworks…

FBISE new SNC scheme class 10 physics chapter 10 "geometrical optics" OR "simple harmonic motion" OR "heat" sections topics

mkdir -p /tmp/workspace/fbise-physics-ch10 && ls /tmp/workspace/fbise-physics-ch10/

FBISE new scheme class 10 physics chapter 10 "modes of heat transfer" sections 10.1 10.2 10.3 syllabus

https://www.scribd.com/document/862055939/Excercise-Notes-Un…

mkdir -p /tmp/workspace/fbise-physics-ch10 cat << 'PYEOF' > /tmp/workspace/fbise-physics-ch10/generate_pdf.py from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4 from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor, white, black from reportlab.platypus import (SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle, HRFlowable, PageBreak) from reportlab.lib.units import cm, mm from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY from reportlab.platypus import KeepTogether OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/fbise-physics-ch10/FBISE_Class10_Physics_Ch10_Heat_Transfer_Questions.pdf" doc = SimpleDocTemplate( OUTPUT, pagesize=A4, rightMargin=2*cm, leftMargin=2*cm, topMargin=2*cm, bottomMargin=2*cm, title="FBISE Class 10 Physics – Chapter 10: Concept Questions", author="Orris AI" ) # ── Colours ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── DARK_BLUE = HexColor("#0D3B66") MED_BLUE = HexColor("#1A6496") LIGHT_BLUE = HexColor("#D6EAF8") ACCENT = HexColor("#E67E22") LIGHT_GREY = HexColor("#F4F6F7") ANS_GREEN = HexColor("#1E8449") ANS_BG = HexColor("#EAFAF1") styles = getSampleStyleSheet() # Custom styles title_style = ParagraphStyle( "ChapterTitle", parent=styles["Title"], fontSize=20, textColor=white, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=6, spaceBefore=4, fontName="Helvetica-Bold" ) subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle( "Subtitle", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=11, textColor=white, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=2, fontName="Helvetica" ) section_style = ParagraphStyle( "SectionHead", parent=styles["Heading1"], fontSize=14, textColor=white, alignment=TA_LEFT, spaceBefore=14, spaceAfter=4, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", leftIndent=0, borderPad=4 ) q_num_style = ParagraphStyle( "QNum", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=11, textColor=DARK_BLUE, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=2, leftIndent=0 ) q_text_style = ParagraphStyle( "QText", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=11, textColor=black, fontName="Helvetica", spaceBefore=0, spaceAfter=2, leftIndent=18, alignment=TA_JUSTIFY ) ans_label_style = ParagraphStyle( "AnsLabel", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=10, textColor=ANS_GREEN, fontName="Helvetica-Bold", spaceBefore=2, spaceAfter=1, leftIndent=18 ) ans_text_style = ParagraphStyle( "AnsText", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=10, textColor=HexColor("#1A5276"), fontName="Helvetica", spaceBefore=0, spaceAfter=6, leftIndent=28, alignment=TA_JUSTIFY ) footer_style = ParagraphStyle( "Footer", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=8, textColor=HexColor("#888888"), alignment=TA_CENTER ) # ── Helper ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── def section_header(number, title, subtitle=""): data = [[Paragraph(f"Section {number}: {title}", section_style)]] if subtitle: data.append([Paragraph(subtitle, ParagraphStyle( "SubS", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=9, textColor=LIGHT_BLUE, fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", spaceAfter=4, leftIndent=0 ))]) tbl = Table([[Paragraph(f"Section {number}: {title}", section_style)]], colWidths=[17*cm]) tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([ ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), MED_BLUE), ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10), ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10), ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6), ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 6), ("ROUNDEDCORNERS", [4]), ])) return tbl def qa_block(num, question, answer): items = [] items.append(Paragraph(f"Q{num}. {question}", q_text_style)) items.append(Paragraph("Answer:", ans_label_style)) items.append(Paragraph(answer, ans_text_style)) items.