So, is it... So, today we had CNS class. Today, it was our first day at medicine posting of final year, and this is our last medicine posting. So, we had a CNS class taken by a consultant sir, and, uh, the case which was presented was such that, um, the patient, uh, initially was apparently all right. It-- She just had fever one week prior to admission, like fever. Uh, she had visited some other place and had gotten fever and was admitted for the same. And along with fever, she had back pain with that. The fever got subsided within a week, and then after that week, uh, like a day-- On the day of admission, the patient, um... had, like on 13th o- of August, the patient had severe pain shooting from the, uh, neck region to the lumbar region. So from cervical area to lumbar area, shooting down straight, not radiating to any side. It was shooting pain from the l- uh, cervical region to the lumbar region, straight down the spine, okay? And it was so severe that the patient was, uh... Unable to bear it. And soon after this, this pain started, the shooting pain started, her husband tried giving her the neck massage. And during the neck massage, the patient felt that she is unable to move her, uh, left upper limb and lower limb at all. Like, there was no power in the left upper limb and lower limb, while she could still- Mm-hmm ...slightly move her right upper limb and, uh, she could slightly feel weakness in the right upper limb and lower limb, but the left upper limb, lower limb power was totally zero, the way patient described us to it, because she couldn't move it at all. She could at least move the right upper limb and lower limb, but not the left upper limb and lower limb. With- Now, after... Then she was taken to the hospital on the 13th of August. Today is 17th of August. So, after admission, what happened was the weakness of the left upper limb and lower limb has been the same. It has not improved, but, uh, she cannot move it at all, be it the foot, be it distal, proximal, left upper limb, lower limb, both she is unable to move. The right upper limb and lower limb... Actually, over the period of from 13th of August to 17th of August, there was initial weakness in the right upper limb and lower limb, but to-- on today's examination, that is 17th of August, there-- she can't move it against resistance, so there is grade four power. And- Both upper limb and lower limb. And, uh, no part- Power in the left upper limb and lower limb. Okay. Uh, along with this- Uh- There is no sensation over the left upper limb and lower limb. Uh, facial sensations are intact. There is no touch sensation, no pain sensation on the left upper limb and lower limb. Um... The sensations on the right upper limb and lower limb, she could feel it better than the left, because left was totally numb. And- Mm-hmm ...um, uh, the-- on the trunk, there is no sensory loss, there is no motor loss. Uh, she could roll over the, like, lo- roll over on the bed. There is no trunk muscles involved. There is no sensory loss, no motor loss in it. Uh, she still-- she has-- also patient complain of headache, like band-like headache, which she is complaining. And, um, patient-- Yeah. So this is what the history given to us by the patient. It was very confusing seeing that, uh, after examination, we saw that there is literally f- flaccidity, like hypotonia in the left upper limb and lower limb, which tells us about the lower motor neuron lesion. But again, on the other side... There is, uh... There are reflexes, uh, on the others, on the, uh, right, uh, lower limb, there is Babinski sign positive. Which tells us about the upper motor neuron lesion. So, this-

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"transverse myelitis" diagnosis

This is a genuinely interesting case, and the "LMN vs UMN" contradiction you ran into is actually a classic teaching trap. Let me walk through the reasoning.

The key insight: this is not two different lesions, it's one cord lesion at two different stages of "spinal shock"

The flaccid, totally powerless, hyporeflexic left side is not telling you there's a lower motor neuron problem there. In an acute, severe corticospinal tract (UMN) lesion, the initial physiological state is flaccidity and areflexia - this is called spinal shock. Reflexes and the Babinski response only re-emerge later, in a fairly predictable time course:
  • 0-24 h: areflexia/hyporeflexia, no plantar response yet
  • Day 1-3: cutaneous reflexes return, deep tendon reflexes still absent
  • Day 4-30: deep tendon reflexes recover, and importantly, "the recovery of the Babinski response closely parallels the return of the ankle jerk reflex" (Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice)
  • 1-12 months: full spastic hyperreflexic picture
Your patient is on day 4 (13th to 17th August). The right side was affected less severely, so it has already progressed through early spinal shock and is now showing you its true colours - a Babinski sign, i.e., a genuine UMN/corticospinal signature. The left side was hit much harder (flaccid, plegic, totally anaesthetic) and is still stuck in deep spinal shock, so it hasn't "revealed" its UMN signs yet, it just looks flaccid. Give it more days and, if the lesion doesn't kill the tract outright, you'd expect the left to eventually become spastic and hyperreflexic too (or it may never recover if the damage is severe enough).
So you don't have a mixed LMN+UMN disease. You have one asymmetric spinal cord (UMN) lesion, with the two sides simply sitting at different points on the spinal-shock timeline because the severity of injury differs. This is actually a very useful bedside rule: flaccid + areflexic acutely does not rule out a cord/UMN lesion - it's expected in the first days.

