Infusions can be prepared using 30 different types of emergency drugs. This covers the specific concentrations (mg/mL) and the manner in which they are diluted in Normal Saline (NS). It also details the specific diseases or conditions for which these infusions are indicated, their role in ICU management, and associated signs and symptoms.

Reading File
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Finding Sources
Reading File
Running Command

ls -la /home/daytona/workspace/ 2>/dev/null || mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/icu-drug-infusions

Running Command

mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/icu-drug-infusions && cat > /home/daytona/workspace/icu-drug-infusions/build_infusions.py << 'PYEOF' import openpyxl from openpyxl.styles import ( Font, PatternFill, Alignment, Border, Side, GradientFill ) from openpyxl.utils import get_column_letter wb = openpyxl.Workbook() # ── DATA ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── drugs = [ # (No, Drug, Class, Std Concentration mg/mL, Typical Dilution in NS, # Usual Dose/Rate, Indications, ICU Role, Signs & Symptoms Treated) (1, "Norepinephrine", "Vasopressor / Alpha-1 >> Beta-1 agonist", "0.04–0.1 mg/mL (e.g. 4 mg in 100 mL NS)", "4–8 mg in 100–250 mL NS", "0.01–3 mcg/kg/min IV", "Septic shock, distributive shock, vasodilatory shock", "First-line vasopressor in septic shock; maintains MAP ≥ 65 mmHg; increases SVR", "Hypotension, warm flushed skin, wide pulse pressure, bounding pulse (distributive shock)"), (2, "Epinephrine (Adrenaline)", "Vasopressor / Inotrope (Alpha + Beta agonist)", "0.04–0.1 mg/mL (e.g. 4 mg in 100 mL NS)", "4 mg in 100 mL NS (0.04 mg/mL)", "0.01–1 mcg/kg/min IV", "Cardiac arrest (ACLS), anaphylaxis, refractory septic shock, severe bradycardia", "Second-line vasopressor; used in anaphylaxis and post-cardiac arrest; increases HR, BP, CO", "Cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis (urticaria, bronchospasm, hypotension), severe bradycardia"), (3, "Dopamine", "Vasopressor / Inotrope (dose-dependent agonist)", "1.6–3.2 mg/mL (e.g. 400 mg in 250 mL NS)", "200–400 mg in 250–500 mL NS", "2–20 mcg/kg/min IV", "Cardiogenic shock, bradycardia refractory to atropine, hypotension", "Low dose (2–5): renal/splanchnic; mid (5–10): inotrope; high (>10): vasopressor", "Cardiogenic shock: cool extremities, hypotension, oliguria, elevated PCWP"), (4, "Dobutamine", "Inotrope (Beta-1 agonist)", "0.5–1 mg/mL (e.g. 250 mg in 250 mL NS)", "250 mg in 250 mL NS (1 mg/mL)", "2–20 mcg/kg/min IV", "Cardiogenic shock, acute decompensated heart failure, low cardiac output states", "Increases contractility & CO; reduces afterload; used alongside vasopressors in CS", "Pulmonary edema, S3 gallop, elevated JVP, cool extremities, low CO"), (5, "Vasopressin (ADH)", "Vasopressor (V1 receptor agonist)", "0.4 units/mL (e.g. 20 units in 50 mL NS)", "20 units in 50 mL NS (0.4 units/mL)", "0.01–0.04 units/min (fixed) IV", "Septic shock (adjunct to norepinephrine), vasodilatory shock, DI (central)", "Second-line vasopressor; spares catecholamine doses; useful in catecholamine-resistant shock", "Refractory hypotension, high vasopressor requirements, vasodilatory shock"), (6, "Phenylephrine", "Vasopressor (pure Alpha-1 agonist)", "0.1–0.5 mg/mL (e.g. 100 mg in 250 mL NS)", "100 mg in 250 mL NS (0.4 mg/mL)", "0.5–6 mcg/kg/min IV", "Hypotension without tachycardia, LVOTO (HCM), spinal shock, SVT (vagal reflex)", "Raises SVR without increasing HR; used when tachycardia is harmful", "Hypotension, reflex bradycardia, vasoplegia; LVOTO: syncope, dyspnea on exertion"), (7, "Amiodarone", "Antiarrhythmic (Class III)", "1.5–6 mg/mL (e.g. 150 mg in 100 mL NS over 10 min; 1 mg/min in 500 mL NS)", "Loading: 150 mg in 100 mL NS; Maintenance: 360 mg in 250 mL NS", "150 mg IV bolus over 10 min, then 1 mg/min × 6 h, then 0.5 mg/min × 18 h", "VF, pulseless VT, hemodynamically stable VT, AF with RVR", "Broadest spectrum antiarrhythmic; first-line in refractory VF/VT in ACLS", "Palpitations, VT/VF, AF rapid ventricular response, wide-complex tachycardia"), (8, "Lidocaine", "Antiarrhythmic (Class Ib)", "8 mg/mL (e.g. 2 g in 250 mL NS)", "2 g in 250 mL NS (8 mg/mL)", "1–1.5 mg/kg IV bolus; maintenance 1–4 mg/min", "VT, VF (if amiodarone unavailable), ventricular ectopy", "Membrane stabilizer; suppresses ventricular arrhythmias; used in ACLS if amiodarone unavailable", "VT, VF, ventricular ectopy; toxicity: perioral numbness, seizures, bradycardia"), (9, "Labetalol", "Antihypertensive (Alpha + Beta blocker)", "1–2 mg/mL (e.g. 200 mg in 200 mL NS)", "200 mg in 200 mL NS (1 mg/mL)", "0.5–2 mg/min IV infusion; or 20 mg IV bolus q10 min", "Hypertensive emergency, aortic dissection, hypertensive encephalopathy, pre-eclampsia", "Controlled BP reduction; does not increase HR; preferred in aortic dissection", "Severe headache, blurred vision, altered consciousness, focal deficits (hypertensive crisis)"), (10, "Nicardipine", "Antihypertensive (CCB, Dihydropyridine)", "0.1 mg/mL (e.g. 25 mg in 250 mL NS)", "25 mg in 250 mL NS (0.1 mg/mL)", "5–15 mg/h IV infusion", "Hypertensive emergency, subarachnoid hemorrhage, perioperative hypertension", "Smooth, titratable BP control; preferred in neurological emergencies; cerebral vasodilation", "Hypertensive encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, post-op hypertension"), (11, "Sodium Nitroprusside", "Vasodilator (Arteriolar + Venous)", "0.2–0.4 mg/mL (e.g. 50 mg in 250 mL NS)", "50 mg in 250 mL NS (0.2 mg/mL)", "0.3–10 mcg/kg/min IV", "Hypertensive crisis, acute aortic dissection, acute severe MR/AR, cardiogenic shock (afterload reduction)", "Potent balanced vasodilator; reduces preload and afterload; risk of cyanide toxicity", "Malignant hypertension, aortic dissection; toxicity: metabolic acidosis, cyanosis, altered mental status"), (12, "Nitroglycerin (GTN)", "Venodilator / Coronary vasodilator (Nitrate)", "0.1–0.4 mg/mL (e.g. 50 mg in 250 mL NS)", "50 mg in 250–500 mL NS (0.1–0.2 mg/mL); use glass bottle (adsorbs to PVC)", "5–200 mcg/min IV", "Acute coronary syndrome, acute pulmonary edema, hypertensive emergency with ACS, vasospastic angina", "Reduces preload; coronary vasodilation; reduces PCWP; relieves ischemia", "Chest pain, ST changes, pulmonary edema, elevated PCWP"), (13, "Heparin (Unfractionated)", "Anticoagulant (indirect thrombin inhibitor)", "50–100 units/mL (e.g. 25,000 units in 250 mL NS = 100 units/mL)", "25,000 units in 250 mL NS (100 units/mL)", "80 units/kg bolus, then 18 units/kg/h; titrate per aPTT protocol", "DVT/PE (treatment & prevention), ACS (NSTEMI, STEMI), AFib (anticoagulation), ECMO, CPB", "Prevents clot propagation; anticoagulation for mechanical valves, ACS, VTE; monitor aPTT 60–100 s", "DVT (unilateral limb swelling), PE (dyspnea, tachycardia, hypoxia), ACS (chest pain, ST changes)"), (14, "Insulin (Regular)", "Hormone / Antihyperglycemic", "1 unit/mL (e.g. 100 units in 100 mL NS)", "100 units in 100 mL NS (1 unit/mL)", "0.05–0.1 units/kg/h; DKA protocol; hyperkalemia: 10 units IV bolus", "DKA, HHS, hyperglycemia in ICU, hyperkalemia (acute management)", "Glucose control in ICU; anabolic; drives K+ intracellularly in hyperkalemia", "DKA: polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting, Kussmaul breathing, fruity breath, anion-gap acidosis"), (15, "Dextrose 50% (D50W) + Insulin", "Carbohydrate + Hormone (hyperkalemia Rx)", "N/A (D50W given as 50 mL push; insulin separate)", "50 mL D50W IV push + 10 units regular insulin IV bolus", "50 mL D50W over 5 min + 10 units regular insulin IV", "Hyperkalemia (acute management), hypoglycemia reversal", "Drives K+ into cells alongside insulin; not a definitive K+ removal strategy", "Hyperkalemia: peaked T-waves, wide QRS, sine wave pattern, bradycardia, cardiac arrest"), (16, "Morphine Sulfate", "Opioid Analgesic / Anxiolytic", "1 mg/mL (e.g. 50 mg in 50 mL NS)", "50 mg in 50 mL NS (1 mg/mL)", "1–5 mg IV bolus or 1–5 mg/h infusion; titrate to pain/comfort", "Moderate-to-severe pain, acute pulmonary edema (dyspnea relief), post-op analgesia, palliative care", "Analgesia, anxiolysis, preload reduction in APE; sedation adjunct in ICU", "Severe pain, dyspnea, tachycardia; APE: orthopnea, pink frothy sputum, respiratory distress"), (17, "Fentanyl", "Opioid Analgesic (short-acting)", "0.05 mg/mL = 50 mcg/mL (e.g. 500 mcg in 10 mL NS)", "500–1000 mcg in 100–250 mL NS (2–4 mcg/mL)", "25–100 mcg IV bolus; 25–200 mcg/h infusion", "Procedural sedation, analgesia in ICU, intubation, hemodynamically unstable patients", "Preferred opioid in ICU (rapid onset, short duration, minimal histamine, renal-safe)", "Acute pain, agitation, dyspnea; preferred over morphine in renal failure"), (18, "Midazolam", "Benzodiazepine Sedative / Anxiolytic", "0.5–1 mg/mL (e.g. 50 mg in 100 mL NS)", "50 mg in 100 mL NS (0.5 mg/mL)", "0.02–0.1 mg/kg/h infusion; 1–5 mg IV bolus for procedural sedation", "ICU sedation, seizure (status epilepticus), procedural sedation, alcohol withdrawal", "Short-acting BZD; rapid onset; amnesia; first-line for status epilepticus in many protocols", "Agitation, seizure, alcohol withdrawal (diaphoresis, tremor, hypertension, hallucinations)"), (19, "Propofol", "General Anesthetic / Sedative (GABA-A agonist)", "10 mg/mL (standard 1% emulsion; do NOT dilute in NS for infusion — use undiluted)", "Undiluted (1% = 10 mg/mL); use dedicated IV line; change vial every 12 h", "5–50 mcg/kg/min (sedation); higher for induction", "ICU sedation (ventilated patients), refractory status epilepticus, procedural sedation, RSI", "Preferred for daily awakening trials; rapid on/offset; lowers ICP; PRIS risk > 48 h high dose", "Agitation on ventilator, raised ICP, refractory seizures; PRIS: metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis"), (20, "Dexmedetomidine", "Alpha-2 agonist Sedative / Analgesic", "0.004 mg/mL (4 mcg/mL); e.g. 200 mcg in 50 mL NS", "200 mcg in 50 mL NS (4 mcg/mL)", "0.2–1.5 mcg/kg/h IV; optional loading 1 mcg/kg over 10 min", "ICU sedation (light, cooperative), alcohol withdrawal, opioid-sparing analgesia, post-op shivering", "Cooperative sedation without respiratory depression; reduces opioid & BZD needs; facilitates weaning", "Agitation, delirium, alcohol/drug withdrawal, prevention of ICU delirium"), (21, "Ketamine", "Dissociative Anesthetic / Analgesic (NMDA antagonist)", "1–2 mg/mL (e.g. 500 mg in 500 mL NS)", "500 mg in 500 mL NS (1 mg/mL)", "0.1–0.5 mg/kg/h infusion; 1–2 mg/kg IV bolus for RSI/induction", "RSI in hypotensive/asthmatic patients, procedural sedation, refractory bronchospasm, pain management", "Bronchodilator; preserves airway reflexes; maintains hemodynamics; analgesic at sub-anesthetic doses", "Severe asthma, hypotensive trauma, procedural pain, status asthmaticus"), (22, "Hydralazine", "Antihypertensive (direct arteriolar vasodilator)", "0.2 mg/mL (e.g. 20 mg in 100 mL NS)", "20 mg in 100 mL NS (0.2 mg/mL)", "5–20 mg IV q4–6 h; or 0.1–0.2 mg/kg IV", "Hypertensive emergency in pregnancy/eclampsia, acute heart failure (afterload reduction)", "Reduces afterload; used in pregnancy (safe profile); reflex tachycardia is a side effect", "Eclampsia: severe hypertension, headache, visual disturbance, proteinuria, seizures"), (23, "Magnesium Sulfate", "Electrolyte / Anticonvulsant / Antiarrhythmic", "20 mg/mL (e.g. 4 g in 200 mL NS)", "4–5 g in 100–250 mL NS (loading); 1–2 g/h maintenance", "Loading: 4–6 g IV over 15–20 min; Maintenance: 1–2 g/h", "Eclampsia/pre-eclampsia (seizure prevention & Rx), Torsades de Pointes, severe asthma, hypomagnesemia", "Anticonvulsant of choice in eclampsia; treats TdP (Mg deficiency-related); bronchodilator in asthma", "Eclampsia: HTN, seizures, hyperreflexia; TdP: polymorphic VT, QTc prolongation; wheeze (asthma)"), (24, "Adenosine", "Antiarrhythmic (Class V / endogenous nucleoside)", "3 mg/mL standard vial; given undiluted IV push, NS flush immediately", "6 mg undiluted rapid IV push; if no effect: 12 mg × 2; follow with 20 mL NS flush", "6 mg IV rapid push; repeat 12 mg if needed", "PSVT (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia), SVT diagnosis", "Transiently blocks AV node; terminates AVNRT and AVRT; used diagnostically in wide-complex tachycardia", "Sudden-onset palpitations, rapid regular tachycardia (HR 150–250), dizziness, near-syncope (PSVT)"), (25, "Calcium Gluconate / Chloride", "Electrolyte / Cardiac stabilizer", "0.1 g/mL (10% solution = 100 mg/mL); NS dilution optional for infusion", "1–2 g in 100 mL NS for infusion; give undiluted slow IV push for emergency", "1 g (10 mL of 10%) IV over 3–5 min; infusion: 0.5–1 g/h", "Hyperkalemia (cardiac stabilization), hypocalcemia, calcium-channel blocker overdose, hypermagnesemia", "Stabilizes cardiac membrane (does NOT lower K+); temporizing measure before definitive K+ removal", "Peaked T-waves, wide QRS, bradycardia (hyperkalemia); tetany, prolonged QTc, seizures (hypocalcemia)"), (26, "Sodium Bicarbonate", "Alkalinizing agent / Buffer", "1 mEq/mL (8.4% solution); dilute for infusion", "50–100 mEq in 500 mL D5W or NS (hypotonic NaHCO3 for infusion)", "1–2 mEq/kg IV bolus for cardiac arrest; 50–100 mEq/h infusion for acidosis", "Severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.1), TCA overdose, hyperkalemia, urinary alkalinization, cardiac arrest (specific)", "Raises serum pH; widens QRS in TCA; shifts K+ intracellularly; alkalinizes urine in rhabdomyolysis", "Metabolic acidosis: Kussmaul breathing, confusion; TCA: wide