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.4, color=HexColor("#D5DBDB"), spaceAfter=4)) return KeepTogether(items) # ── Content Data ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── sections = [ # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── { "num": "10.1", "title": "Specific Heat Capacity", "qas": [ ( "What is meant by specific heat capacity of a substance?", "Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C (or 1 K). Its SI unit is J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹. It is a characteristic property of every material." ), ( "Write the mathematical formula for heat energy absorbed or released by a substance.", "The formula is Q = mcΔT, where Q is the heat energy (in Joules), m is the mass (in kg), c is the specific heat capacity (J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹), and ΔT is the change in temperature (in K or °C)." ), ( "Why does water have a very high specific heat capacity compared to most other liquids?", "Water has a high specific heat capacity (4200 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹) because of strong hydrogen bonding between its molecules. A large amount of energy is needed to overcome these bonds and raise the temperature, making water an excellent coolant and heat reservoir." ), ( "A body of mass 2 kg absorbs 8400 J of heat and its temperature rises by 10°C. What is its specific heat capacity?", "Using Q = mcΔT: c = Q / (m × ΔT) = 8400 / (2 × 10) = 420 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹. This value is close to that of iron or similar metals." ), ( "Why is the specific heat capacity of metals generally lower than that of water?", "Metals have free electrons and tightly packed lattice structures. Their atoms require less energy to vibrate faster, so a smaller amount of heat raises their temperature significantly. This means they heat up and cool down faster than water." ), ( "What is the significance of the high specific heat capacity of water in climate control?", "Large bodies of water (oceans, seas) absorb huge amounts of solar energy during the day and release it slowly at night. This moderates coastal temperatures, preventing extreme heat or cold – a phenomenon that regulates Earth's climate." ), ( "Distinguish between heat capacity and specific heat capacity.", "Heat capacity (C) is the total heat required to raise the temperature of a given body by 1°C: C = mc. Specific heat capacity (c) is per unit mass. Heat capacity depends on mass; specific heat capacity is a property of the material itself, independent of mass." ), ( "Two objects of the same mass but different materials are given the same amount of heat. Which will reach a higher temperature: the one with higher or lower specific heat capacity?", "The object with the lower specific heat capacity will reach a higher temperature. Since Q = mcΔT and Q and m are the same, ΔT = Q/(mc), so a smaller c gives a larger ΔT – the object heats up more quickly." ), ( "Why are cooking pots made of metals with low specific heat capacity while their handles are made of materials with high specific heat or are insulated?", "Metals with low specific heat (like aluminium or iron) heat up quickly with less energy, making cooking efficient. Handles need to remain cool so they are made of materials with high specific heat or insulators (like plastic/wood) to prevent heat from reaching the handle quickly." ), ( "If 5 kg of water is heated from 20°C to 80°C, how much heat energy is required? (c of water = 4200 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹)", "ΔT = 80 – 20 = 60°C. Q = mcΔT = 5 × 4200 × 60 = 1,260,000 J = 1260 kJ. This large value illustrates why water is used in hot water heating systems." ), ] }, # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── { "num": "10.2", "title": "Modes of Heat Transfer – Conduction", "qas": [ ( "Define thermal conduction and state the mechanism by which it occurs in metals.", "Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat through a material from a region of higher temperature to lower temperature without any bulk movement of the material. In metals, it occurs mainly through free (delocalized) electrons which gain kinetic energy at the hot end and quickly transport it to cooler regions." ), ( "Why are metals good conductors of heat while non-metals like wood or plastic are poor conductors?", "Metals have a large number of free electrons that move freely and carry thermal energy efficiently. Non-metals lack free electrons; heat can only transfer through lattice vibrations (phonons), which is a much slower and less efficient process, making them poor conductors (insulators)." ), ( "Explain why a metal rod feels colder to touch than a wooden rod at the same room temperature.", "Both are at the same temperature, but metal conducts heat away from your hand much faster than wood. Your skin's temperature receptors respond to the rate of heat loss, not the actual temperature. Metal withdraws heat quickly, so it feels colder; wood is a poor conductor so little heat leaves your hand." ), ( "State