from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle, PageBreak, KeepTogether
from reportlab.pdfbase.ttfonts import TTFont
from reportlab.pdfbase import pdfmetrics
from reportlab.pdfbase.pdfmetrics import stringWidth
from reportlab.pdfgen import canvas
from pathlib import Path

OUT=Path('/tmp/workspace/politics-handbook/output/Unit_4_Politics_Answer_Handbook.pdf')
NAVY=HexColor('#12355B'); TEAL=HexColor('#0B8F8C'); GOLD=HexColor('#F4B942'); CORAL=HexColor('#F26B5B'); PALE=HexColor('#F4F9FB'); INK=HexColor('#233243'); GREY=HexColor('#667085'); MINT=HexColor('#DDF4ED')

styles=getSampleStyleSheet()
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='CoverTitle', parent=styles['Title'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=31, leading=36, textColor=colors.white, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=13))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='CoverSub', parent=styles['BodyText'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=13, leading=18, textColor=colors.white, alignment=TA_CENTER))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='H1x', parent=styles['Heading1'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=19, leading=23, textColor=NAVY, spaceBefore=3, spaceAfter=10))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='H2x', parent=styles['Heading2'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=13, leading=17, textColor=TEAL, spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=5))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Bodyx', parent=styles['BodyText'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=9.4, leading=13.4, textColor=INK, spaceAfter=5))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Smallx', parent=styles['BodyText'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=8.3, leading=11.1, textColor=INK, spaceAfter=3))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Callout', parent=styles['BodyText'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=9.3, leading=13.2, textColor=NAVY, spaceAfter=2))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Footerx', parent=styles['BodyText'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=8, textColor=GREY, alignment=TA_CENTER))

P=lambda t,style='Bodyx': Paragraph(t, styles[style])

def footer(canv, doc):
    if doc.page==1: return
    canv.saveState(); canv.setStrokeColor(GOLD); canv.setLineWidth(1.6); canv.line(1.5*cm,1.25*cm,A4[0]-1.5*cm,1.25*cm)
    canv.setFont('Helvetica',8); canv.setFillColor(GREY)
    canv.drawString(1.5*cm,.82*cm,'UNIT 4  |  POLITICS  |  ANSWER HANDBOOK')
    canv.drawRightString(A4[0]-1.5*cm,.82*cm,f'{doc.page}')
    canv.restoreState()

def box(title, content, color=TEAL):
    data=[[P(title,'Callout')],[P(content,'Smallx')]]
    t=Table(data,colWidths=[16.1*cm], hAlign='LEFT')
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,0),color),('TEXTCOLOR',(0,0),(-1,0),colors.white),('BACKGROUND',(0,1),(-1,-1),PALE),('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),.6,color),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),9),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),9),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),6),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),6)]))
    return t

def q(title, answer, note=None):
    bits=[P(title,'H2x'),P(answer,'Bodyx')]
    if note: bits.append(box('PERSONAL RESPONSE',note,CORAL))
    bits.append(Spacer(1,3))
    return KeepTogether(bits)

story=[]
# cover
story += [Spacer(1,2.3*cm), P('UNIT 4', 'CoverSub'), Spacer(1,.12*cm),P('POLITICS','CoverTitle'), P('Make Every Vote Count','CoverTitle'), Spacer(1,.45*cm),P('Student Answer Handbook','CoverSub'),Spacer(1,.25*cm),P('Vocabulary  •  Listening  •  Grammar  •  Speaking','CoverSub'),Spacer(1,2.9*cm)]
cover=Table([[P('<b>How to use this handbook</b><br/>Find the numbered exercise from the Student’s Book and check the answer, explanation, or model response. Activities based on personal opinion have sample answers, not one fixed correct answer.','CoverSub')]],colWidths=[14.8*cm])
cover.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,-1),HexColor('#1D567E')),('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),1,GOLD),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),18),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),18),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),13),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),13)]));story += [cover,Spacer(1,.35*cm),P('Prepared from the supplied Student’s Book pages 40-41 and Teacher’s Book guidance, answers, and audio script.','CoverSub'),PageBreak()]

