Detailed anatomical diagram of the thoracic cage (bony thorax) showing the sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process), 12 pairs of ribs with labels for true ribs 1-7, false ribs 8-10, floating ribs 11-12, costal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae T1-T12, intercostal spaces, sternal angle, superior thoracic aperture, and inferior thoracic aperture. Clean medical illustration style with labels and annotations.

Detailed anatomical diagram of the human heart showing all four chambers (right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle), major vessels (aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins), coronary arteries (left coronary artery with anterior interventricular and circumflex branches, right coronary artery with posterior interventricular branch), valves (tricuspid, mitral, aortic, pulmonary), and pericardium layers. Anterior view, clean medical illustration with labels.

Detailed anatomical diagram of the lungs showing right lung with 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) and horizontal and oblique fissures, left lung with 2 lobes (upper, lower) and oblique fissure and cardiac notch with lingula, bronchial tree from trachea to bronchi, hilum structures, pleural layers (visceral and parietal), pleural cavity, pulmonary vessels. Labels for all structures. Clean medical educational illustration.

Anatomical diagram of the mediastinum divisions showing superior mediastinum, anterior mediastinum, middle mediastinum, posterior mediastinum. Include key contents: trachea, esophagus, thymus, heart in pericardium, great vessels (aortic arch, superior vena cava), thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein, sympathetic trunks, vagus nerves, phrenic nerves, diaphragm at bottom. Sagittal cross-section view with color-coded regions and labels. Clean medical illustration.

Detailed labeled anatomical diagram of the bony thorax (thoracic cage): sternum with manubrium, body, and xiphoid process labeled; 12 pairs of ribs with true ribs 1-7, false ribs 8-10, and floating ribs 11-12 clearly labeled; costal cartilages; thoracic vertebrae T1-T12; sternal angle; superior and inferior thoracic apertures; intercostal spaces. Clean medical textbook illustration style with black lines on white background, all structures labeled with leader lines.

Detailed labeled anatomical diagram of the human heart anterior view: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins, right and left coronary arteries with branches (anterior interventricular/LAD, circumflex, posterior interventricular/RCA), tricuspid valve, mitral valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve, myocardium, epicardium, endocardium, pericardium. Clean medical textbook illustration with color coding (blue for venous, red for arterial), all structures labeled.

Detailed labeled anatomical diagram of the lungs and pleura: right lung showing 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) separated by horizontal fissure and oblique fissure; left lung showing 2 lobes (superior, inferior) with oblique fissure, cardiac notch, and lingula; trachea and main bronchi (right and left) entering hilum; pulmonary arteries and veins; visceral and parietal pleura layers; pleural cavity; costodiaphragmatic recess; apex of lung projecting above clavicle. Anterior view, clean medical illustration with labels.

Detailed anatomical diagram of the mediastinum in sagittal cross-section showing color-coded divisions: superior mediastinum (yellow) containing trachea, esophagus, thymus, aortic arch and branches, superior vena cava, vagus nerves, phrenic nerves, thoracic duct; anterior mediastinum (green) with thymus remnant; middle mediastinum (red) with heart in pericardium; posterior mediastinum (blue) with thoracic aorta, esophagus, azygos vein, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunks. Sternal angle and horizontal plane dividing superior from inferior mediastinum clearly marked. All structures labeled.

Detailed anatomical diagram of intercostal spaces and neurovascular bundle: three layers of intercostal muscles (external, internal, innermost intercostal muscles) shown in cross-section; the intercostal neurovascular bundle (intercostal vein, artery, nerve from top to bottom - VAN mnemonic) running in costal groove under each rib; labels for superior and inferior borders of ribs; external intercostal membrane anteriorly; internal intercostal membrane posteriorly; branches of intercostal nerve including lateral cutaneous and anterior cutaneous branches. Clean anatomical illustration with clear labels.

mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/thorax-pdf && ls /home/daytona/workspace/thorax…

~/thorax-pdf/build_thorax_pdf.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Build a detailed Thorax anatomy PDF with charts, tables, and diagrams."""

import requests
import os
from io import BytesIO
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm, mm
from reportlab.lib.colors import (
    HexColor, white, black, Color
)
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    Image, PageBreak, KeepTogether, HRFlowable
)
from reportlab.platypus.flowables import BalancedColumns
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.graphics.shapes import Drawing, Rect, String, Line, Circle, Polygon
from reportlab.graphics.charts.barcharts import VerticalBarChart
from reportlab.graphics.charts.piecharts import Pie
from reportlab.graphics import renderPDF