QRS, hypotension, seizure; hyperkalemia"), (27, "Furosemide (Frusemide)", "Loop Diuretic", "10 mg/mL standard; 0.1–0.4 mg/mL for infusion", "250–500 mg in 250–500 mL NS (1 mg/mL) for continuous infusion", "Bolus: 20–200 mg IV; Infusion: 5–40 mg/h", "Acute pulmonary edema, fluid overload, hypertensive emergency, acute kidney injury (oliguria), hypercalcemia", "Rapidly reduces preload in APE; promotes urine output; used in AKI to convert oliguric to non-oliguric", "APE: orthopnea, bibasal crackles, SpO2↓, S3 gallop; fluid overload: edema, ascites, elevated JVP"), (28, "Potassium Chloride (KCl)", "Electrolyte replacement", "0.3–0.4 mEq/mL (e.g. 40 mEq in 100–150 mL NS); max 10 mEq/h via peripheral", "40 mEq in 100 mL NS (0.4 mEq/mL) over 4 h; use central line for rates > 10 mEq/h", "10–20 mEq/h IV (peripheral); up to 40 mEq/h central (life-threatening hypokalemia)", "Hypokalemia, hypokalemia-induced arrhythmias, DKA (K+ replacement), digoxin toxicity prevention", "Replaces K+ deficit; treats/prevents arrhythmias; critical in DKA as insulin drives K+ into cells", "Hypokalemia: weakness, ileus, U-waves, flat T-waves, PVCs, VT; severe: respiratory failure"), (29, "Alteplase (tPA)", "Thrombolytic (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator)", "1 mg/mL (reconstituted); dilute in NS for infusion", "0.9 mg/kg (max 90 mg): 10% as IV bolus, 90% in 100 mL NS over 60 min", "Ischemic stroke: 0.9 mg/kg; STEMI: 15 mg bolus then infusion; Massive PE: 100 mg over 2 h", "Acute ischemic stroke (< 4.5 h), massive PE with hemodynamic compromise, STEMI (if PCI unavailable)", "Dissolves thrombus; restores perfusion; strict hemorrhagic contraindication checklist required", "Stroke: sudden focal deficit, aphasia, facial droop, arm weakness; PE: acute dyspnea, syncope, obstructive shock"), (30, "Naloxone (Narcan)", "Opioid Antagonist (mu-receptor competitive antagonist)", "0.004 mg/mL for infusion (e.g. 2 mg in 500 mL NS); 0.4 mg/mL undiluted for bolus", "2 mg in 500 mL NS (0.004 mg/mL) for infusion; bolus undiluted", "Bolus: 0.4–2 mg IV q2–3 min prn; Infusion: 2/3 of effective bolus dose per hour", "Opioid overdose, opioid-induced respiratory depression, opioid reversal post-procedure", "Rapidly reverses opioid toxidrome; infusion used for long-acting opioids; titrate to respiratory rate not full reversal", "Opioid overdose: respiratory depression, miosis, altered consciousness, cyanosis, bradycardia"), ] # ── WORKBOOK SETUP ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ws = wb.active ws.title = "ICU Emergency Drug Infusions" # ── COLORS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── NAVY = "1F3864" TEAL = "17375E" LTBLUE = "BDD7EE" ALTROW = "EAF4FB" WHITE = "FFFFFF" GOLD = "C9A227" RED = "C00000" # ── HELPER: thin border ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────── thin = Side(style="thin", color="8EA9C1") border = Border(left=thin, right=thin, top=thin, bottom=thin) # ── TITLE ROW ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ws.merge_cells("A1:I1") title_cell = ws["A1"] title_cell.value = "Emergency Drug Infusions — ICU Reference Guide (30 Drugs)" title_cell.font = Font(name="Arial", bold=True, size=16, color=WHITE) title_cell.fill = PatternFill("solid", fgColor=NAVY) title_cell.alignment = Alignment(horizontal="center", vertical="center") ws.row_dimensions[1].height = 36 # ── SUBTITLE ROW ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ws.merge_cells("A2:I2") sub = ws["A2"] sub.value = "Concentration (mg/mL) • Dilution in NS • Dose/Rate • Indications • ICU Role • Signs & Symptoms" sub.font = Font(name="Arial", italic=True, size=10, color=WHITE) sub.fill = PatternFill("solid", fgColor=TEAL) sub.alignment = Alignment(horizontal="center", vertical="center") ws.row_dimensions[2].height = 20 # ── HEADER ROW ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── headers = [ "No.", "Drug Name", "Drug Class", "Standard Concentration", "Dilution in NS", "Usual Dose / Rate", "Indications", "ICU Role / Management", "Signs & Symptoms Treated" ] hdr_fill = PatternFill("solid", fgColor="2E74B5") hdr_font = Font(name="Arial", bold=True, size=10, color=WHITE) hdr_align = Alignment(horizontal="center", vertical="center", wrap_text=True) for col_idx, hdr in enumerate(headers, start=1): cell = ws.cell(row=3, column=col_idx, value=hdr) cell.font = hdr_font cell.fill = hdr_fill cell.alignment = hdr_align cell.border = border ws.row_dimensions[3].height = 32 # ── DATA ROWS ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── base_font = Font(name="Arial", size=9) no_font = Font(name="Arial", size=9, bold=True, color=WHITE) cls_font = Font(name="Arial", size=9, italic=True, color="1F3864") ind_font = Font(name="Arial", size=9, color=RED) fill_alt = PatternFill("solid", fgColor=ALTROW) fill_dark = PatternFill("solid", fgColor=LTBLUE) fill_no = PatternFill("solid", fgColor="2E74B5") for row_idx, drug in enumerate(drugs, start=4): alt = (row_idx % 2 == 0) row_fill = fill_dark if not alt else fill_alt for col_idx, val in enumerate(drug, start=1): cell = ws.cell(row=row_idx, column=col_idx, value=val) cell.border = border cell.alignment = Alignment(vertical="top", wrap_text=True, horizontal="center" if col_idx == 1 else "left") if col_idx == 1: cell.font = no_font cell.fill = fill_no elif col_idx == 3: cell.font = cls_font cell.fill = row_fill elif col_idx == 7: cell.font = ind_font cell.fill = row_fill else: cell.font = base_font cell.fill = row_fill ws.row_dimensions[row_idx].height = 80 # ── COLUMN WIDTHS ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── col_widths = [5, 22, 28, 30, 32, 30, 38, 42, 48] for i, w in enumerate(col_widths, start=1): ws.column_dimensions[get_column_letter(i)].width = w # ── FREEZE PANES ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ws.freeze_panes = "A4" # ── FOOTER ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── footer_row = len(drugs) + 4 ws.merge_cells(f"A{footer_row}:I{footer_row}") footer = ws.cell(row=footer_row, column=1, value="⚕ For clinical use only. Always verify against current institutional protocols, formulary, and patient-specific parameters. Prepared by Orris AI.") footer.font = Font(name="Arial", size=8, italic=True, color="595959") footer.alignment = Alignment(horizontal="center") ws.row_dimensions[footer_row].height = 18 # ── PAGE SETUP ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ws.page_setup.orientation = "landscape" ws.page_setup.paperSize = 9 # A4 ws.page_setup.fitToPage = True ws.page_setup.fitToWidth = 1 ws.page_setup.fitToHeight = 0 # ── SAVE ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── out_path = "/home/daytona/workspace/icu-drug-infusions/Emergency_Drug_Infusions_ICU.xlsx" wb.save(out_path) print(f"Saved: {out_path}") PYEOF echo "Script written."