story += [P('Quick answer map','H1x'), box('KEY','<b>Fixed answer</b> means the Teacher’s Book gives a specific answer. <b>Model response</b> means a suitable example for a discussion or personalised writing task.',GOLD),Spacer(1,8)]
mapdata=[[P('<b>Exercise</b>','Smallx'),P('<b>What you will find</b>','Smallx')],[P('1-3','Smallx'),P('Voting vocabulary, meaning, and discussion models','Smallx')],[P('4-7','Smallx'),P('Listening answer key and discussion models','Smallx')],[P('8-10','Smallx'),P('Alternative conditional patterns and sample sentences','Smallx')],[P('11-13','Smallx'),P('Election-policy speaking task model','Smallx')],[P('My Outcomes','Smallx'),P('Reflection-answer models','Smallx')]]
t=Table(mapdata,colWidths=[3.1*cm,13*cm]);t.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,0),MINT),('GRID',(0,0),(-1,-1),.35,HexColor('#A9C8D1')),('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),8),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),8),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),7),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),7)]));story += [t,Spacer(1,13),P('Vocabulary: voting','H1x')]
story += [q('Exercise 1 | Events and voters','<b>1.</b> The only event in which you do not directly vote is <b>a vote in parliament</b>, because MPs are elected by the people and vote on their behalf.<br/><br/><b>2-3.</b> <b>Vote for a person or party:</b> student-council election (students); general election (citizens with suffrage); local election (citizens with suffrage). <b>Vote for a law or action:</b> opinion poll (anyone); referendum (citizens with suffrage); strike ballot (employees); talent-show vote (anyone); vote in parliament (MPs).'),q('Exercise 1 | Questions 4-6','These questions are personal. A suitable answer to Question 5 is: <i>Flatmates might vote on how to divide household chores.</i>', '<b>Sample for Question 4:</b> I voted in a local election because I wanted a say in local services. The outcome was that the incumbent candidate won.<br/><b>Sample for Question 6:</b> I have not stood for election, but I helped a friend campaign for student representative by sharing their ideas with classmates.')]
story.append(PageBreak())

story += [P('Vocabulary: voting','H1x'),q('Exercise 2 | Match the event','<b>1</b> general election &nbsp; <b>2</b> opinion poll &nbsp; <b>3</b> local election &nbsp; <b>4</b> referendum &nbsp; <b>5</b> election for a student council<br/><b>6</b> vote in parliament &nbsp; <b>7</b> strike ballot &nbsp; <b>8</b> talent show vote &nbsp; <b>9</b> general election &nbsp; <b>10</b> election for a student council')]
vocab=[['Hung parliament','a parliament where no party has enough seats for an overall majority'],['Gauge','measure or estimate'],['Have a say in','have power to influence or decide'],['Electoral reform','a change in how votes or seats are allocated'],['Slogan','a short phrase used to persuade voters'],['Toe the party line','follow the party position despite personal disagreement'],['Deadlock','a disagreement where nobody will make concessions'],['Voted off','voted for someone to be removed'],['Stance','an opinion or position on an issue'],['Platform','the advertised aims or policies of a political party']]
data=[[P('<b>Bold language</b>','Smallx'),P('<b>Meaning</b>','Smallx')]]+[[P(a,'Smallx'),P(b,'Smallx')] for a,b in vocab]
t=Table(data,colWidths=[4.4*cm,11.7*cm],repeatRows=1);t.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,0),MINT),('GRID',(0,0),(-1,-1),.3,HexColor('#B7D5DC')),('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),7),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),7),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),4),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),4)]));story += [t,q('Exercise 3 | Discussion models','<b>1.</b> A coalition government may be formed, or new elections may be held.<br/><b>2.</b> Examples include changing from a majority system to proportional representation, or ensuring minority groups are represented.<br/><b>3.</b> Answers vary. Example: “Yes we can” is memorable because it is brief and positive.<br/><b>4.</b> A third party, such as a president, monarch, or mediator, may try to resolve the deadlock.<br/><b>5.</b> Politicians might run on platforms about housing, public health, education, social media, or cybersecurity.')]
story.append(PageBreak())

story += [P('Listening','H1x'),q('Exercise 4 | Which event is each speaker discussing?','<b>Speaker 1:</b> talent show vote<br/><b>Speaker 2:</b> strike ballot<br/><b>Speaker 3:</b> referendum<br/><b>Speaker 4:</b> opinion poll<br/><b>Speaker 5:</b> election for student council'),q('Exercise 5 | Do you hear an article?','<b>Article included:</b> 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9<br/><b>No article:</b> 1, 3, 6, 10<br/><br/><b>Articles heard:</b> 2 <i>the</i>; 4 <i>a</i>; 5 <i>the</i>; 7 <i>a</i>; 8 <i>a</i>; 9 <i>the</i>.'),q('Exercise 6 | Match the topic to the speaker','<b>a</b> Speaker 3 &nbsp; <b>b</b> Speaker 1 &nbsp; <b>c</b> Speaker 5 &nbsp; <b>e</b> Speaker 4 &nbsp; <b>f</b> Speaker 2<br/><br/><b>Unused topic:</b> <b>d</b> talks about standing for parliament.'),q('Exercise 7 | Discussion models','<b>1.</b> Turnout may be lower among younger voters if they feel politics does not affect them.<br/><b>2.</b> One possible scandal is vote fixing, where organizers manipulate a result.<br/><b>3.</b> A politician breaks a promise when they fail to introduce a policy they pledged during the campaign.<br/><b>4.</b> Yes. For example, I may be in a small minority in supporting a particular transport policy.<br/><b>5.</b> Workers may take strike action over pay or conditions. I would support it if negotiations had genuinely failed.')]
story.append(PageBreak())