Fourier's Law of heat conduction and explain each term.", "Fourier's Law states: Q/t = kA(ΔT/Δx), where Q/t is the rate of heat flow (W), k is thermal conductivity (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹), A is the cross-sectional area (m²), ΔT is the temperature difference, and Δx is the thickness. Greater conductivity, larger area, or larger temperature gradient increases heat flow rate." ), ( "What happens to the rate of conduction if the thickness of a wall is doubled while all other factors remain constant?", "The rate of conduction is inversely proportional to the thickness (Q/t ∝ 1/Δx). If thickness is doubled, the rate of heat conduction is halved. This is why thick walls and double-glazed windows provide better insulation." ), ( "Why are the handles of cooking utensils made of materials like wood, plastic, or rubber?", "These materials have very low thermal conductivity – they are poor conductors (insulators). Heat does not flow easily through them from the hot metal body to the handle, keeping the handle cool and safe to hold, preventing burns." ), ( "Why is it colder to sleep on a tiled floor than on a carpet, even if both are at the same temperature?", "Tiles are good thermal conductors; they conduct heat away from the body rapidly, making one feel cold. Carpet is a poor conductor (insulator) with trapped air spaces; it does not conduct body heat away quickly, so it feels warmer even at the same room temperature." ), ( "What is thermal conductivity and how does it differ for copper, glass, and air?", "Thermal conductivity (k) measures how well a material conducts heat. Copper has a very high k (~400 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹), making it an excellent conductor. Glass has a moderate-to-low k (~1 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹). Air has very low k (~0.024 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹), making it an excellent insulator – this is why trapped air in wool or foam reduces heat loss." ), ( "Why is a double-glazed window a better insulator than a single-pane window?", "A double-glazed window has two glass panes with a layer of trapped air (or inert gas) between them. Air is a very poor conductor of heat, so the air gap acts as an insulating barrier, greatly reducing heat conduction through the window compared to a single pane." ), ( "How does lagging (insulation around pipes) reduce heat loss in hot water pipes?", "Lagging materials (like foam or fiberglass) have very low thermal conductivity and often trap air. They form an insulating layer around the pipe that greatly reduces the temperature gradient across the pipe's outer surface, slowing the rate of conduction of heat from the hot water inside to the cooler surroundings." ), ] }, # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── { "num": "10.2", "title": "Modes of Heat Transfer – Convection", "qas": [ ( "Define convection and distinguish between natural and forced convection.", "Convection is the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) by the actual bulk movement of the fluid itself. Natural convection is driven by density differences due to temperature (hot fluid rises, cool fluid sinks). Forced convection uses an external device (fan, pump) to circulate the fluid, speeding up heat transfer." ), ( "Explain why warm air rises and cool air sinks. How does this set up a convection current?", "When air near a heat source is warmed, its molecules move faster and spread apart, decreasing density. This less-dense warm air rises due to buoyancy. Cooler, denser air from above sinks to replace it. This creates a continuous circular flow called a convection current, which transfers heat throughout the fluid." ), ( "Why does convection NOT occur in solids?", "Convection requires the actual physical movement (bulk flow) of a medium. In solids, the particles are held in fixed lattice positions by strong intermolecular forces and cannot move from place to place. Therefore heat transfer in solids occurs by conduction (particle vibration), not convection." ), ( "Explain the role of convection in sea breeze and land breeze.", "During the day, land heats up faster than the sea (lower specific heat). Air over land becomes warm and rises; cooler air from the sea flows in at surface level – creating a sea breeze. At night, land cools faster; air over the warmer sea rises and cooler land air flows out – creating a land breeze. Both are examples of natural convection." ), ( "How does a domestic hot water heating system use convection?", "Water is heated in a boiler at the bottom. Hot water becomes less dense and rises through pipes to radiators in rooms. As it gives