Running Command

cd /home/daytona/workspace/icu-drug-infusions && python3 build_infusions.py

Running Command

ls -la /home/daytona/workspace/icu-drug-infusions/ && python3 -c "import openpyxl; wb = openpyxl.Workbook(); ws = wb.active; ws['A1'] = 'test'; wb.save('/home/daytona/workspace/icu-drug-infusions/test.xlsx'); print('ok')"

Running Command

ls /home/daytona/skills/xlsx/ && python3 /home/daytona/skills/xlsx/create_excel.py --help 2>/dev/null || true

Browsing Directory

/home/daytona/skills/xlsx/scripts

Reading File
Running Command

python3 -c " import io, openpyxl wb = openpyxl.Workbook() ws = wb.active ws['A1'] = 'test' buf = io.BytesIO() wb.save(buf) buf.seek(0) data = buf.read() with open('/home/daytona/workspace/icu-drug-infusions/test.xlsx', 'wb') as f: f.write(data) print('ok', len(data)) "

Editing File

~/icu-drug-infusions/build_infusions.py

Successfully replaced 1 instance(s) of the string in '/home/daytona/workspace/icu-drug-infusions/build_infusions.py'
Running Command

cd /home/daytona/workspace/icu-drug-infusions && python3 build_infusions.py && ls -lh *.xlsx

The XLSX is ready for download:

Emergency Drug Infusions ICU

Spreadsheet · XLSX


What's included

The spreadsheet contains 30 emergency drug infusions across 9 columns, color-coded and formatted for ICU reference use:
ColContent
No.Sequential number (1–30)
Drug NameGeneric name
Drug ClassMechanism class (italic, navy)
Standard Concentrationmg/mL or units/mL as prepared
Dilution in NSVolume of NS, final concentration
Usual Dose / RateIV bolus and/or infusion rate
IndicationsSpecific diseases/conditions (red text)
ICU Role / ManagementRole in ICU, targets, monitoring notes
Signs & Symptoms TreatedClinical presentation prompting the drug

The 30 drugs covered

#DrugClass
1NorepinephrineVasopressor
2EpinephrineVasopressor / Inotrope
3DopamineVasopressor / Inotrope
4DobutamineInotrope
5VasopressinVasopressor (V1)
6PhenylephrinePure Alpha-1 vasopressor
7AmiodaroneAntiarrhythmic Class III
8LidocaineAntiarrhythmic Class Ib
9LabetalolAlpha + Beta blocker
10NicardipineCCB antihypertensive
11Sodium NitroprussideBalanced vasodilator
12NitroglycerinVenodilator / Nitrate
13Heparin (UFH)Anticoagulant
14Regular InsulinAntihyperglycemic
15D50W + InsulinHyperkalemia Rx
16MorphineOpioid analgesic
17FentanylShort-acting opioid
18MidazolamBenzodiazepine sedative
19PropofolGABA-A sedative
20DexmedetomidineAlpha-2 agonist sedative
21KetamineDissociative anesthetic
22HydralazineDirect arteriolar vasodilator
23Magnesium SulfateAnticonvulsant / Antiarrhythmic
24AdenosineAV nodal blocker
25Calcium Gluconate/ChlorideCardiac membrane stabilizer
26Sodium BicarbonateAlkalinizing agent
27FurosemideLoop diuretic
28Potassium ChlorideElectrolyte replacement
29Alteplase (tPA)Thrombolytic
30NaloxoneOpioid antagonist
Important: Always verify against your institution's current formulary, pharmacy protocols, and patient-specific parameters before clinical use.

What types of emergency drugs can be prepared as infusions? At what concentration (mg/mL) are they diluted in Normal Saline (NS)? For which specific diseases or conditions are these infusions indicated? This covers their management within the ICU setting, including associated signs and symptoms.

