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Complete MCQ Solutions
PAPER 1 (BF/2024/01) - Section A: Applied Microbiology (BNS301)
(i) Small pox vaccine was first discovered by:
D. Edward Jenner - Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 using cowpox.
(ii) The resolution power of the compound microscope is:
A. 0.2 micron - The resolving power of a light/compound microscope is ~0.2 micrometers (200 nm).
(iii) Term "vaccine" was coined by:
B. Louis Pasteur - Pasteur coined the term "vaccine" (from Latin "vacca" = cow) in honor of Jenner.
(iv) India ink staining is used to demonstrate:
B. Bacterial capsule - India ink creates a dark background, making the clear capsule visible (classic for Cryptococcus).
(v) Example of cell wall deficient bacteria:
B. Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma permanently lacks a cell wall; it is the smallest self-replicating bacterium.
(vi) Generation time of Mycobacterium TB is:
C. 20 hours - M. tuberculosis divides very slowly, approximately every 15-20 hours.
(vii) Which bacteria can grow in acidic medium:
B. Lactobacillus - Lactobacilli thrive in acidic environments and themselves produce lactic acid.
(viii) A facultative anaerobe is:
D. Ordinarily an aerobe but can grow in absence of O₂ - Facultative anaerobes prefer oxygen but can survive without it.
(ix) Toxic shock syndrome is caused by:
B. Staph. aureus - TSS toxin-1 (TSST-1) produced by S. aureus causes toxic shock syndrome.
(x) Penicillin is discovered by:
A. Fleming - Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.
PAPER 1 - Section B: Infection Control Including Safety (BNS302)
(i) Which of the following is NOT a component of VAP bundle?
D. Prevention of vomiting - The standard VAP bundle includes: head-of-bed elevation, daily sedation vacation, DVT prophylaxis, peptic ulcer prophylaxis, and oral care. Prevention of vomiting is not a component.
(ii) Most important aspect of hand washing:
C. Friction - Mechanical friction is the key element that physically removes microorganisms.
(iii) Recommended heat temperature and time for moist heat sterilization in autoclave:
B. 121°C for 15 minutes - Standard autoclave parameters: 121°C at 15 psi for 15-20 minutes.
(iv) How many categories of biomedical waste are there?
C. 10 - Under Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 (India), there are 10 categories.
(v) Most widely used disinfectant for HIV-infected material:
A. Hypochlorite solution - Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is the most widely used and recommended disinfectant for HIV-contaminated materials.
(vi) Process by which an article is made free of ALL microorganisms (including vegetative forms):
A. Sterilization - Sterilization destroys ALL microorganisms including spores. Disinfection only kills most.
(vii) Steps for handling linen used by patients:
A. Collecting, washing and drying & storage, and distribution - Standard sequence for linen management.
PAPER 2 - Section B: Infection Control (BNS302)
(i) Hospital Acquired Infections manifest after admission:
D. 48 hours - By definition, HAI/nosocomial infection develops 48 hours or more after hospital admission.
(ii) Germs warranting airborne precautions that infect the lungs:
A. Tuberculosis (TB) bacteria - M. tuberculosis requires airborne precautions (droplet nuclei <5 µm). C. difficile is contact; Rota virus is contact/fecal-oral.
(iii) Optimal timing for preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis:
B. Less than 30 minutes before the skin incision - Guidelines recommend administration within 30-60 minutes before incision; the most commonly cited optimal window is within 30-60 min, but option B (< 30 min) best captures "optimal" timing.
(iv) Correct sequence for DONNING PPE:
A. Gown, Mask or Respirator, Goggles or Face shield, Gloves - CDC-recommended donning sequence: Gown → Mask/Respirator → Goggles/Face shield → Gloves.
(v) Biological indicator spore used for sterilization monitoring:
C. Geobacillus stearothermophilus - Standard biological indicator for steam (autoclave) sterilization.
PAPER 3 - Section B: Infection Control (BNS302)
(i) Hospital Acquired infections includes:
D. All the above - HAIs include CLABSI, CAUTI, SSI, HAP, VAP, and C. difficile infections.
(ii) Droplets from talking/sneezing/coughing can travel about:
C. 5 feet (152.4 centimeters) - Standard infection control teaching: droplets travel up to 3-6 feet; 5 feet (152.4 cm) is the commonly cited answer.