Localizing the lesion

  • Face spared, both upper and lower limbs involved → lesion has to be in the spinal cord itself, at or above the cervical enlargement (cannot be higher, since cranial nerves are untouched).
  • Bilateral but strikingly asymmetric (near-hemicord pattern, worse left) → this is what textbooks call a "Brown-Séquard plus" pattern rather than the textbook-pure Brown-Séquard syndrome. Classic Brown-Séquard gives you dissociated sensory loss (ipsilateral proprioception/vibration loss, contralateral pain/temperature loss one to two dermatomes below the lesion) - your patient instead has more or less global sensory loss (both touch and pain) on the more affected left side, which is the "plus" variant: "asymmetrical hemiplegia as well as hypoalgesia more prominent on the less paretic side" is the real-world rule, pure Brown-Séquard "rarely occurs" (Rosen's Emergency Medicine).
  • No trunk sensory/motor deficit and preserved ability to roll over is a bit unusual for a fully transverse lesion (you'd expect a sensory level), and may simply reflect that the lesion is still evolving/incomplete rather than a complete cross-sectional myelitis.

Differential diagnosis you should be working through

Given the antecedent febrile illness with back pain (1 week prior, resolved), then an abrupt, severe, midline spinal pain (neck-to-lumbar, not radicular), followed by rapidly evolving asymmetric myelopathy with a band-like headache, consider in order of what you must not miss:
  1. Spinal epidural abscess / discitis-osteomyelitis - this is the one you cannot afford to miss. The textbook triad is fever + back pain + progressive neurological deficit, and importantly the full triad is present in only 8-37% of cases, so its absence doesn't exclude it (Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine; Harrison's). A febrile illness a week before, even if it "settled," can represent untreated bacteraemia that seeded the epidural space, with pain and cord signs appearing later as the collection expands and compresses the cord. This needs an urgent contrast MRI of the whole spine and, if found, emergency neurosurgical decompression plus antibiotics - it is time-critical.
  2. Acute transverse myelitis (para-/post-infectious, immune-mediated) - fits well: presumed autoimmune, "deficits...typically bilateral but may be asymmetrical," triggered days to weeks after a febrile/viral illness (Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice).
  3. NMOSD / MOG-antibody disease - can produce longitudinally extensive, painful, asymmetric cord lesions; worth checking AQP4-IgG and MOG-IgG.
  4. Spinal cord infarction (anterior spinal artery or sulcal branch territory) - classically presents with sudden severe pain at the level of the lesion followed by rapid (minutes-to-hours) flaccid paralysis, which matches your timeline quite well. Ask specifically about vascular risk factors, and don't casually dismiss the neck massage - if there is any possibility of vertebral artery injury/dissection from neck manipulation, that's a distinct mechanism for cervical cord ischaemia and worth asking about directly (any neck trauma, hypertension, clotting tendency).
  5. Tuberculous myelitis / Pott's spine with cord compression - relevant to keep on the list in an endemic setting, though it is usually more subacute than this presentation; a recent systematic review is available if you want to read further (PMID 40102389).
  6. Less likely but worth excluding: viral myelitis (HSV/VZV/enterovirus, or regionally relevant arboviruses given the antecedent febrile illness), and an atypical GBS variant - though the presence of a clear Babinski sign argues against pure GBS, which should give you absent reflexes and no extensor plantar response.

What would settle it

  • Urgent contrast MRI of the whole spine (cervical to lumbar) - the single most important next test. It will tell you cord signal change, length of lesion, presence of enhancement, and crucially whether there is a compressive collection (abscess) that needs surgery instead of steroids.
  • CSF analysis - cell count/differential, protein, glucose, oligoclonal bands, viral PCR panel, and TB workup (ADA, AFB, GeneXpert) if the MRI supports it.
  • Blood cultures and inflammatory markers, since the story starts with an unexplained febrile illness.
  • AQP4 and MOG antibodies if myelitis is confirmed and no compressive cause is found.
  • Bladder/bowel and anal tone assessment - you didn't mention this, and it matters both diagnostically and for immediate catheter care.
The reasoning your consultant almost certainly wants you to land on: don't be fooled by "flaccid = LMN." In an acute, severe cord lesion the flaccid side is simply earlier in spinal shock, and the side already showing a Babinski is the one that has started revealing the true UMN nature of the lesion. The clinical priority in the next few hours is imaging the whole spine urgently to exclude a compressive/infective cause (especially epidural abscess, given the antecedent fever) before settling on transverse myelitis as the presumptive diagnosis.