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Good textbook content retrieved. Now I have authoritative clinical information. Let me deliver the comprehensive answer drawing on the textbook findings plus established pharmacology knowledge for all 30 drugs.

Emergency Drug Infusions — ICU Reference Guide

Below is a comprehensive reference covering 30 emergency drugs commonly prepared as intravenous infusions in the ICU. Each entry covers: drug class, standard concentration in Normal Saline (NS), usual dose/rate, indications, ICU management role, and associated signs & symptoms.

🔴 VASOPRESSORS


1. Norepinephrine (Levophed)

Class: Alpha-1 >> Beta-1 adrenergic agonist
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS4–8 mg in 250 mL NS → 0.016–0.032 mg/mL
Usual dose0.01–3 mcg/kg/min IV; start at 2–4 mcg/min, titrate to MAP ≥ 65 mmHg
IndicationsSeptic shock, distributive/vasodilatory shock, neurogenic shock
ICU roleFirst-line vasopressor in septic shock per Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. Increases SVR via alpha-1 activation. Moderate inotropic effect via beta-1. — Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22E, p. 2371
Signs & symptomsWarm flushed skin, wide pulse pressure, bounding pulse, hypotension, altered mental status (distributive shock)

2. Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

Class: Alpha + Beta adrenergic agonist
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS4 mg in 100 mL NS → 0.04 mg/mL; or 2–8 mg in 250 mL NS
Usual dose0.01–1 mcg/kg/min IV; cardiac arrest: 1 mg IV bolus q3–5 min
IndicationsCardiac arrest (VF/PVT/asystole/PEA), anaphylaxis, refractory septic shock, severe bradycardia
ICU roleSecond-line vasopressor; raises BP, HR, and cardiac output. Associated with higher lactate and more arrhythmias than norepinephrine in CS. Preferred agent for anaphylaxis. — Harrison's, p. 2371
Signs & symptomsCardiac arrest (no pulse), anaphylaxis (urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, hypotension), severe bradycardia, circulatory collapse

3. Dopamine

Class: Dose-dependent dopaminergic / beta-1 / alpha-1 agonist
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS200–400 mg in 250–500 mL NS → 0.8–1.6 mg/mL
Usual dose2–20 mcg/kg/min IV (dose-dependent effects)
IndicationsCardiogenic shock (when norepinephrine unavailable), symptomatic bradycardia unresponsive to atropine, post-cardiac surgery low output states
ICU roleLow dose (2–5 mcg/kg/min): renal/splanchnic vasodilation. Mid dose (5–10): cardiac inotrope. High dose (>10): vasopressor. Should be avoided as first-line in MI-related CS due to proarrhythmogenic effects. — Harrison's, p. 2371
Signs & symptomsCardiogenic shock: cool extremities, oliguria, hypotension, elevated JVP. Bradycardia: hemodynamic instability

4. Vasopressin (ADH / Pitressin)

Class: V1 receptor agonist — non-catecholamine vasopressor
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS20 units in 50 mL NS → 0.4 units/mL
Usual dose0.01–0.04 units/min IV (fixed dose — do not titrate)
IndicationsSeptic shock (adjunct to norepinephrine), catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock, central diabetes insipidus
ICU roleAdded to norepinephrine to spare catecholamine doses; causes vasoconstriction via V1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle; no direct inotropic effect
Signs & symptomsRefractory hypotension despite high-dose norepinephrine, vasodilatory state

5. Phenylephrine

Class: Pure alpha-1 adrenergic agonist
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS100 mg in 250 mL NS → 0.4 mg/mL
Usual dose0.5–6 mcg/kg/min IV infusion; or 50–200 mcg IV bolus
IndicationsHypotension without tachycardia, LVOTO (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), spinal/neurogenic shock, SVT (vagal reflex termination)
ICU roleRaises SVR without increasing HR (causes reflex bradycardia); preferred when tachycardia is harmful (e.g., LVOTO, post-cardiac surgery)
Signs & symptomsHypotension, reflexive tachycardia (offset by phenylephrine), LVOTO-related syncope/dyspnea

🟠 INOTROPES


6. Dobutamine

Class: Synthetic beta-1 (predominant) + beta-2 agonist
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS250 mg in 250 mL NS → 1 mg/mL
Usual dose2–20 mcg/kg/min IV; start at 2.5 mcg/kg/min
IndicationsCardiogenic shock, acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), low cardiac output states post-cardiac surgery
ICU rolePositive inotrope with vasodilatory activity; increases CO; reduces afterload. Does not significantly raise SVR so often combined with a vasopressor in severe CS. Minimal chronotropic effect at low doses. — Harrison's, p. 2371
Signs & symptomsS3 gallop, cold extremities, elevated JVP/PCWP, pulmonary edema, oliguria (low-output state)

7. Milrinone

Class: Phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor (inodilator)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS20 mg in 100 mL NS → 0.2 mg/mL
Usual dose0.375–0.75 mcg/kg/min IV (no loading dose in ICU typically)
IndicationsCardiogenic shock (especially post-cardiac surgery), ADHF refractory to other agents, RV failure, pulmonary hypertension
ICU roleIncreases cAMP → positive inotropy + vasodilation. Not shown to be superior to dobutamine. Causes significant hypotension. — Harrison's, p. 2371
Signs & symptomsLow CO state, refractory heart failure, elevated filling pressures, pulmonary hypertension with RV failure

🟡 ANTIARRHYTHMICS


8. Amiodarone

Class: Class III antiarrhythmic (K+ channel blocker; also Na+, Ca2+, beta-blocker activity)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NSLoading: 150 mg in 100 mL NS → 1.5 mg/mL over 10 min. Maintenance: 900 mg in 500 mL NS → 1.8 mg/mL (1 mg/min × 6 h, then 0.5 mg/min × 18 h)
Usual dose150 mg IV over 10 min; then 1 mg/min × 6 h; then 0.5 mg/min × 18 h
IndicationsRefractory VF/pulseless VT (ACLS), hemodynamically stable VT, AF with RVR, SVT
ICU roleBroadest-spectrum antiarrhythmic; first-line for shock-refractory VF/VT in ACLS. Prolongs QT. Risk of pulmonary toxicity, thyroid dysfunction, hepatotoxicity long-term
Signs & symptomsPulseless VT/VF (cardiac arrest), hemodynamically unstable tachycardia, wide-complex tachycardia, AF with rapid ventricular response

9. Lidocaine

Class: Class Ib antiarrhythmic (Na+ channel blocker)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS2 g in 250 mL NS → 8 mg/mL
Usual dose1–1.5 mg/kg IV bolus; maintenance infusion 1–4 mg/min
IndicationsVT, VF (if amiodarone unavailable), ventricular ectopy, status epilepticus (alternative)
ICU roleMembrane stabilizer; suppresses ventricular ectopy. Used in ACLS if amiodarone is unavailable. Toxicity: perioral numbness, tremor, seizures, bradycardia
Signs & symptomsVT/VF, frequent PVCs, wide-complex tachycardia, ventricular ectopy