off heat, it cools, becomes denser, and sinks back to the boiler. This continuous circulation by convection (or assisted by a pump in forced systems) heats the house." ), ( "Why are heating coils placed at the bottom of kettles but cooling coils placed at the top of refrigerators?", "Heating coil at the bottom: hot water rises, cold water sinks to replace it, setting up convection currents that heat all the water. Cooling coil at the top: cool air near the coil sinks (higher density), warm air from below rises to be cooled, circulating the air inside and cooling all the contents efficiently." ), ( "What is a convection current? Give one example from nature.", "A convection current is the continuous circular movement of a fluid due to temperature-driven density differences – warm fluid rises and cool fluid sinks repeatedly. Example: formation of trade winds. The equator receives more solar heat; air rises there, moves to the poles, cools, sinks, and returns along the surface." ), ( "Explain how birds and gliders use convection (thermals) to stay aloft without flapping or using engines.", "Thermals are rising columns of warm air created by convection when the ground heats the air above it. Birds and gliders circle within these thermals and are carried upward by the rising warm air current. They gain altitude without expending energy, then glide to the next thermal." ), ( "Why does a room heated by a radiator become uniformly warm even though the radiator is only at one side?", "The radiator heats the air immediately around it. This warm air rises to the ceiling, spreads across the room, cools, sinks along the walls, and flows back along the floor to the radiator – setting up a convection current. Over time, this circulating air distributes heat evenly throughout the room." ), ( "Why is convection more effective than conduction for heating large spaces?", "Conduction transfers heat slowly through materials particle-by-particle, dependent on contact. Convection involves the bulk movement of a fluid medium, physically carrying thermal energy over large distances quickly. Moving fluids can transfer heat throughout an entire room or ocean far faster than molecular conduction." ), ] }, # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── { "num": "10.2", "title": "Modes of Heat Transfer – Radiation", "qas": [ ( "Define thermal radiation and state its key difference from conduction and convection.", "Thermal radiation is the transfer of heat energy in the form of electromagnetic waves (mainly infrared), without requiring any medium. Unlike conduction and convection, radiation can travel through a vacuum. All objects above absolute zero emit thermal radiation; hotter objects emit more intensely." ), ( "Why can we feel the heat of the Sun even though space between the Sun and Earth is a vacuum?", "The Sun's energy travels as electromagnetic radiation (infrared, visible light, etc.), which does not require any material medium for propagation. It travels through the vacuum of space at the speed of light (~3×10⁸ m/s) and reaches Earth, where it is absorbed and converted to heat." ), ( "Compare a dull black surface and a shiny white surface as absorbers and emitters of radiation.", "A dull black surface is a good absorber (absorbs most incoming radiation) and a good emitter of radiation. A shiny white (or polished) surface is a poor absorber (reflects most radiation) and a poor emitter. This is why black objects heat up faster in sunlight and why shiny surfaces are used in thermal flasks." ), ( "Why are houses in hot countries painted white, while solar panels and solar water heaters are made with dark/black surfaces?", "White surfaces reflect most solar radiation and are poor absorbers, keeping buildings cool in hot climates. Dark/black surfaces absorb maximum solar radiation, converting it efficiently to heat energy – ideal for solar panels and water heaters that need to collect as much solar energy as possible." ), ( "State Stefan-Boltzmann Law in words. How does the rate of radiation depend on temperature?", "Stefan-Boltzmann Law states that the total energy radiated per unit area of a perfect black body per unit time is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature: P ∝ T⁴. This means that if the temperature doubles, the radiated power increases by 2⁴ = 16 times – a very sensitive relationship." ), ( "What is a greenhouse effect? Explain how it works.", "The greenhouse effect occurs when short-wave solar radiation passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by Earth's surface. Earth re-emits this as long-wave infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases (CO₂, water vapour, methane) absorb