(iii) Formula to calculate VAP rate:
B. Number of patients developing VAP in a period / Total ventilator days in that period × 1000 - This is the standard VAP rate formula (per 1000 ventilator days).
(iv) Biomedical waste of vials and broken ampoules should be discarded in:
D. Puncture proof container - Sharps including broken glass/ampoules go into puncture-proof/sharps containers.
(v) Infected/soiled linen should be disinfected with:
B. Soaked in 0.5% Sodium Hypochlorite solution for 30 minutes then wash with detergent and water - 0.5% NaOCl is standard for linen contaminated with body fluids.
PAPER 4 - Section B: Infection Control (BNS302)
(i) Healthcare-associated infections:
D. All the above - HAIs increase length of stay, increase healthcare costs, AND increase mortality.
(ii) Special room where air is sucked out (not allowed into hallway) is called:
A. Negative pressure room - Negative pressure rooms are used for airborne infection isolation (TB, etc.).
(iii) Formula for CAUTI rate per 1000 catheter days:
B. Number of CAUTI / Number of catheter days × 1000 - Standard CAUTI surveillance formula.
(iv) Correct sequence for REMOVING (Doffing) PPE:
B. Gloves, Goggles or Face shield, Gown, Mask or Respirator, Wash hands - CDC doffing sequence: Gloves → Goggles/Face shield → Gown → Mask/Respirator → Hand hygiene.
(v) Commonly used chemical indicator:
A. Indicator tape or indicator labels placed on outside of a pack - Chemical indicator tape (e.g., autoclave tape) is the most common chemical indicator; it changes color when exposed to sterilization conditions.
(vi) Biomedical waste of vials/broken ampoules:
D. Puncture Proof Container - Same as above.
PAPER 5 - Section A: Applied Microbiology (BNS301) - 05/02/2026
(i) Father of Microbiology:
A. Louis Pasteur - Pasteur is widely recognized as the father of microbiology (some say Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, but among options given, Pasteur is correct).
(ii) Agar-agar is used in microbiological media for:
B. Solidifying media - Agar is a solidifying agent derived from red algae; it is not a nutrient itself.
(iii) Robertson's cooked meat medium is used to grow:
A. Anaerobes - RCM broth is a classic medium for culturing anaerobic organisms.
(iv) Killed vaccine:
D. IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine) - IPV is a killed vaccine. Mumps, Measles, and Rubella vaccines are live attenuated.
(v) Infection spreading rapidly to large areas of the world:
C. Pandemic - A pandemic is a global epidemic (worldwide spread).
(vi) Staining methods for M. tuberculosis:
A. Ziehl-Neelsen - ZN stain (acid-fast stain) is the standard for staining M. tuberculosis.
(vii) Definitive host in malaria:
C. Mosquito - The Anopheles mosquito is the definitive host (sexual reproduction of Plasmodium occurs there); humans are the intermediate host.
(viii) Acute HIV infection is characterized by:
D. All of above - Acute HIV (seroconversion illness) presents with fever, headache, rash, AND low CD4 counts; all options apply.
(ix) Mode of entry in hookworm infestation:
D. Penetration of egg by larva - Hookworm larvae (not eggs) penetrate intact skin (usually feet). The correct answer is skin penetration by larvae (filariform larvae penetrate skin).
(x) Automated method of antibiotic sensitivity testing:
D. BACTEC - BACTEC is an automated system for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and blood culture.
PAPER 6 - Section A: Applied Microbiology (BNS301) - BF/2024/07
(i) First antibody to contact invading microorganisms:
B. IgM - IgM is the first antibody produced in a primary immune response (pentameric, produced early).
(ii) T. pallidum was discovered by:
B. Schaudinn and Hoffman - Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann discovered Treponema pallidum in 1905.
(iii) Virus will contain:
D. DNA or RNA - Viruses contain either DNA or RNA (never both), plus a protein coat.
(iv) Coagulase test is used for:
B. Staphylococcus - Coagulase test differentiates S. aureus (coagulase +ve) from coagulase-negative Staphylococci.
(v) Anthrax is:
D. Soil borne - Bacillus anthracis spores persist in soil; anthrax is a soil-borne disease.
(vi) Separation of a single colony is:
D. Both a and b - Both pure-culturing and isolation techniques are used to separate single colonies.
(vii) Sterilization of culture media containing serum:
B. Micropore filter - Heat-sensitive materials like serum are sterilized by filtration (Seitz/membrane filter), not autoclaving.
