-Classify and discuss about transport of drug across biological membranes with example. -Explain factors affecting drug absorption and volume of distribution -Definition bioavailability, Bioequivalence, prodrug hoffman ,elimination, half life -Diff between competitive and non competitive antagonist with example -Agonist, partial, inverse agonist -ADR -GPCR -JAK STAT -Receptor theories -Drug discovery and development process This are the question for my exam so give me the details answer of it and also in the way that it will get me a full marks without leaving any important points diagrams theories formulas whatever is there examples provide me each and every staff which you can think about that I should write a learn about it
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This is your complete, exam-maximizing pharmacology guide. Here's what's covered for each topic:
What You Got - Quick Index:
| # | Topic | What's Included |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Drug Transport | 5 types (passive, filtration, facilitated, active, endocytosis); Fick's Law; Henderson-Hasselbalch; examples; summary table; P-gp/MDR |
| 2 | Drug Absorption | Physicochemical + physiological factors; first-pass; gastric emptying; food interactions; routes |
| 3 | Volume of Distribution | Definition; formula (Vd = D/Cp); Vd interpretation table; plasma protein binding; loading dose formula |
| 4 | Bioavailability | Definition; F = AUC oral/IV × 100; factors reducing F; examples of high/low F drugs |
| 5 | Bioequivalence | Definition; AUC + Cmax 80-125% rule; parameters compared (AUC, Cmax, Tmax); NTI drugs |
| 6 | Prodrug | Definition; purpose; activation mechanisms; 10+ examples table (Enalapril, Codeine, Levodopa, etc.) |
| 7 | Hofmann Elimination | Definition; mechanism; clinical importance; Atracurium/Cisatracurium; vs. pseudocholinesterase |
| 8 | Half-life | Formula (t½ = 0.693×Vd/CL); 4-5 t½ rule; first-order vs. zero-order; steady state; examples table |
| 9 | Competitive Antagonism | Features; graph description; parallel rightward shift; Emax preserved; 7 examples |
| 10 | Non-competitive Antagonism | Features; Emax reduced; comparison table; examples |
| 11 | Agonist/Partial/Inverse | Intrinsic efficacy; full vs. partial vs. inverse; two-state model; buprenorphine; beta-carboline |
| 12 | ADR | WHO definition; Types A-F (detailed); immunological Types I-IV; Naranjo scale; pharmacovigilance |
| 13 | GPCR | 7-TM structure; Gs/Gi/Gq/G12 table; cAMP pathway; IP3/DAG pathway; cholera/pertussis toxins; desensitization |
| 14 | JAK-STAT | JAK1-3+TYK2; STAT1-6; step-by-step mechanism; cytokine-JAK-STAT table; JAK inhibitors (ruxolitinib etc.); JAK2 V617F |
| 15 | Receptor Theories | Clark's (occupancy); Paton's (rate); Induced fit; Spare receptors (Stephenson); Two-state model; Operational model + biased agonism |
| 16 | Drug Discovery | Target ID → Hit → Lead → Preclinical → Phase I-IV → NDA; timeline; failure rates; Lipinski's Rule of 5; FDA special pathways |
Key formulas to memorize:
- Fick's Law: Rate ∝ (C₁-C₂) × SA × Kp / d
- Henderson-Hasselbalch: pH - pKa = log [ionized]/[non-ionized] (weak acid)
- Bioavailability: F = AUC_oral / AUC_IV × 100%
- Vd = Dose / Plasma Concentration
- t½ = 0.693 × Vd / Clearance
- Loading Dose = Vd × Target Cp
Good luck on your exam!
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