this outgoing infrared and re-emit it back toward Earth, trapping heat and warming the planet." ), ( "Explain how a vacuum (Thermos) flask minimises heat loss through all three modes of heat transfer.", "Radiation: the inner walls are silvered (shiny), reflecting radiation back, reducing emission and absorption. Conduction and Convection: the double-walled container has a vacuum between the walls; with no medium, conduction and convection are eliminated. The stopper prevents convection from the top. This keeps contents hot (or cold) for long periods." ), ( "Why do we feel warm when we stand near a fire, even without touching it or being in the current of hot air?", "The fire emits infrared radiation in all directions. This radiation travels through the air and is absorbed by our skin, which converts it into heat energy. We feel warm due to this radiation even if we are not in the path of convection currents from the fire." ), ( "What factors affect the amount of thermal radiation emitted by an object?", "The amount of thermal radiation emitted depends on: (1) Temperature – higher temperature means much more radiation emitted (T⁴ relationship). (2) Surface area – larger area emits more. (3) Nature of surface – dull, dark, or matt surfaces are better emitters than shiny or light surfaces. (4) Type of material." ), ( "What is meant by a 'perfect black body' in terms of radiation?", "A perfect black body is an idealised object that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, reflecting none. It is also the best possible emitter of radiation at any given temperature. No real object is a perfect black body, but lampblack or a small hole in a hollow cavity are close approximations used in physics." ), ] }, # ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── { "num": "10.3", "title": "Applications of Heat Transfer in Everyday Life", "qas": [ ( "Explain how a solar water heater uses the principles of heat transfer.", "A solar water heater uses a dark-coloured flat collector panel that absorbs maximum solar radiation. The absorbed heat is conducted to water pipes within the panel. Hot water (less dense) rises by convection to a storage tank above, and cooler water from the tank sinks to replace it, circulating the water through convection without a pump." ), ( "How does the human body regulate temperature in hot weather using the principles of heat transfer?", "The body sweats; evaporation of sweat carries away latent heat, cooling the skin surface. Blood vessels near the skin dilate (vasodilation), increasing radiation and convection from the skin surface. We also wear light, loose clothing that reflects radiation and allows air circulation by convection." ), ( "Why are buildings in cold countries built with thick walls and small windows?", "Thick walls reduce heat conduction to the outside (greater thickness lowers heat flow rate as per Q/t = kAΔT/Δx). Small windows reduce heat loss because glass has lower thermal resistance than insulated walls. Cavity walls with trapped air or foam further insulate by reducing conduction and eliminating convection in the cavity." ), ( "Explain how a cooking pot with a shiny exterior loses less heat to surroundings than a dull black one.", "A shiny surface is a poor emitter of infrared radiation. Less energy is lost by radiation from the sides of the pot, meaning more heat stays in the food. A dull black pot emits radiation from its sides efficiently, losing more heat to the surroundings. This is why some cooking pots have polished exteriors." ), ( "Why are fire fighters' suits silver/shiny in colour?", "Shiny surfaces are poor absorbers and poor emitters of thermal radiation. A silver suit reflects most of the intense infrared radiation emitted by fire away from the firefighter's body, reducing the amount of radiant heat absorbed and protecting the wearer from burns." ), ( "Describe the application of heat transfer in the cooling system of a car engine.", "The car engine produces enormous heat through combustion. A liquid coolant (water/antifreeze) circulates around the engine block by forced convection (water pump), absorbing heat by conduction from the hot metal. The hot coolant flows to the radiator at the front of the car, where it is cooled by forced convection (from a fan and moving air), and the cycle repeats." ), ( "Why is fiberglass or foam used in the walls and roofs of houses for insulation?", "Fiberglass and foam are poor thermal conductors and contain many tiny air pockets. Air trapped in these pockets is an excellent insulator. This reduces heat conduction through the walls. The trapped air also prevents convection currents from forming (because