story += [P('Grammar','H1x'),P('Alternative conditional patterns','H2x'),box('REMEMBER','Look at each clause separately. Decide whether it refers to the past, present, or future and whether the situation is real or imagined.',TEAL),q('Exercise 8 | Time and reality in the Grammar box','<b>a</b> past real + past real<br/><b>b</b> past unreal + past unreal<br/><b>c</b> past unreal + present unreal<br/><b>d</b> past unreal + present unreal<br/><b>e</b> past unreal + present unreal'),q('Exercise 9 | The option that is NOT possible','<b>1</b> <i>we looked at</i><br/><b>2</b> <i>would’ve wanted</i><br/><b>3</b> <i>I told</i><br/><b>4</b> <i>I’d told</i><br/><b>5</b> <i>wouldn’t have been working</i><br/><b>6</b> <i>should’ve been</i>'),box('MEANING NOTE','The remaining options are possible because conditional clauses can connect a past cause to a present result, or use different modal meanings such as certainty (<i>would</i>) and possibility (<i>might</i>).',GOLD)]
story.append(PageBreak())

story += [P('Grammar and speaking','H1x'),q('Exercise 10 | Model conditional sentences','<b>Last election:</b> If more younger people had voted, the result might have been very different. If the winning party had not gained a majority, it would be seeking coalition partners now.<br/><br/><b>Famous figure:</b> We would have lost the war if that leader had not guided the country. If the leader had not become famous, their ideas might be less influential today.<br/><br/><b>Important moment in my life:</b> If I had not gone to university, I would not have got my current job. If I had chosen a different course, I might be working in another field now.'),q('Exercises 11-13 | Election-policy model','<b>Five policies:</b><br/><b>1. Education:</b> Fund free school meals. This improves concentration and reduces inequality.<br/><b>2. Housing:</b> Build affordable homes near public transport. This tackles high rents and traffic.<br/><b>3. Health:</b> Expand mental-health support in schools and communities.<br/><b>4. Transport:</b> Make local buses cheaper and more frequent.<br/><b>5. Environment/economy:</b> Offer grants to insulate homes, cutting bills and emissions.<br/><br/><b>Possible response to criticism:</b> These policies cost money initially, but preventive spending can reduce later costs in healthcare, homelessness, and energy use.<br/><br/><b>For Exercise 13:</b> A group could vote for the five ideas above. The most popular suggestion would be the one receiving the most votes.')]
story.append(PageBreak())

story += [P('My Outcomes','H1x'),P('These questions have personal answers. Use the models to help you express your own view.','Bodyx'),q('1 | Most appealing text','The listening text about vote fixing was the most appealing because it showed how a public vote can be manipulated.'),q('2 | Confidence discussing politics','I can now discuss politics more confidently because I can use terms such as <i>turnout</i>, <i>stance</i>, <i>platform</i>, and <i>electoral reform</i>.'),q('3 | Pronunciation problems','I found the consonant clusters in <i>strike ballot</i> and the stress in <i>referendum</i> difficult. I would practise them by listening and repeating slowly, then at normal speed.'),q('4 | Activity to repeat','I would like to repeat the policy-election speaking task because it gave me practice in explaining and defending an opinion.'),Spacer(1,16),box('STUDY TIP','Make a vocabulary record with the word, its meaning, an example sentence, and any useful word partners. Review it regularly by writing a short post or discussion response using recent vocabulary.',CORAL),Spacer(1,13),P('End of handbook','Footerx')]

class BookCanvas(canvas.Canvas):
    def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
        canvas.Canvas.__init__(self,*args,**kwargs)
    def showPage(self):
        canvas.Canvas.showPage(self)

doc=SimpleDocTemplate(str(OUT),pagesize=A4,rightMargin=2.2*cm,leftMargin=2.2*cm,topMargin=1.7*cm,bottomMargin=1.7*cm,title='Unit 4 Politics Answer Handbook',author='Orris')
doc.build(story,onFirstPage=lambda c,d: (c.setFillColor(NAVY),c.rect(0,0,A4[0],A4[1],fill=1,stroke=0)),onLaterPages=footer)
print(OUT)

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT
from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, PageBreak, KeepTogether, Table, TableStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.pdfbase.ttfonts import TTFont
from reportlab.pdfbase import pdfmetrics
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor
from pathlib import Path