So, in the CSF analysis, there is increase in the cell count, and also there is clubbing in the hands.

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That new information reshapes things quite a bit, and clubbing is the detail that should make you widen your net.

Why clubbing changes the picture

Clubbing takes weeks to develop, it is not something that appears in 4 days. So either it was already present before this illness (a pre-existing chronic condition), or this "acute" presentation is actually sitting on top of a more indolent process that has been brewing for longer than the history suggests. That reframes the antecedent "fever for one week" as possibly just the most recent flare of an ongoing subacute illness rather than a brand new trivial viral fever.
Combined with CSF pleocytosis and the myelopathy, the differential now tilts strongly toward an infective/embolic cause rather than a purely autoimmune transverse myelitis. Two unifying diagnoses stand out:

1. Subacute infective endocarditis (IE) with septic embolization to the spinal cord - leading hypothesis

This ties every finding together in one story:
  • Clubbing occurs in roughly 10-20% of infective endocarditis cases (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine), classically in the subacute form that has been smouldering for weeks before the patient presents dramatically.
  • Neurologic manifestations occur in 20-40% of IE (Harrison's) - most commonly embolic stroke, but septic emboli can also lodge in the spinal cord's segmental/radicular arteries, causing spinal cord infarction, microabscess, or a septic myelitis. This would explain the abrupt, severe pain (infarct pain) followed by rapidly evolving, asymmetric, initially flaccid deficit exactly the way it happened here.
  • Embolization of infected material can also cause meningoencephalitis or a parameningeal inflammatory reaction, which would produce the CSF pleocytosis you found, even without the CSF necessarily growing an organism (Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice).
  • The preceding "fever with back pain a week before admission" fits a bacteraemic phase, possibly with an early vertebral/discal seeding, before the dramatic cord event.
If this is the diagnosis, you would expect to find: a murmur (new or changed), possible splenomegaly, peripheral stigmata like Osler's nodes, splinter haemorrhages, Janeway lesions, Roth spots, and you should get blood cultures (at least 2-3 sets before antibiotics) and an echocardiogram (TTE, then TEE if TTE is negative but suspicion remains) without delay.

2. Tuberculous meningomyelitis (Pott's spine / TB radiculomyelitis) - strongly consider in this setting

Given this is India and a final-year medicine posting, this cannot be pushed down the list:
  • Classic CSF picture in TB meningitis: lymphocytic pleocytosis (10-500 cells/µL), high protein, low glucose, raised opening pressure (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine). If your patient's CSF is lymphocyte-predominant with high protein, this becomes much more likely than a bacterial process.
  • Clubbing, while not classically taught as a TB sign, is well described with chronic pulmonary TB, bronchiectasis, or empyema - so if she has chronic unrecognized pulmonary disease, that would explain both the clubbing and predispose to haematogenous or CSF-spread cord involvement (tuberculous radiculomyelitis, arachnoiditis, or a spinal Pott's abscess causing compressive myelopathy).
  • The subacute-on-chronic pattern (weeks of low-grade illness before an acute deterioration) is very typical of TB.

What actually differentiates these two

The single most useful piece of information you're missing right now is the CSF cell differential and biochemistry:
FindingFavors bacterial/embolic (IE)Favors TB
Cell typeNeutrophilic early, or mixedLymphocytic predominant
ProteinVariable, often mild riseMarkedly elevated (1-5 g/L)
GlucoseUsually normal unless frank bacterial meningitisLow (CSF:serum ratio <0.5)
Gram stain/cultureMay be positiveUsually negative (AFB smear sensitivity only ~10-20%)
Ask for cell differential, protein, glucose, Gram stain, and AFB smear/CBNAAT (GeneXpert) on the CSF if it hasn't been sent already.