the air cannot circulate freely), reducing heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer." ), ( "Explain why dark-coloured clothes are preferred in cold weather while light-coloured clothes are preferred in hot weather.", "Dark-coloured clothes are good absorbers of radiation; they absorb more solar and environmental infrared radiation, helping keep the body warm in cold weather. Light/white-coloured clothes are poor absorbers (good reflectors); they reflect solar radiation, reducing heat absorption and keeping the body cooler in hot weather." ), ( "How does the greenhouse effect contribute to global warming?", "Human activities increase CO₂, methane, and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases trap more of the infrared radiation re-emitted by Earth's surface, reducing the amount that escapes into space. This enhanced greenhouse effect causes a gradual increase in Earth's average temperature, leading to climate change and global warming." ), ( "Why is the bottom of a refrigerator (freezer compartment) placed at the top in traditional designs?", "The freezer at the top cools the air inside. Cold air is denser and sinks, while warmer air from the lower compartment rises to be cooled. This sets up natural convection currents throughout the refrigerator, keeping the entire interior cool without needing a fan. Placing the freezer at the bottom would not generate these convection currents effectively." ), ] }, ] # ── Build PDF ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── story = [] # Cover / Title banner cover_data = [[ Paragraph("FBISE New Scheme | Class 10 Physics", subtitle_style), Paragraph("Chapter 10: Heat Capacity &amp; Modes of Heat Transfer", title_style), Paragraph("Concept-Based Questions with Detailed Answers", subtitle_style), Paragraph("50 Questions | 5 Sections | SLO-Based | Federal Board", ParagraphStyle( "CoverSub2", parent=styles["Normal"], fontSize=10, textColor=LIGHT_BLUE, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=4 )), ]] cover_tbl = Table(cover_data, colWidths=[17*cm]) cover_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([ ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), DARK_BLUE), ("ALIGN", (0,0), (-1,-1), "CENTER"), ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 18), ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 18), ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 14), ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 14), ])) story.append(cover_tbl) story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm)) # Info box info_data = [["Board:", "Federal Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education (FBISE)"], ["Class:", "10th (SSC-II) | New SNC Scheme"], ["Chapter:", "10 – Heat Capacity and Modes of Heat Transfer"], ["Content:", "10 Concept-Based Q&A per Section"], ["Sections:", "10.1 Specific Heat Capacity | 10.2 Conduction | 10.2 Convection | 10.2 Radiation | 10.3 Applications"]] info_tbl = Table(info_data, colWidths=[3.5*cm, 13.5*cm]) info_tbl.setStyle(TableStyle([ ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (0,-1), LIGHT_BLUE), ("BACKGROUND", (1,0), (1,-1), LIGHT_GREY), ("FONTNAME", (0,0), (0,-1), "Helvetica-Bold"), ("FONTNAME", (1,0), (1,-1), "Helvetica"), ("FONTSIZE", (0,0), (-1,-1), 9), ("TEXTCOLOR", (0,0), (0,-1), DARK_BLUE), ("ALIGN", (0,0), (0,-1), "LEFT"), ("TOPPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5), ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 5), ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 8), ("BOX", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, MED_BLUE), ("INNERGRID", (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.3, HexColor("#BFC9CA")), ])) story.append(info_tbl) story.append(Spacer(1, 0.4*cm)) story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1.5, color=ACCENT, spaceAfter=10)) # Sections for sec in sections: story.append(section_header(sec["num"], sec["title"])) story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm)) for i, (q, a) in enumerate(sec["qas"], 1): story.append(qa_block(i, q, a)) story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm)) story.append(PageBreak()) # Footer note story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm)) story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=HexColor("#BDC3C7"))) story.append(Spacer(1, 0.2*cm)) story.append(Paragraph( "Generated by Orris AI | FBISE New Scheme Class 10 Physics – Chapter 10 | " "All answers are based on the NBF textbook and FBISE SLOs. " "For formative/classroom use only.", footer_style )) doc.build(story) print("PDF created successfully:", OUTPUT) PYEOF python3 /tmp/workspace/fbise-physics-ch10/generate_pdf.py