OUT=Path('/tmp/workspace/c1-speaking-practice/output')
OUT.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
pdf_path=OUT/'C1_Speaking_Practice_Model_Answers.pdf'

navy=HexColor('#102A43'); blue=HexColor('#1976D2'); teal=HexColor('#00897B'); coral=HexColor('#EF6C5B'); gold=HexColor('#F4B942'); pale=HexColor('#F1F7FF'); lilac=HexColor('#F4F0FF'); ink=HexColor('#243B53'); grey=HexColor('#627D98')
styles=getSampleStyleSheet()
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='CoverTitle', parent=styles['Title'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=31, leading=35, textColor=navy, alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=9))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='CoverSub', parent=styles['Normal'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=14, leading=20, textColor=teal, alignment=TA_CENTER))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='H1c', parent=styles['Heading1'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=21, leading=25, textColor=navy, spaceAfter=9))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='H2c', parent=styles['Heading2'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=13, leading=16, textColor=blue, spaceBefore=3, spaceAfter=5))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='BodyC', parent=styles['BodyText'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=10.2, leading=14.3, textColor=ink, spaceAfter=5))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='PromptC', parent=styles['BodyText'], fontName='Helvetica-Oblique', fontSize=9.1, leading=12, textColor=grey, spaceAfter=5))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='TipC', parent=styles['BodyText'], fontName='Helvetica-Bold', fontSize=8.8, leading=11.5, textColor=teal))
styles.add(ParagraphStyle(name='SmallC', parent=styles['BodyText'], fontName='Helvetica', fontSize=8.5, leading=11, textColor=grey))

