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Resting membrane potential diagram showing a nerve cell with ionic concentrations: Na+ 142 mEq/L outside vs 14 mEq/L inside, K+ 4 mEq/L outside vs 140 mEq/L inside, large anions (A-) trapped inside. Na-K pump extruding 3 Na+ out and bringing 2 K+ in using ATP. K+ leak channels on the right side. Net resting membrane potential labeled as -70 mV inside. Clear arrows showing ion movement. Goldman equation text at bottom. Clean medical textbook style diagram with labeled ECF and ICF compartments.

Types of cell junctions diagram showing three types side by side: 1) Tight junction (zonula occludens) - showing two cell membranes fused with claudin and occludin proteins, sealing the paracellular space. 2) Adherens junction (zonula adherens) - showing cadherins with actin filament belt attachment. 3) Gap junction - showing connexons made of connexin proteins forming pores between cells for direct communication. 4) Desmosome - showing cadherin-type proteins anchored to intermediate filaments. Clean medical physiology diagram with all parts labeled. Arrows showing location of each junction type along the lateral cell membrane.

Comparison diagram of Simple Diffusion vs Facilitated Diffusion across a cell membrane. Left panel shows Simple Diffusion: small nonpolar molecules (O2, CO2, lipids) moving directly through phospholipid bilayer down concentration gradient, no protein needed. Right panel shows Facilitated Diffusion: glucose or ions moving through a channel protein or carrier protein (uniporter) down concentration gradient, no energy required. Both panels show concentration gradient arrows labeled HIGH to LOW. Proteins labeled. Medical physiology textbook style with clear labels and arrows.

Secondary Active Transport diagram showing two types. Left panel: Co-transport (symport) - Na+ and glucose both bind to SGLT1 carrier protein on outside, both transported together into cell in same direction. Na+ moving down its electrochemical gradient drives glucose against its gradient. Right panel: Counter-transport (antiport) - Na-H exchanger, Na+ moves in while H+ is pumped out in opposite direction. Both mechanisms powered by the Na+ electrochemical gradient created by the primary Na-K-ATPase pump shown at the top. Medical physiology style, clean labels, arrows showing direction of transport, concentration gradients indicated.

Apoptosis pathway diagram medical physiology. Two pathways shown: EXTRINSIC pathway on left showing Fas ligand binding to Fas/death receptor activating caspase-8. INTRINSIC (mitochondrial) pathway on right showing cellular stress causing Bax/Bak to permeabilize outer mitochondrial membrane, cytochrome c release into cytosol, apoptosome formation with Apaf-1 and caspase-9. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL shown inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway. Both pathways converge on executioner caspases 3 and 7. Final morphological changes: cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, apoptotic bodies, phagocytosis. Clean medical textbook style with all components labeled.