10. Adenosine

Class: Endogenous nucleoside / Class V antiarrhythmic (AV nodal blocker)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NSUndiluted — 6 mg/2 mL rapid IV push; follow immediately with 20 mL NS flush
Usual dose6 mg rapid IV push; repeat 12 mg × 2 if no response
IndicationsPSVT (AVNRT, AVRT), diagnostic evaluation of wide-complex tachycardia
ICU roleTransiently blocks AV node, terminates re-entrant tachycardias; half-life < 10 seconds; must be given via large proximal vein with immediate flush
Signs & symptomsSudden-onset regular tachycardia (HR 150–250), palpitations, dizziness, near-syncope, chest discomfort

11. Magnesium Sulfate

Class: Electrolyte / antiarrhythmic / anticonvulsant
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NSLoading: 4 g in 100 mL NS → 40 mg/mL over 15–20 min. Maintenance: 1–2 g/h in 100 mL NS/h
Usual doseLoading 4–6 g IV over 15–20 min; maintenance 1–2 g/h
IndicationsEclampsia/pre-eclampsia (seizure prevention and treatment), Torsades de Pointes (TdP), severe acute asthma, hypomagnesemia, digitalis toxicity
ICU roleAnticonvulsant of choice in eclampsia; corrects Mg deficit driving TdP; bronchodilator in refractory asthma. Monitor Mg levels, respiratory rate, patellar reflex. Antidote: calcium gluconate
Signs & symptomsEclampsia: severe HTN, headache, visual changes, seizures, proteinuria. TdP: polymorphic VT, QTc prolongation. Asthma: refractory bronchospasm, wheeze

🟢 ANTIHYPERTENSIVES / VASODILATORS


12. Labetalol

Class: Non-selective alpha + beta blocker
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS200 mg in 200 mL NS → 1 mg/mL
Usual dose0.5–2 mg/min IV infusion; or 20 mg IV bolus q10 min (max 300 mg total)
IndicationsHypertensive emergency, aortic dissection, hypertensive encephalopathy, eclampsia
ICU roleControlled BP reduction without reflex tachycardia; preferred in aortic dissection (reduces aortic wall stress). Contraindicated in acute decompensated HF and reactive airways disease
Signs & symptomsSevere headache, blurred vision, altered consciousness, focal neurological deficits, aortic dissection (tearing chest/back pain)

13. Nicardipine

Class: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS25 mg in 250 mL NS → 0.1 mg/mL
Usual dose5–15 mg/h IV; titrate by 2.5 mg/h q5–15 min
IndicationsHypertensive emergency, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), perioperative hypertension, hypertensive encephalopathy
ICU roleSmooth, titratable BP control; cerebral vasodilation; preferred in neurological emergencies. Does not affect HR significantly
Signs & symptomsHypertensive encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, SAH (sudden severe "thunderclap" headache), post-op hypertension

14. Sodium Nitroprusside

Class: Balanced arteriolar + venous vasodilator (releases NO)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS50 mg in 250 mL NS → 0.2 mg/mL; protect from light (aluminum foil-wrap bag/tubing)
Usual dose0.3–10 mcg/kg/min IV; start low, titrate carefully
IndicationsHypertensive crisis, acute aortic dissection, severe acute MR/AR (afterload reduction), cardiogenic shock (afterload reduction)
ICU rolePotent balanced vasodilator; reduces both preload and afterload. Risk of cyanide toxicity (especially > 48 h or renal failure) — monitor thiocyanate levels. Tachyphylaxis may occur
Signs & symptomsMalignant hypertension (papilledema, end-organ damage), aortic dissection, acute valvular regurgitation; cyanide toxicity: metabolic acidosis, altered consciousness, seizures

15. Nitroglycerin (GTN)

Class: Organic nitrate — venodilator / coronary vasodilator
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS50 mg in 250–500 mL NS → 0.1–0.2 mg/mL; use glass bottle — adsorbs to PVC
Usual dose5–200 mcg/min IV; titrate every 3–5 min
IndicationsAcute coronary syndrome (ACS), acute pulmonary edema, hypertensive emergency with ACS, vasospastic angina
ICU roleReduces preload; dilates coronary arteries; decreases PCWP; relieves ischemic chest pain. Avoid if systolic BP < 90 mmHg or if phosphodiesterase inhibitor used
Signs & symptomsIschemic chest pain, ST elevation/depression, acute pulmonary edema (orthopnea, pink frothy sputum), elevated PCWP

16. Hydralazine

Class: Direct arteriolar vasodilator
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS20 mg in 100 mL NS → 0.2 mg/mL
Usual dose5–20 mg IV bolus q4–6 h; or 0.1–0.5 mg/kg/dose
IndicationsHypertensive emergency in pregnancy, eclampsia/pre-eclampsia, acute heart failure (afterload reduction)
ICU roleReduces afterload; safe in pregnancy; causes reflex tachycardia (give with beta-blocker in non-obstetric use). Onset 10–20 min; duration 2–4 h
Signs & symptomsSevere HTN in pregnancy, eclampsia: headache, visual disturbance, proteinuria, seizures, severe hypertension (BP > 160/110)

🔵 SEDATIVES / ANALGESICS / ANESTHETICS


17. Propofol

Class: General anesthetic / sedative (GABA-A agonist)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NSUndiluted — 10 mg/mL (1% lipid emulsion); do NOT dilute in NS; use dedicated IV line
Usual doseSedation: 5–50 mcg/kg/min IV; change vial/tubing every 12 h (infection risk)
IndicationsICU sedation (mechanically ventilated patients), refractory status epilepticus, procedural sedation, RSI induction
ICU rolePreferred for ICU sedation due to rapid on/offset — facilitates daily awakening trials. Lowers ICP. Risk of Propofol Infusion Syndrome (PRIS) with high doses > 48 h (metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, cardiac failure)
Signs & symptomsAgitation on ventilator, raised ICP (GCS ↓, pupillary changes), refractory seizures

18. Midazolam

Class: Benzodiazepine (GABA-A positive modulator)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS50 mg in 100 mL NS → 0.5 mg/mL
Usual dose0.02–0.1 mg/kg/h infusion; 1–5 mg IV bolus for procedural sedation
IndicationsICU sedation, status epilepticus, procedural sedation, alcohol withdrawal, tetanus
ICU roleRapid onset, short duration, amnesia. First-line for status epilepticus in many protocols. Risk of accumulation in renal failure (active metabolite). Associated with more ICU delirium than dexmedetomidine
Signs & symptomsAgitation, seizures, alcohol withdrawal (diaphoresis, tremor, tachycardia, hypertension, hallucinations — CIWA > 10)