answers=[
('1','Have you ever answered an opinion poll? What was it about, and did you enjoy answering it?','opinion poll',"Yes, I once completed an online opinion poll about public transport in my area. It asked whether buses were reliable, affordable and accessible for older people. I enjoyed it because it was brief but purposeful: it gave residents a chance to express concerns that might otherwise be overlooked. That said, I would only trust the results if the sample were broad enough to represent different age groups and neighbourhoods."),
('2','If your town could change one election rule, what electoral reform would you choose? Why?','electoral reform',"I would introduce a preferential voting system, in which voters rank candidates rather than choosing only one. In my view, this would make the outcome more representative, because people could support a smaller party without feeling that they were wasting their vote. It might also encourage candidates to appeal beyond their core supporters. Naturally, the system would need to be explained clearly so that it did not discourage participation."),
('3','How can a teacher gauge what students think about homework?','gauge',"A teacher could gauge students’ views by combining an anonymous questionnaire with an open classroom discussion. The questionnaire would probably produce more candid answers, especially from quieter students, whereas a discussion could reveal why particular tasks feel useful or excessive. It would also be sensible to compare opinions with evidence, such as completion rates and the time students actually spend. In that way, decisions would not be based on complaints alone."),
('4','What can people do when a discussion reaches deadlock? Give one simple example.','deadlock',"When a discussion reaches deadlock, the first step is to identify the point on which everyone agrees, however small it may be. The group can then ask a neutral person to summarise the competing priorities and suggest a compromise. For example, if flatmates cannot agree on cleaning, they could create a rota for essential jobs and allow each person to choose which task they prefer. That turns an emotional argument into a practical arrangement."),
('5','Is it always good to toe the party line? When is it better to share your own opinion?','toe the party line',"No, toeing the party line is not automatically a virtue. A united position can be helpful when a group has debated an issue properly and needs to act decisively. However, blind loyalty can silence legitimate concerns, particularly if a policy may harm the public or contradict basic principles. I think people should share their own opinion respectfully when they have evidence, relevant experience or a serious ethical objection. Constructive dissent can improve a decision rather than weaken a team."),
('6','Would you like to run on a platform of free school lunches? What would you promise?','run on a platform',"Yes, I would be happy to run on a platform of free, nutritious school lunches. I would promise a universal scheme so that no child was singled out because of their family’s income. The meals should be healthy, culturally varied and partly sourced from local producers where possible. Critics might argue that it is expensive, but I would point out that well-fed students are more able to concentrate, and universal provision reduces stigma as well as administrative costs."),
('7','Have you watched a show where someone was voted off? Was the decision fair?','voted off',"I have watched talent competitions in which a contestant was voted off despite giving a strong performance. Whether the decision was fair depended on the rules. If viewers were allowed to vote repeatedly, popularity could outweigh ability, which seems rather questionable in a competition that claims to reward talent. On the other hand, if the programme is designed as entertainment, public appeal is relevant. Ideally, I would combine audience votes with an expert panel to make the result more balanced."),
('8','What can make a meeting contentious? How can people speak more calmly?','contentious',"A meeting becomes contentious when participants feel that important decisions have already been made or that their interests are being ignored. Vague language, interruptions and personal criticism can also make a disagreement escalate very quickly. To keep the tone calm, the chair should set clear rules, give everyone equal speaking time and ask people to challenge ideas rather than individuals. Phrases such as ‘I see your point, but I interpret the evidence differently’ can make disagreement much less confrontational."),
('9','Tell about a person you know who shows fortitude in a difficult situation.','fortitude',"A person I admire for her fortitude is a former colleague who returned to work after a serious illness. She had to manage treatment, family responsibilities and the uncertainty of recovery, yet she remained realistic rather than pretending that everything was easy. What impressed me most was her patience: she accepted help when necessary, set modest goals and gradually rebuilt her confidence. To me, fortitude is not dramatic bravery; it is the ability to continue with dignity when circumstances are genuinely difficult."),
('10','What small problem can exacerbate a bad day? How can you stop it getting worse?','exacerbate',"A missed bus can easily exacerbate a bad day, especially if you are already late and stressed. The problem itself is minor, but it can trigger a chain of rushed decisions, such as skipping breakfast or sending an impatient message. I try to stop that by pausing for a moment, checking the next realistic option and informing anyone affected. A short delay is usually manageable, whereas panic tends to make the situation feel far worse than it really is."),
('11','Do people sometimes do phubbing when they are with friends or family? How does it feel?','phubbing',"Yes, phubbing is surprisingly common, even among people who would say they value face-to-face conversation. Someone may check a message during dinner and then gradually become absorbed in their phone. It can feel dismissive because it suggests that the person in front of you is less important than a notification. I do not think every quick glance is rude, but if it becomes habitual, it undermines genuine connection. A simple solution is to put phones away during meals or agree on phone-free time."),
('12','What is a kind way to respond if somebody uses gaslighting in an argument?','gaslighting',"A kind but firm response would be to avoid arguing endlessly about your memory or feelings. You could say, ‘I remember the situation differently, and I would like us to focus on what was actually said rather than questioning whether I am overreacting.’ If the pattern continues, it may help to keep a record of important conversations or involve a trusted third person. Being kind does not mean accepting manipulation; it means setting a clear boundary without becoming insulting."),
('13','When is it right to repudiate a false story about you? What could you say?','repudiate',"It is right to repudiate a false story when it could damage your reputation, relationships or safety, particularly if it is spreading widely. I would respond calmly and publicly only to the extent necessary. For instance, I might say, ‘I want to make it clear that this claim is untrue. The facts are as follows, and I would appreciate it if people did not repeat it without checking.’ A measured response is usually more persuasive than an angry one, and it avoids giving the rumour extra attention."),
('14','Why is it wrong to subjugate other people? What does respectful leadership look like?','subjugate',"It is wrong to subjugate other people because it denies their autonomy, dignity and right to participate in decisions that affect them. Even when leaders believe they know best, controlling others through fear or dependence can cause lasting harm. Respectful leadership is almost the opposite: it sets clear expectations, listens seriously, shares information and accepts accountability. A good leader gives people the support and authority to contribute, rather than demanding obedience for its own sake."),
('15','Have you ever seen an ostrich mentality, when someone ignores a problem? What should they do instead?','ostrich mentality',"I have seen an ostrich mentality in group projects when someone avoids opening messages because they are worried about criticism. The silence may feel safer in the short term, but it usually makes the deadline problem worse. A better approach is to acknowledge the difficulty early, ask what needs to be done and divide the work into manageable steps. Even a sentence like ‘I am behind, but I can complete this section by Friday’ is far more useful than pretending the problem does not exist."),
('16','What makes an argument cogent? Give an example of a clear reason.','cogent',"A cogent argument has a clear claim, reliable evidence and a logical link between the two. It should also anticipate a reasonable objection instead of ignoring it. For example, ‘The city should invest in safe cycle lanes because more people will cycle if they feel protected from traffic; this can reduce congestion and improve air quality.’ That is more convincing than simply saying that cycling is good, because it explains the mechanism and the likely benefit."),
('17','Do you enjoy learning esoteric topics? Which unusual subject interests you?','esoteric',"I do enjoy learning about esoteric topics, provided they are explained in an accessible way. One subject that interests me is historical cartography: old maps reveal not only geography, but also political ambition, trade routes and misconceptions about the world. It may seem specialised, yet it helps us understand how people interpreted unfamiliar places. I would not want to study it exclusively, but exploring an unusual topic can be refreshing because it encourages curiosity without the pressure of being immediately practical."),
('18','Is it always bad to be called a snitch? When is telling an adult the right thing to do?','snitch',"Being called a snitch is not always fair. The word is often used to pressure people into keeping silent, even when someone could be harmed. Telling an adult is the right thing to do if there is bullying, violence, harassment, dangerous behaviour or a serious breach of trust. The aim should not be to get someone into trouble over a trivial mistake; it should be to protect people and prevent harm. Where possible, I would encourage the person to seek help themselves, but safety comes first."),
('19','Describe an impeccable meal, outfit, or piece of work. Why was it so good?','impeccable',"An impeccable piece of work I once saw was a group presentation on renewable energy. It was exceptionally well organised: the speakers had clearly rehearsed, the visuals supported rather than repeated the main points, and every statistic was properly sourced. What made it stand out was its balance of clarity and sophistication. The group explained a complex issue in plain language, yet they also addressed counterarguments about cost and reliability. It felt polished because every detail had a purpose."),
('20','What can you do if you have a meager amount of money or time? How can you use it wisely?','meager',"If I had a meager amount of money or time, I would first distinguish between essentials and things that can wait. With money, that means making a simple budget, avoiding impulse purchases and looking for low-cost alternatives, such as borrowing rather than buying. With time, I would choose one or two high-impact tasks instead of attempting everything badly. Planning matters, but so does flexibility: a modest resource can still be used well if you are realistic about your priorities."),
]