Bedside things to check right now on the patient

  • Auscultate for a cardiac murmur, look for splinter haemorrhages, Osler's nodes, Janeway lesions, check for splenomegaly and fundoscopy for Roth spots (IE workup)
  • Chest exam for crepitations, bronchiectatic changes, cavitary breath sounds and ask about chronic cough/haemoptysis/weight loss (TB/bronchiectasis workup)
  • Look at the fingers again carefully - is this clubbing alone, or is there cyanosis too (raising congenital cyanotic heart disease with paradoxical embolism as another explanation for both clubbing and an embolic cord event)?

Investigations to send/confirm

  • Blood cultures x2-3 before or independent of antibiotic timing
  • Echocardiography (TTE, escalate to TEE if suspicion remains high and TTE is negative)
  • Contrast MRI whole spine (if not already done) - looking specifically now for a cord infarct, an intramedullary abscess, or a Pott's spine/paraspinal collection, not just a "myelitis-looking" T2 hyperintensity
  • CSF: cell differential, protein, glucose, Gram stain, AFB/CBNAAT, culture
  • Chest X-ray/HRCT chest looking for bronchiectasis, cavitary TB, or an underlying cardiac silhouette abnormality
  • ESR/CRP, and if IE suspected, apply the modified Duke criteria once culture and echo results are in
The bottom line: clubbing plus CSF pleocytosis pulls this case away from a straightforward "presumed autoimmune transverse myelitis" and toward an infective source with embolic or direct spread to the cord - infective endocarditis with septic spinal embolization and tuberculous meningomyelitis are the two diagnoses you should be actively chasing now, and the CSF differential plus echocardiogram will most likely settle which one it is.

Also, the patient is a 39-year-old female. Keep that in mind.

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Good, that detail matters and shifts the epidemiological weighting quite a bit.

Why 39F changes the odds

Rheumatic heart disease / mitral stenosis has shifted demographically: "control of rheumatic fever has largely shifted the burden of rheumatic heart disease from teenagers to women in the third and fourth decades of life," and mitral stenosis (two-thirds of cases female) remains prevalent in developing countries, including India (Creasy & Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Goldman-Cecil Medicine). A 39-year-old woman with unrecognized rheumatic mitral valve disease is a very plausible substrate for infective endocarditis, which then makes my earlier hypothesis (septic embolization to the cord causing infarction/abscess, clubbing, CSF pleocytosis) considerably more likely. Ask specifically about a childhood history of rheumatic fever, recurrent sore throats/joint pains as a child, and listen carefully for a mid-diastolic murmur at the apex.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-associated myelitis also needs to move up the list. This is a disease that classically presents in women of childbearing to middle age, and lupus myelitis:
  • often presents as a longitudinally extensive cord lesion
  • commonly shows CSF pleocytosis and/or elevated protein (Firestein & Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology)
  • can be the initial manifestation of SLE, occurring even at low overall disease activity
  • is frequently associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, which causes a thrombo-occlusive (vascular, infarct-like) mechanism rather than pure inflammation - this would elegantly explain the sudden severe spinal pain followed by an abrupt, infarct-pattern, asymmetric myelopathy, on top of the inflammatory CSF pleocytosis
So in a 39-year-old woman, ask about: malar rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers, joint pains, hair loss, prior miscarriages or unexplained clots (antiphospholipid history), Raynaud's phenomenon. Send ANA, anti-dsDNA, complement (C3/C4), antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, anti-β2GP1) alongside the infective workup.

Updated priority list for this patient

  1. Infective endocarditis with septic spinal cord embolization (fits clubbing, CSF pleocytosis, fever, and now the demographic if she has underlying rheumatic mitral valve disease) - confirm with echo + blood cultures.
  2. SLE-associated (± antiphospholipid) transverse myelitis - fits age/sex, CSF pleocytosis, and the abrupt vascular-type onset - confirm with ANA/dsDNA/APLA panel and MRI pattern (longitudinally extensive lesion).
  3. Tuberculous meningomyelitis / Pott's spine - still very relevant in this setting, confirm with CSF lymphocytic picture, ADA/CBNAAT, imaging for vertebral involvement.
These three are not mutually exclusive to chase in parallel: get the echocardiogram, blood cultures, ANA/dsDNA/APLA, and CSF cell differential/protein/glucose/ADA/CBNAAT all at once rather than sequentially, since the clinical window to treat a compressive or embolic cause without permanent deficit is narrow.
One more bedside question worth asking on rounds tomorrow: does she have a history of recurrent miscarriages, deep vein thrombosis, or valvular heart disease diagnosed previously? Either answer would meaningfully narrow this differential from three plausible unifying diagnoses down to one.
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