RUHS EXAM 16MARKS ANSWER Subject biomechanics 1 Locking & unlocking mechanism 2 Gait and determinantes of gait Cyle 3 force-components/Internate External. 4 Levees / Pulley cecith example on human body. 5 equilibrium 6 Angle. 7 Axis & plane & triangular 8 Lever 9 Stability 10 Shoulder joint/Sternoclavicular joint 11 Patello femoral joint. 12 Aetherokinematics knee joints. Osteo kimematices. 13 Stability Unit Postural 1. MUSCLE - KINESIOLOGY/ functions 2. Tmj (Temporomandibular joint ) 3. Functions/ Articulation SUBJECT Kinematics 1. Arches of foot 2. Elbow joint 3. Gleno- humeral shythem 4. Prehonsion 5. Postural 6. Two joint muscle/ One joint muscle example
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All answers are complete. Here is a quick reference guide for the exam:
QUICK REFERENCE SUMMARY — RUHS EXAM
BIOMECHANICS
| Topic | Key Points to Remember |
|---|---|
| Locking/Unlocking | Screw-home mechanism; tibial ER at terminal extension; popliteus unlocks (medial rotation tibia) |
| Gait Cycle | Stance 60% / Swing 40%; 6 determinants minimize COG displacement; cadence ~100–120 steps/min |
| Forces | Internal (muscle, ligament, bone-on-bone) vs External (GRF, gravity, friction); F = F·cosθ (Fx), F·sinθ (Fy) |
| Levers/Pulleys | 1st: F-F-R (atlanto-occipital); 2nd: F-R-E (gastrocnemius — force advantage); 3rd: F-E-R (biceps — most common); Patella = pulley |
| Equilibrium | ΣF=0, ΣM=0; stable/unstable/neutral/dynamic types; COG low + BOS large = stable |
| Angles | Inclination 120–135°; Q-angle 10–20°; Carrying angle 5–15°; Cobb's angle >10° = scoliosis |
| Axes & Planes | Sagittal/Frontal/Transverse planes; Mediolateral/AP/Vertical axes; Convex-concave rule |
| Stability | BOS, COG height, LOG within BOS, mass, friction; ankle-hip-step strategies |
| Shoulder/SC | GH = ball-and-socket; rotator cuff (SITS); SC = saddle joint; costoclavicular = strongest ligament |
| Patellofemoral | Patella increases quad MA by 50%; Q-angle <20°; PFJ force 3× BW at 90°; VMO prevents subluxation |
| Arthrokinematics Knee | Osteokinematics (visible bone movement); Arthrokinematics (roll-slide-spin at joint surface); Concave on convex = same direction |
POSTURAL UNIT
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Muscle Kinesiology | Agonist/Antagonist/Synergist; Concentric/Eccentric/Isometric; Tonic (type I) vs Phasic (type II); Janda's classification |
| TMJ | Bicondylar modified hinge; disc divides into 2 compartments; upper=glide, lower=rotation; lateral pterygoid opens mouth |
| Shoulder Complex Functions | SC (saddle) + AC (plane) + GH (ball-socket) + ST (physiological); GH rhythm = 2:1; force couple = upper trap + lower trap + serratus |
KINEMATICS
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Arches of Foot | MLA (talus keystone, spring ligament, tib. posterior); LLA (cuboid keystone); Transverse (peroneus longus); Windlass mechanism |
| Elbow Joint | 3 joints in 1 capsule; humeroulnar (hinge) + humeroradial + proximal RU (pivot); carrying angle 5–15°; brachialis = workhorse |
| GH Rhythm | 2:1 (GH:ST); 180° = 120° GH + 60° ST; serratus anterior + trapezius force couple; scapular dyskinesia → impingement |
| Prehension | Napier's classification: Power grip (cylindrical/spherical/hook/fist) vs Precision grip (tip-tip/pulp-pulp/lateral/3-jaw chuck) |
| Posture | Plumb line (EAM→hip→knee→malleolus); primary kyphosis (T, S); secondary lordosis (C, L); common deviations |
| Two-Joint Muscles | Biarticular: rectus femoris, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, biceps; Active insufficiency (too short); Passive insufficiency (too long) |
All answers are structured for 16-mark RUHS exam format with definitions, classification, tables, clinical relevance, and examples. For each topic write approximately 1.5–2 pages in your answer booklet to achieve full marks.
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