def footer(canvas, doc):
    canvas.saveState(); w,h=A4
    canvas.setFillColor(navy); canvas.rect(0,0,w,0.48*cm,stroke=0,fill=1)
    canvas.setFillColor(colors.white); canvas.setFont('Helvetica',8)
    canvas.drawString(1.55*cm,0.16*cm,'C1 SPEAKING PRACTICE  |  MODEL ANSWERS')
    canvas.drawRightString(w-1.55*cm,0.16*cm,str(doc.page))
    canvas.restoreState()

def card(num,prompt,word,answer):
    header=Table([[Paragraph(f'<b>{num}. SPEAKING CHALLENGE</b>',styles['H2c']), Paragraph(f'<b>Target vocabulary:</b> {word}',styles['TipC'])]],colWidths=[10.0*cm,6.8*cm])
    header.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,-1),pale if int(num)%2 else lilac),('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),0.6,HexColor('#C5D9F2')),('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'MIDDLE'),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),8),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),8),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),6),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),5)]))
    body=Table([[Paragraph('<b>Prompt:</b> '+prompt,styles['PromptC'])],[Paragraph('<b>Model answer:</b> '+answer,styles['BodyC'])]],colWidths=[16.8*cm])
    body.setStyle(TableStyle([('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),0.6,HexColor('#C5D9F2')),('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,-1),colors.white),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),9),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),9),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),6),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),7)]))
    return [header,body,Spacer(1,0.35*cm)]

story=[]
story += [Spacer(1,2.25*cm),Paragraph('C1 SPEAKING<br/>PRACTICE',styles['CoverTitle']),Paragraph('20 colourful model answers for Cambridge C1 Advanced-style discussion prompts',styles['CoverSub']),Spacer(1,1.0*cm)]
coverbox=Table([[Paragraph('<b>How to use this handbook</b><br/>Read each model answer aloud. Then personalise it with your own experience, add one supporting example, and practise speaking for 40-60 seconds without reading. The aim is not to memorise every word, but to borrow useful language, organisation and ideas.',styles['BodyC'])]],colWidths=[15.5*cm])
coverbox.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,-1),pale),('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),1,blue),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),14),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),14),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),12),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),12)]))
story += [coverbox,Spacer(1,1.0*cm),Paragraph('C1 focus: varied vocabulary, clear development, balanced opinions, precise linking and natural qualification.',styles['CoverSub']),PageBreak()]
story += [Paragraph('How these answers demonstrate C1 speaking',styles['H1c']),Paragraph('Cambridge C1 Advanced speaking rewards candidates who develop their ideas clearly, use a range of grammar and vocabulary accurately, and organise extended responses without excessive hesitation. These model answers are deliberately flexible: adapt the examples so that they sound truthful and natural in your own voice.',styles['BodyC'])]
features=[['Build your answer','Useful language'],['Give a direct answer','In my view... / I would say...'],['Develop your reason','This is partly because... / The main reason is that...'],['Qualify your view','That said... / Naturally... / To some extent...'],['Give an example or outcome','For example... / As a result... / In that way...'],['End decisively','Overall... / The key point is...']]
t=Table([[Paragraph(f'<b>{a}</b>',styles['BodyC']),Paragraph(b,styles['BodyC'])] for a,b in features],colWidths=[6.0*cm,10.0*cm])
t.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,0),teal),('TEXTCOLOR',(0,0),(-1,0),colors.white),('GRID',(0,0),(-1,-1),0.5,HexColor('#BBD8D2')),('BACKGROUND',(0,1),(-1,-1),colors.white),('VALIGN',(0,0),(-1,-1),'TOP'),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),8),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),8),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),6),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),6)]))
story += [t,Spacer(1,.5*cm),Paragraph('<b>Practice tip:</b> Do not learn these responses word for word. Choose two or three phrases from each answer and replace the personal examples with your own.',styles['TipC']),PageBreak()]
for section,start in [('Politics, discussion and decision-making',0),('Behaviour, resilience and relationships',8),('Critical thinking and everyday choices',16)]:
    story += [Paragraph(section,styles['H1c']),Paragraph('Model answers '+str(start+1)+'-'+str(min(start+8,20))+'.',styles['SmallC']),Spacer(1,.2*cm)]
    for item in answers[start:start+8]: story += card(*item)
    if start+8<20: story.append(PageBreak())

doc=SimpleDocTemplate(str(pdf_path),pagesize=A4,rightMargin=1.6*cm,leftMargin=1.6*cm,topMargin=1.45*cm,bottomMargin=1.15*cm,title='C1 Speaking Practice: Model Answers',author='Orris')
doc.build(story,onFirstPage=footer,onLaterPages=footer)
print(pdf_path)