19. Dexmedetomidine (Precedex)

Class: Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist — sedative/analgesic
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS200 mcg in 50 mL NS → 4 mcg/mL
Usual dose0.2–1.5 mcg/kg/h IV; optional loading 1 mcg/kg over 10 min
IndicationsICU sedation (light, cooperative), alcohol/drug withdrawal, post-op shivering, opioid-sparing analgesia, weaning facilitation
ICU roleCooperative "rousable" sedation without respiratory depression — ideal for ABCDE bundle and ventilator weaning. Reduces opioid and BZD requirements. Can cause bradycardia and hypotension
Signs & symptomsAgitation, delirium, alcohol/opioid withdrawal, prevention of ICU delirium

20. Ketamine

Class: Dissociative anesthetic / analgesic (NMDA receptor antagonist)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS500 mg in 500 mL NS → 1 mg/mL (infusion); undiluted (50 mg/mL) for IV push induction
Usual doseInduction: 1–2 mg/kg IV bolus; infusion: 0.1–0.5 mg/kg/h; analgesia: 0.1–0.3 mg/kg/h
IndicationsRSI in hypotensive or asthmatic patients, procedural sedation, refractory bronchospasm, acute pain (analgesic doses), status asthmaticus
ICU roleBronchodilator; preserves airway reflexes and hemodynamics; ideal for hypotensive trauma or asthma requiring intubation. Analgesic at sub-anesthetic doses (opioid-sparing). Give with benzodiazepine to reduce emergence phenomena
Signs & symptomsSevere asthma (bronchospasm, air-trapping, hypercapnia), hypotensive trauma, severe acute pain, status asthmaticus

21. Morphine Sulfate

Class: Mu-opioid agonist
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS50 mg in 50 mL NS → 1 mg/mL
Usual dose1–5 mg IV bolus; infusion 1–5 mg/h titrated to effect
IndicationsModerate-to-severe pain, acute pulmonary edema (dyspnea relief), post-operative analgesia, palliative care
ICU roleAnalgesia, anxiolysis; preload reduction in acute pulmonary edema. Avoid in renal failure (active metabolite M6G accumulates). Causes histamine release
Signs & symptomsSevere pain, dyspnea, acute pulmonary edema (orthopnea, pink frothy sputum, SpO2 ↓), tachycardia

22. Fentanyl

Class: Synthetic mu-opioid agonist (short-acting)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS500–1000 mcg in 100 mL NS → 5–10 mcg/mL
Usual dose25–100 mcg IV bolus; infusion 25–200 mcg/h
IndicationsICU analgesia, procedural sedation, intubation premedication, pain management in renal failure
ICU rolePreferred opioid in ICU — rapid onset, short duration, no histamine release, renal-safe (no active metabolites). First-choice for analgesia in mechanically ventilated patients
Signs & symptomsAcute pain, agitation, dyspnea; preferred over morphine in renal failure or hemodynamic instability

🟣 ANTICOAGULANTS / THROMBOLYTICS


23. Heparin (Unfractionated — UFH)

Class: Indirect thrombin inhibitor (activates antithrombin III)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS25,000 units in 250 mL NS → 100 units/mL
Usual dose80 units/kg IV bolus, then 18 units/kg/h; adjust per aPTT protocol (target 60–100 s)
IndicationsDVT/PE (treatment), ACS (NSTEMI/STEMI), AF anticoagulation, ECMO, cardiopulmonary bypass, mechanical valves
ICU rolePrevents clot propagation; monitor aPTT q6 h until stable. Antidote: protamine sulfate. Complication: HIT (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia) — check platelet count
Signs & symptomsDVT (unilateral limb swelling, warmth, pain), PE (acute dyspnea, tachycardia, pleuritic chest pain, hypoxia, hypotension), ACS (chest pain, ST changes)

24. Alteplase (tPA)

Class: Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (thrombolytic)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NSReconstitute with supplied diluent to 1 mg/mL; then dilute: 90% in 100 mL NS over 60 min
Usual doseIschemic stroke: 0.9 mg/kg (max 90 mg) — 10% as IV bolus, 90% over 60 min. Massive PE: 100 mg over 2 h. STEMI: 15 mg bolus then infusion
IndicationsAcute ischemic stroke (< 4.5 h from onset), massive PE with hemodynamic compromise, STEMI (if PCI unavailable)
ICU roleDissolves thrombus and restores perfusion; strict contraindication checklist (hemorrhagic stroke, recent surgery, active bleeding). Monitor for intracranial hemorrhage post-administration
Signs & symptomsStroke: sudden focal deficit, aphasia, facial droop, hemiplegia. PE: acute dyspnea, syncope, obstructive shock, RV strain on ECG. STEMI: chest pain, ST elevation

⚪ ELECTROLYTES / METABOLIC AGENTS


25. Regular Insulin

Class: Hormone / antihyperglycemic
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS100 units in 100 mL NS → 1 unit/mL; flush IV tubing with 50 mL before use (insulin adsorbs to PVC)
Usual doseDKA: 0.05–0.1 units/kg/h; ICU glycemic control: titrate to glucose 140–180 mg/dL; hyperkalemia: 10 units IV bolus
IndicationsDKA, HHS, ICU hyperglycemia (stress hyperglycemia), hyperkalemia (acute management)
ICU roleDrives glucose into cells (anabolic); drives K+ intracellularly in hyperkalemia (give with dextrose); tight glycemic control improves ICU outcomes; monitor glucose q1–2 h
Signs & symptomsDKA: polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting, Kussmaul breathing, fruity breath, anion-gap acidosis, altered consciousness. Hyperkalemia: peaked T-waves, wide QRS, bradycardia

26. Potassium Chloride (KCl)

Class: Electrolyte replacement
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS40 mEq in 100 mL NS → 0.4 mEq/mL (peripheral max); 40 mEq in 100–150 mL NS over 4 h
Usual dose10–20 mEq/h peripheral (max); up to 40 mEq/h central (life-threatening hypokalemia); must be on cardiac monitor
IndicationsHypokalemia (K+ < 3.5 mEq/L), DKA K+ replacement (insulin drives K+ intracellularly), digoxin toxicity prevention, hypokalemia-induced arrhythmias
ICU roleNever give undiluted IV bolus (cardiac arrest risk). Replace via central line for rates > 10 mEq/h. Replace Mg simultaneously (hypomagnesemia causes refractory hypokalemia)
Signs & symptomsWeakness, ileus, flattened T-waves, U-waves, PVCs, VT, respiratory muscle failure (severe), rhabdomyolysis

27. Magnesium Sulfate (see also #11 antiarrhythmic above)

(dual listing — also see antiarrhythmics)

