1. Gross anatomy and anatomical terminology: planes, spaces, relations, osteology, and surface landmarks.
2. Upper limb: brachial plexus, nerves, vessels, joints, compartments, and hand anatomy.
3. Lower limb: lumbosacral plexus, hip/knee/ankle anatomy, compartments, vessels, and gait-related muscles.
4. Thorax: heart, mediastinum, lungs, pleura, great vessels, and thoracic wall.
5. Abdomen and pelvis: peritoneum, gastrointestinal organs, hepatobiliary system, retroperitoneum, pelvic floor, and urogenital anatomy.
6. Head and neck: cranial nerves, skull foramina, pharynx/larynx, cervical fascia, and major vessels.
7. Neuroanatomy: brainstem, cerebral blood supply, spinal cord pathways, ventricles, and autonomic nervous system.
8. Embryology and applied anatomy: developmental derivatives, common anatomical variants, and clinical correlations.

High-Difficulty Clinically Applied Anatomy Quiz: Nerve Lesions

Questions

1. A patient has a midshaft fracture of the humerus. On examination, wrist and metacarpophalangeal extension are weak, and there is reduced sensation in the first dorsal web space. Elbow extension is intact. Which structure is most likely injured?
   A. Posterior interosseous nerve
   B. Radial nerve in the radial groove
   C. Deep branch of ulnar nerve
   D. C7 nerve root
   E. Posterior cord of brachial plexus
2. Following an axillary crutch injury, a patient cannot extend the elbow, wrist, or fingers. Sensation is absent over the posterior arm, posterior forearm, and first dorsal web space. The lesion is most likely at the:
   A. Radial nerve in the spiral groove
   B. Posterior interosseous nerve at the arcade of Frohse
   C. Posterior cord of the brachial plexus
   D. C7 root
   E. Radial nerve at the lateral epicondyle
3. After a supracondylar fracture of the humerus, a child has weakness of pronation, flexion of the index-finger distal interphalangeal joint, and flexion of the thumb interphalangeal joint. Sensation in the hand is normal. Which nerve branch is injured?
   A. Recurrent branch of median nerve
   B. Anterior interosseous nerve
   C. Posterior interosseous nerve
   D. Deep branch of ulnar nerve
   E. Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve
4. A musician has progressive inability to abduct and adduct the fingers, with a positive Froment sign and wasting of the first dorsal interosseous. Sensation over the dorsal ulnar aspect of the hand is preserved. The lesion is most likely:
   A. Ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel
   B. C8-T1 lower trunk lesion
   C. Deep branch of ulnar nerve in Guyon canal
   D. Median nerve at the wrist
   E. Ulnar nerve proximal to the dorsal cutaneous branch
5. A patient cannot make a fist with the ring and little fingers, has sensory loss over the medial forearm and hand, and exhibits ipsilateral Horner syndrome after traction on the upper limb. Which lesion best explains this?
   A. Upper trunk brachial plexopathy
   B. Lower trunk brachial plexopathy
   C. Medial cord lesion
   D. Ulnar nerve lesion at elbow
   E. T1 radiculopathy alone
6. After anterior shoulder dislocation, a patient has impaired abduction from 15° to 90° and loss of sensation over the “regimental badge” area. Which muscle should also be specifically tested?
   A. Supraspinatus
   B. Teres major
   C. Deltoid
   D. Subscapularis
   E. Pectoralis major
7. A patient sustains a stab injury in the posterior triangle of the neck. The shoulder droops, and the patient has difficulty elevating the shoulder and abducting the arm above horizontal. Which nerve is affected?
   A. Dorsal scapular nerve
   B. Long thoracic nerve
   C. Thoracodorsal nerve
   D. Spinal accessory nerve
   E. Suprascapular nerve
8. After axillary lymph-node dissection, a patient develops winging of the scapula that worsens when pushing against a wall. Which movement is most directly compromised?
   A. Retraction of scapula
   B. Upward rotation of scapula
   C. Depression of scapula
   D. Medial rotation of humerus
   E. Extension of shoulder
9. A patient with a proximal fibular-neck fracture has foot drop and sensory loss over most of the dorsum of the foot. Plantar flexion and inversion are preserved. Which nerve is injured?
   A. Deep fibular nerve only
   B. Superficial fibular nerve only
   C. Common fibular nerve
   D. Tibial nerve
   E. S1 nerve root
10. A patient has numbness confined to the first interdigital cleft of the foot and weakness of ankle dorsiflexion. Foot eversion remains intact. Which lesion best fits?
    A. Common fibular nerve at fibular neck
    B. Deep fibular nerve
    C. Superficial fibular nerve
    D. Tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel
    E. L5 radiculopathy
11. A posterior hip dislocation leaves a patient unable to dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes. Hamstring weakness is also present. Which injury is most likely?
    A. Femoral nerve lesion
    B. Obturator nerve lesion
    C. Common fibular division of sciatic nerve lesion
    D. Tibial nerve lesion in popliteal fossa
    E. Superior gluteal nerve lesion
12. A patient has a positive Trendelenburg sign when standing on the right leg. During gait, the pelvis drops on the left side. Which nerve is damaged?
    A. Right inferior gluteal nerve
    B. Right superior gluteal nerve
    C. Left superior gluteal nerve
    D. Right femoral nerve
    E. Right obturator nerve
13. Following pelvic surgery, a patient has weak thigh adduction but normal knee extension and a preserved patellar reflex. Sensory loss is restricted to a small region of medial thigh. Which nerve is injured?
    A. Femoral nerve
    B. Obturator nerve
    C. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
    D. Saphenous nerve
    E. Tibial nerve
14. A patient with a prolapsed L5-S1 disc has weakness of plantar flexion, reduced ankle jerk, and impaired sensation along the lateral foot. Which root is most likely compressed?
    A. L4
    B. L5
    C. S1
    D. S2
    E. Common fibular nerve
15. A patient with an L4-L5 disc prolapse has weakness of great-toe extension and ankle dorsiflexion. Which additional finding most strongly supports an L5 radiculopathy over a common fibular neuropathy?
    A. Sensory loss in first dorsal web space
    B. Weakness of foot eversion
    C. Weakness of foot inversion
    D. Foot drop
    E. Loss of ankle dorsiflexion
16. A cavernous sinus lesion produces ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, decreased corneal sensation, and sensory loss over the forehead and cheek. Which cranial nerve should be spared if the lesion is restricted to the