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.colors import HexColor
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER
from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, PageBreak, Table, TableStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from pathlib import Path

out=Path('/tmp/workspace/c1-speaking-practice/output')
out.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=True)
path=out/'C1_Speaking_Practice_Short_Model_Answers.pdf'
navy=HexColor('#102A43'); blue=HexColor('#1976D2'); teal=HexColor('#00897B'); pale=HexColor('#F1F7FF'); lilac=HexColor('#F4F0FF'); ink=HexColor('#243B53'); grey=HexColor('#627D98')
ss=getSampleStyleSheet()
ss.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Cover',parent=ss['Title'],fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=30,leading=35,textColor=navy,alignment=TA_CENTER))
ss.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Sub',parent=ss['Normal'],fontName='Helvetica',fontSize=13,leading=18,textColor=teal,alignment=TA_CENTER))
ss.add(ParagraphStyle(name='H1x',parent=ss['Heading1'],fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=20,leading=24,textColor=navy,spaceAfter=8))
ss.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Hx',parent=ss['Heading2'],fontName='Helvetica-Bold',fontSize=12.5,leading=15,textColor=blue))
ss.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Bodyx',parent=ss['BodyText'],fontName='Helvetica',fontSize=10,leading=13.2,textColor=ink))
ss.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Promptx',parent=ss['BodyText'],fontName='Helvetica-Oblique',fontSize=8.8,leading=11.2,textColor=grey))
ss.add(ParagraphStyle(name='Smallx',parent=ss['BodyText'],fontName='Helvetica',fontSize=8.7,leading=11,textColor=teal))

items=[
('1','Have you ever answered an opinion poll? What was it about, and did you enjoy answering it?','opinion poll','Yes, I completed an opinion poll about local buses. I enjoyed it because residents could comment on fares and reliability. However, the results are only useful if the survey includes a wide range of people.'),
('2','If your town could change one election rule, what electoral reform would you choose? Why?','electoral reform','I would introduce preferential voting, so people could rank candidates. This would make the result more representative and allow voters to support smaller parties without feeling that they had wasted their vote.'),
('3','How can a teacher gauge what students think about homework?','gauge','A teacher could gauge opinions through an anonymous questionnaire and a short class discussion. The survey may encourage honesty, while the discussion can reveal why students find certain tasks useful or excessive.'),
('4','What can people do when a discussion reaches deadlock? Give one simple example.','deadlock','When a discussion reaches deadlock, people should identify what they agree on and look for a compromise. For example, flatmates could use a cleaning rota instead of continuing to argue about who does more.'),
('5','Is it always good to toe the party line? When is it better to share your own opinion?','toe the party line','No. A united position can be helpful, but blind loyalty can hide serious problems. It is better to share your opinion respectfully when you have evidence or an ethical concern. Constructive disagreement can improve a decision.'),
('6','Would you like to run on a platform of free school lunches? What would you promise?','run on a platform','Yes, I would run on a platform of free school lunches. I would promise healthy, varied meals for every student, so nobody feels embarrassed about needing support. Better nutrition can also improve concentration in class.'),
('7','Have you watched a show where someone was voted off? Was the decision fair?','voted off','Yes, I have. Sometimes a talented person is voted off because popularity matters more than ability. I think the fairest system combines public votes with expert judges, so the result reflects both appeal and skill.'),
('8','What can make a meeting contentious? How can people speak more calmly?','contentious','A meeting becomes contentious when people interrupt, feel ignored or make personal comments. The chair should give everyone equal time and encourage phrases like, “I see your point, but I disagree because...”'),
('9','Tell about a person you know who shows fortitude in a difficult situation.','fortitude','A former colleague showed real fortitude after a serious illness. She returned to work gradually, accepted help when needed and stayed patient throughout recovery. For me, fortitude means continuing with dignity during a difficult period.'),
('10','What small problem can exacerbate a bad day? How can you stop it getting worse?','exacerbate','Missing a bus can exacerbate a bad day if it makes you panic. I would check the next route, inform anyone waiting for me and focus on solving the problem. Calm decisions prevent small problems from growing.'),
('11','Do people sometimes do phubbing when they are with friends or family? How does it feel?','phubbing','Yes, phubbing happens quite often when someone becomes absorbed in their phone during a conversation. It can feel dismissive, as though the other person is less important than a message. Phone-free meals are a simple solution.'),
('12','What is a kind way to respond if somebody uses gaslighting in an argument?','gaslighting','I would be calm but firm: “I remember it differently, and I do not want my feelings to be dismissed.” If it continued, I would set a boundary and speak to someone I trust. Kindness should not mean accepting manipulation.'),
('13','When is it right to repudiate a false story about you? What could you say?','repudiate','It is right to repudiate a false story if it could damage your reputation or relationships. I might say, “This claim is untrue. Please check the facts before repeating it.” A calm response is usually most convincing.'),
('14','Why is it wrong to subjugate other people? What does respectful leadership look like?','subjugate','It is wrong to subjugate people because it takes away their autonomy and dignity. Respectful leadership means listening, sharing information and accepting responsibility. A good leader helps people contribute instead of demanding obedience.'),
('15','Have you ever seen an ostrich mentality, when someone ignores a problem? What should they do instead?','ostrich mentality','Yes, I have seen this in group projects when someone avoids messages because they fear criticism. They should acknowledge the problem early and suggest a realistic plan. Silence usually makes a deadline problem much worse.'),
('16','What makes an argument cogent? Give an example of a clear reason.','cogent','A cogent argument has a clear claim, reliable evidence and logical reasoning. For example, a city should build cycle lanes because safer roads encourage cycling, which can reduce traffic and improve air quality.'),
('17','Do you enjoy learning esoteric topics? Which unusual subject interests you?','esoteric','Yes, I enjoy esoteric topics when they are explained clearly. Historical maps interest me because they show not only geography, but also what people believed about the world. Unusual subjects can make learning more stimulating.'),
('18','Is it always bad to be called a snitch? When is telling an adult the right thing to do?','snitch','No. Telling an adult is right if there is bullying, violence or another safety risk. The purpose should be to protect someone, not to get a person punished for a minor mistake. Safety must come first.'),
('19','Describe an impeccable meal, outfit, or piece of work. Why was it so good?','impeccable','I once saw an impeccable presentation on renewable energy. It was well organised, visually clear and supported by reliable evidence. The speakers explained a complex topic simply and answered difficult questions with confidence.'),
('20','What can you do if you have a meager amount of money or time? How can you use it wisely?','meager','With a meager amount of money or time, I would focus on essentials and avoid impulse decisions. A simple budget or short priority list helps. It is better to complete two important tasks well than attempt everything badly.'),
]