28. Sodium Bicarbonate

Class: Alkalinizing agent / buffer
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS8.4% solution = 1 mEq/mL; for infusion: 100 mEq in 500 mL D5W (hypotonic); do NOT mix with calcium (precipitates)
Usual dose1–2 mEq/kg IV bolus (cardiac arrest specific indications); 50–150 mEq/h infusion for acidosis/urinary alkalinization
IndicationsSevere metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.1 with hemodynamic compromise), TCA overdose (widens QRS — sodium loading), hyperkalemia (temporizing), urinary alkalinization (rhabdomyolysis, salicylate poisoning), cardiac arrest with hyperkalemia or TCA
ICU roleRaises serum pH; sodium loading narrows QRS in TCA toxicity; shifts K+ intracellularly; alkalinizes urine to prevent myoglobin precipitation in rhabdomyolysis
Signs & symptomsMetabolic acidosis: Kussmaul breathing, altered consciousness. TCA: wide QRS, hypotension, seizures, arrhythmias. Hyperkalemia: ECG changes, cardiac arrest. Rhabdomyolysis: dark urine, elevated CK, AKI

29. Calcium Gluconate / Calcium Chloride

Class: Electrolyte / cardiac membrane stabilizer
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS10% solution = 100 mg/mL; 1–2 g in 100 mL NS for infusion; can give undiluted slow IV push (emergency)
Usual dose1 g (10 mL of 10% calcium gluconate) IV over 3–5 min; infusion: 0.5–1 g/h; calcium chloride (3× more elemental Ca) preferred in cardiac arrest
IndicationsHyperkalemia (cardiac stabilization), hypocalcemia (tetany, QTc prolongation), calcium channel blocker overdose, hypermagnesemia, massive blood transfusion
ICU roleStabilizes cardiac membrane in hyperkalemia (does NOT lower K+ level — temporizing); corrects ionized Ca deficit; reverses CCB toxicity and hypermagnesemia. Give via central line (tissue necrosis if extravasation)
Signs & symptomsHyperkalemia: peaked T-waves, wide QRS, sine wave, cardiac arrest. Hypocalcemia: tetany (Chvostek's/Trousseau's), perioral numbness, prolonged QTc, seizures, stridor

🟤 DIURETICS


30. Furosemide (Frusemide)

Class: Loop diuretic (Na-K-2Cl transporter inhibitor, thick ascending limb)
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NS250–500 mg in 250–500 mL NS → 1 mg/mL continuous infusion
Usual doseBolus: 20–200 mg IV over 2 min; Infusion: 5–40 mg/h; may require doubling in renal failure
IndicationsAcute pulmonary edema (APE), fluid overload/anasarca, hypertensive emergency, AKI (convert oliguric to non-oliguric), hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia (promotes kaliuresis)
ICU roleRapidly reduces preload in APE; promotes natriuresis and diuresis; continuous infusion superior to intermittent bolus in acute decompensated HF; replace K+ and Mg during therapy
Signs & symptomsAPE: orthopnea, PND, bibasal crackles, SpO2 ↓, S3 gallop, frothy sputum. Fluid overload: pitting edema, ascites, elevated JVP. Hypercalcemia: nausea, confusion, polyuria, "bones, stones, groans, thrones"

🔶 REVERSAL AGENTS


31. Naloxone (Narcan)

Class: Competitive mu-opioid receptor antagonist
ParameterDetails
Concentration in NSInfusion: 2 mg in 500 mL NS → 0.004 mg/mL; bolus: 0.4 mg undiluted IV push
Usual doseBolus: 0.4–2 mg IV q2–3 min (max 10 mg); Infusion: give 2/3 of effective bolus dose per hour
IndicationsOpioid overdose, opioid-induced respiratory depression, post-procedural opioid reversal
ICU roleRapid reversal of opioid toxidrome; infusion required for long-acting opioids (methadone, fentanyl patch). Titrate to respiratory rate — not full reversal (avoid acute withdrawal and pain crisis). Duration of naloxone < most opioids — watch for re-narcotization
Signs & symptomsRespiratory depression (RR < 12), miosis (pinpoint pupils), altered consciousness/coma, cyanosis, bradycardia — the "opioid toxidrome"

Summary Table

#DrugStandard Concentration in NSKey IndicationICU Priority
1Norepinephrine0.016–0.032 mg/mLSeptic shock★★★★★
2Epinephrine0.04 mg/mLCardiac arrest, anaphylaxis★★★★★
3Dopamine0.8–1.6 mg/mLCardiogenic shock, bradycardia★★★★
4Vasopressin0.4 units/mLRefractory septic shock★★★★
5Phenylephrine0.4 mg/mLSVT, LVOTO, neurogenic shock★★★
6Dobutamine1 mg/mLCardiogenic shock, ADHF★★★★★
7Milrinone0.2 mg/mLRV failure, post-cardiac surgery★★★★
8Amiodarone1.5 mg/mL (load)VF/VT, AF★★★★★
9Lidocaine8 mg/mLVT/VF (backup)★★★★
10AdenosineUndiluted 3 mg/mLPSVT★★★★
11Magnesium Sulfate40 mg/mL (load)Eclampsia, TdP, asthma★★★★★
12Labetalol1 mg/mLHypertensive emergency★★★★
13Nicardipine0.1 mg/mLHypertensive crisis, SAH★★★★
14Sodium Nitroprusside0.2 mg/mLMalignant HTN, aortic dissection★★★★
15Nitroglycerin0.1–0.2 mg/mLACS, acute pulmonary edema★★★★★
16Hydralazine0.2 mg/mLEclampsia★★★
17Propofol10 mg/mL (undiluted)ICU sedation★★★★★
18Midazolam0.5 mg/mLSedation, status epilepticus★★★★
19Dexmedetomidine4 mcg/mLCooperative ICU sedation★★★★
20Ketamine1 mg/mLRSI, asthma, analgesia★★★★
21Morphine1 mg/mLPain, acute pulmonary edema★★★★
22Fentanyl5–10 mcg/mLICU analgesia (preferred)★★★★★
23Heparin (UFH)100 units/mLDVT/PE, ACS, ECMO★★★★★
24Alteplase (tPA)1 mg/mLIschemic stroke, massive PE★★★★★
25Regular Insulin1 unit/mLDKA, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia★★★★★
26KCl0.4 mEq/mLHypokalemia, DKA★★★★
27Sodium Bicarbonate1 mEq/mL (diluted)TCA OD, metabolic acidosis★★★★
28Calcium Gluconate100 mg/mLHyperkalemia, hypocalcemia★★★★★
29Furosemide1 mg/mLAcute pulmonary edema, fluid overload★★★★★
30Naloxone0.004 mg/mL (infusion)Opioid overdose★★★★★

Prescribing safety notes:
  • Always verify dilutions against your institution's pharmacy formulary and drug infusion charts.
  • Medications marked with (use glass bottle) (nitroglycerin) or (protect from light) (nitroprusside) require special handling.
  • Calcium and bicarbonate must never be mixed in the same line (CaCO₃ precipitate).
  • Propofol must use a dedicated line; vials discarded every 12 h to prevent lipid-based infection.
  • Sources: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 22E; Goldman-Cecil Medicine; Rosen's Emergency Medicine; established ACLS/Surviving Sepsis/ICU pharmacology guidelines.
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