(viii) Organism that doesn't grow in artificial media:
A. M. leprae - Mycobacterium leprae cannot be cultured on artificial media (grown in armadillo footpads).
(ix) Culture media for fungi:
D. All of the above - PDA, Sabouraud's agar, and Czapek dox agar are all fungal culture media.
(x) Viruses with teratogenic properties:
D. All of these - Herpes simplex virus, Cytomegalovirus, AND Rubella virus are all teratogenic (TORCH infections).
PAPER 7 - Section B: Infection Control (BNS302)
(i) How many steps in hand washing procedure:
B. 7 Steps - WHO recommends 6 steps (some sources say 7 including wrist); 7 steps is the standard teaching answer in nursing.
(ii) Sterilization most frequently used for heat-labile liquids/antibiotics:
C. Filtration - Filtration (membrane filtration) is used for heat-sensitive liquids; antibiotics cannot be autoclaved.
(iii) Ideally PEP (Post Exposure Prophylaxis) should be started within:
B. Within 72 hours of recent exposure - PEP must be initiated as soon as possible, ideally within 2 hours, but no later than 72 hours post-exposure.
(iv) Which is NOT considered a portal of entry for bacteria:
D. Intact skin - Intact (unbroken) skin is a barrier to infection, not a portal of entry.
(v) The biohazard symbol stands for:
D. Biohazard - The trefoil biohazard symbol indicates biological hazards.
(vi) "Care bundling" - example that is EXCEPT:
C. CDC (Center for disease control) bundle - CDC is an organization, not a care bundle. VAP bundle, CAUTI bundle, and central line bundle are all recognized care bundles.
PAPER 8 - Section A: Applied Microbiology (BNS301) - BF/2023/300
(i) Bacterial cells at stationary/metabolic peak during:
C. Stationary phase - Maximum metabolic activity and toxin production peaks at stationary phase.
(ii) Identify the obligate anaerobe:
C. E. tetani - Clostridium tetani is a strict/obligate anaerobe.
(iii) Gram-negative bacteria appear as:
A. Pink - Gram-negative bacteria stain pink/red (counterstained with safranin) in Gram staining.
(iv) Bacteria multiply by:
B. Simple binary fission - Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission.
(v) Blood agar medium is:
D. Differential medium - Blood agar is both enriched AND differential (shows hemolysis patterns).
(vi) Example for DNA virus:
B. Adeno virus - Adenovirus is a DNA virus. HIV is an RNA virus; Zika is also RNA.
(vii) Plasma cells are the end cells of:
A. T-cells → Actually B-cells produce plasma cells. The correct answer is B-cells (if that option was present). Based on the image, the answer is B-cells/plasma cells - plasma cells are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes.
(viii) Mycobacterium tuberculosis was first discovered by:
A. Robert Koch - Koch discovered M. tuberculosis in 1882 ("Koch's bacillus").
(ix) Wilson and Blair medium is used for isolation of:
B. Salmonella Typhi - Wilson and Blair (bismuth sulphite agar) is selective for Salmonella Typhi.
(x) Compound microscope was discovered by:
A. Antony von Leeuwenhoek - Leeuwenhoek developed early compound microscopes and first observed bacteria.
Summary Table of Key Answers:
| Paper | Q | Answer |
|---|---|---|
| BNS301 (Paper 1) | i-x | D, A, B, B, B, C, B, D, B, A |
| BNS302 (Paper 1) | i-vii | D, C, B, C, A, A, A |
| BNS302 (Paper 2) | i-v | D, A, B, A, C |
| BNS302 (Paper 3) | i-v | D, C, B, D, B |
| BNS302 (Paper 4) | i-vi | D, A, B, B, A, C |
| BNS301 (Paper 5) | i-x | A, B, A, D, C, A, C, D, D, D |
| BNS301 (Paper 6) | i-x | B, B, D, B, D, D, B, A, D, D |
| BNS302 (Paper 7) | i-vi | B, C, B, D, D, C |
| BNS301 (Paper 8) | i-x | C, C, A, B, D, B, B-cells, A, B, A |
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