def foot(canvas,doc):
    canvas.saveState(); w,h=A4
    canvas.setFillColor(navy);canvas.rect(0,0,w,.48*cm,stroke=0,fill=1)
    canvas.setFillColor(colors.white);canvas.setFont('Helvetica',8)
    canvas.drawString(1.5*cm,.16*cm,'C1 SPEAKING PRACTICE  |  SHORT MODEL ANSWERS')
    canvas.drawRightString(w-1.5*cm,.16*cm,str(doc.page));canvas.restoreState()

def card(n,prompt,vocab,answer):
    head=Table([[Paragraph(f'<b>{n}. SPEAKING CHALLENGE</b>',ss['Hx']),Paragraph(f'<b>Target:</b> {vocab}',ss['Smallx'])]],colWidths=[10.4*cm,6.4*cm])
    head.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,-1),pale if int(n)%2 else lilac),('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),.55,HexColor('#BDD6EE')),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),8),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),8),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),5),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),5)]))
    body=Table([[Paragraph('<b>Prompt:</b> '+prompt,ss['Promptx'])],[Paragraph('<b>Short model answer:</b> '+answer,ss['Bodyx'])]],colWidths=[16.8*cm])
    body.setStyle(TableStyle([('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),.55,HexColor('#BDD6EE')),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),9),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),9),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),5),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),6)]))
    return [head,body,Spacer(1,.27*cm)]

story=[Spacer(1,2.15*cm),Paragraph('C1 SPEAKING<br/>PRACTICE',ss['Cover']),Spacer(1,.25*cm),Paragraph('Short model answers for all 20 speaking challenges',ss['Sub']),Spacer(1,1*cm)]
intro=Table([[Paragraph('<b>Short and natural:</b><br/>Each model is approximately 35-55 words, making it suitable for quick practice in Part 1 or as a concise response in a discussion. Personalise the examples, then add one extra reason if you need a longer answer.',ss['Bodyx'])]],colWidths=[15.4*cm])
intro.setStyle(TableStyle([('BACKGROUND',(0,0),(-1,-1),pale),('BOX',(0,0),(-1,-1),1,blue),('LEFTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),15),('RIGHTPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),15),('TOPPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),12),('BOTTOMPADDING',(0,0),(-1,-1),12)]))
story += [intro,Spacer(1,.8*cm),Paragraph('Useful pattern: answer directly → give one reason → add a brief example or conclusion.',ss['Sub']),PageBreak()]
for title,start,end in [('Politics and decision-making',0,8),('People and relationships',8,16),('Critical thinking and everyday choices',16,20)]:
    story += [Paragraph(title,ss['H1x']),Paragraph('Say the target word clearly and naturally in your answer.',ss['Smallx']),Spacer(1,.15*cm)]
    for item in items[start:end]:story += card(*item)
    if end<20:story.append(PageBreak())

doc=SimpleDocTemplate(str(path),pagesize=A4,leftMargin=1.6*cm,rightMargin=1.6*cm,topMargin=1.45*cm,bottomMargin=1.15*cm,title='C1 Speaking Practice: Short Model Answers')
doc.build(story,onFirstPage=foot,onLaterPages=foot)
print(path)