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Write me all about limb ischemia in detailed manner from Bailey dogar and other standard books make me a complete topic

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acute limb ischemia clinical appearance

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"limb ischemia" AND management

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This is a comprehensive, exam-ready write-up on Limb Ischemia synthesized from Sabiston Textbook of Surgery (21e), Goldman-Cecil Medicine, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (22e, 2025), and Current Surgical Therapy (14e), supplemented with current PubMed evidence (2025–2026).
What's covered:
  1. Definition & Overview — ALI vs. CLI definitions, incidence, mortality figures
  2. Etiology & Pathophysiology — Embolism vs. thrombosis distinction (clinically critical), cardiac/non-cardiac sources, atherosclerotic mechanisms, inflammatory role in CLTI
  3. Clinical Features — The 6 Ps (Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Poikilothermia, Paresthesia, Paralysis); claudication spectrum; differential diagnosis table
  4. Rutherford Classification — Full table with Doppler findings and prognosis for each grade (I, IIa, IIb, III)
  5. Chronic Ischemia Classification — Fontaine stages, WIfI system, ABI thresholds
  6. Investigations — Bedside Doppler, ABI, duplex, CTA, MRA, arteriography, echocardiography
  7. Management of ALI — Immediate heparin, Fogarty embolectomy, catheter-directed thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, bypass, primary amputation; contraindications to thrombolysis; treatment algorithm image
  8. Compartment Syndrome & Reperfusion Injury — Four-compartment fasciotomy technique and indications
  9. Chronic Limb Ischemia Management — Risk factor modification, supervised exercise, cilostazol, aspirin/rivaroxaban dual pathway, endovascular vs. bypass (BASIL, BEST-CLI, BASIL-2 trial evidence)
  10. Atheroembolism — Blue toe syndrome, special management considerations
  11. Complications, Prognosis, Recent Evidence
  12. Mnemonics for quick revision

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