# ── Color palette ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
C_NAVY    = HexColor("#1B3A5C")
C_TEAL    = HexColor("#2E7D96")
C_LTBLUE  = HexColor("#D6EAF8")
C_ORANGE  = HexColor("#E67E22")
C_RED     = HexColor("#C0392B")
C_GREEN   = HexColor("#27AE60")
C_PURPLE  = HexColor("#6C3483")
C_GRAY    = HexColor("#BDC3C7")
C_LTGRAY  = HexColor("#F2F3F4")
C_DARK    = HexColor("#2C3E50")
C_GOLD    = HexColor("#F39C12")

OUTPUT = "/home/daytona/workspace/thorax-pdf/Thorax_Detailed_Description.pdf"

# ── Download helper ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def download_image(url, path):
    try:
        r = requests.get(url, timeout=30)
        r.raise_for_status()
        with open(path, "wb") as f:
            f.write(r.content)
        return path
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"  WARNING: could not download {url}: {e}")
        return None

# ── Download AI-generated diagrams ────────────────────────────────────────────
IMG_DIR = "/home/daytona/workspace/thorax-pdf/images"
os.makedirs(IMG_DIR, exist_ok=True)

diagram_urls = {
    "thoracic_cage":   "https://cdn.orris.care/image-gen/59070c01be944d43ad391a37c7b1a815.png",
    "heart":           "https://cdn.orris.care/image-gen/e660e44d72ad4981bc575cef54f4bf44.png",
    "lungs":           "https://cdn.orris.care/image-gen/4751eeb1fc2d4d388351ba782ffa4ccf.png",
    "mediastinum":     "https://cdn.orris.care/image-gen/c00ac4782d974a68a09a2c6e408468ab.png",
    "intercostal":     "https://cdn.orris.care/image-gen/60f3ddfcc9b049579c9ba2f3addd0570.png",
}

print("Downloading diagrams...")
local_imgs = {}
for key, url in diagram_urls.items():
    path = os.path.join(IMG_DIR, f"{key}.png")
    result = download_image(url, path)
    local_imgs[key] = result
    print(f"  {key}: {'OK' if result else 'FAILED'}")

# ── Styles ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()

def make_style(name, parent="Normal", **kw):
    return ParagraphStyle(name, parent=styles[parent], **kw)

title_style    = make_style("CTitle",   fontName="Helvetica-Bold",  fontSize=30,
                             textColor=white,        alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=6)
subtitle_style = make_style("CSubt",    fontName="Helvetica",        fontSize=14,
                             textColor=C_LTBLUE,     alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=4)
ch_style       = make_style("ChHead",   fontName="Helvetica-Bold",   fontSize=18,
                             textColor=white,        spaceBefore=2, spaceAfter=6)
sec_style      = make_style("SecHead",  fontName="Helvetica-Bold",   fontSize=13,
                             textColor=C_NAVY,       spaceBefore=10, spaceAfter=4)
sub_style      = make_style("SubHead",  fontName="Helvetica-Bold",   fontSize=11,
                             textColor=C_TEAL,       spaceBefore=6, spaceAfter=3)
body_style     = make_style("Body",     fontName="Helvetica",         fontSize=10,
                             textColor=C_DARK,       leading=15,
                             alignment=TA_JUSTIFY,   spaceAfter=6)
bullet_style   = make_style("Bullet",   fontName="Helvetica",         fontSize=10,
                             textColor=C_DARK,       leading=14,
                             leftIndent=14,          spaceBefore=1, spaceAfter=1)
caption_style  = make_style("Caption",  fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=9,
                             textColor=C_TEAL,       alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=8)
note_style     = make_style("Note",     fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=9,
                             textColor=C_PURPLE,     spaceBefore=4, spaceAfter=4)

# ── Helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter_banner(title_text, subtitle_text=""):
    """Full-width colored banner for a chapter heading."""
    flowables = []
    # colored background via table trick
    data = [[Paragraph(title_text, ch_style)]]
    if subtitle_text:
        data.append([Paragraph(subtitle_text, subtitle_style)])
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND", (0,0), (-1,-1), C_NAVY),
        ("TOPPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1), 10),
        ("LEFTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 14),
        ("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 14),
        ("BOX",         (0,0), (-1,-1), 2, C_TEAL),
    ]))
    flowables.append(t)
    flowables.append(Spacer(1, 6))
    return flowables

def section_header(text):
    return [
        HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=C_TEAL, spaceAfter=2),
        Paragraph(text, sec_style),
    ]

def subsection_header(text):
    return [Paragraph(f"▸  {text}", sub_style)]

def body(text):
    return [Paragraph(text, body_style)]

def bullet(text):
    return [Paragraph(f"• {text}", bullet_style)]

def clinical_box(title, text):
    data = [
        [Paragraph(f"<b>🩺 {title}</b>", make_style("CBT", fontName="Helvetica-Bold",
                   fontSize=10, textColor=white))],
        [Paragraph(text, make_style("CBC", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=9.5,
                   textColor=C_DARK, leading=14))],
    ]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0), (-1,0), C_TEAL),
        ("BACKGROUND",   (0,1), (-1,-1), HexColor("#EBF5FB")),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ("BOX",          (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, C_TEAL),
    ]))
    return [Spacer(1, 4), t, Spacer(1, 8)]

def add_image(path, width_cm=15, caption=""):
    items = []
    if path and os.path.exists(path):
        try:
            img = Image(path, width=width_cm*cm, height=width_cm*cm*0.65)
            img.hAlign = "CENTER"
            items.append(img)
        except Exception as e:
            items.append(Paragraph(f"[Image unavailable: {e}]", caption_style))
    else:
        items.append(Paragraph("[Diagram not available]", caption_style))
    if caption:
        items.append(Paragraph(caption, caption_style))
    items.append(Spacer(1, 6))
    return items

def simple_table(headers, rows, col_widths=None, header_color=None):
    if header_color is None:
        header_color = C_NAVY
    data = [headers] + rows
    if col_widths is None:
        n = len(headers)
        col_widths = [17*cm/n] * n
    t = Table(data, colWidths=col_widths, repeatRows=1)
    style = [
        ("BACKGROUND",   (0,0), (-1,0),  header_color),
        ("TEXTCOLOR",    (0,0), (-1,0),  white),
        ("FONTNAME",     (0,0), (-1,0),  "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",     (0,0), (-1,0),  9),
        ("FONTNAME",     (0,1), (-1,-1), "Helvetica"),
        ("FONTSIZE",     (0,1), (-1,-1), 9),
        ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1), [C_LTGRAY, white]),
        ("GRID",         (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.4, C_GRAY),
        ("TOPPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ("LEFTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ("RIGHTPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 6),
        ("VALIGN",       (0,0), (-1,-1), "TOP"),
        ("WORDWRAP",     (0,0), (-1,-1), True),
    ]
    t.setStyle(TableStyle(style))
    return [t, Spacer(1, 10)]

# ── Drawing-based charts ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def lung_volumes_chart():
    """Bar chart of lung volumes (typical adult male values)."""
    drawing = Drawing(450, 200)

    labels = ["TLC", "VC", "FRC", "RV", "TV", "IRV", "ERV"]
    values = [6000, 4800, 2400, 1200, 500, 3100, 1200]
    bar_colors = [C_NAVY, C_TEAL, C_ORANGE, C_RED, C_GREEN, C_PURPLE, C_GOLD]

    bar_w = 38
    gap   = 12
    x0    = 55
    max_v = 6200
    chart_h = 140
    chart_bottom = 40

    # axes
    drawing.add(Line(x0, chart_bottom, x0, chart_bottom+chart_h, strokeColor=C_DARK, strokeWidth=1.5))
    drawing.add(Line(x0, chart_bottom, x0+len(labels)*(bar_w+gap)+gap, chart_bottom,
                     strokeColor=C_DARK, strokeWidth=1.5))

    # y-axis ticks + labels
    for v in [0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000]:
        y = chart_bottom + v/max_v*chart_h
        drawing.add(Line(x0-4, y, x0, y, strokeColor=C_DARK))
        drawing.add(String(x0-6, y-4, str(v), fontSize=7, textAnchor="end", fillColor=C_DARK))

    drawing.add(String(8, chart_bottom+chart_h//2, "Volume (mL)",
                       fontSize=8, textAnchor="middle", fillColor=C_DARK))

    for i, (lbl, val, col) in enumerate(zip(labels, values, bar_colors)):
        x = x0 + gap + i*(bar_w+gap)
        h = val/max_v*chart_h
        drawing.add(Rect(x, chart_bottom, bar_w, h, fillColor=col, strokeColor=white, strokeWidth=0.5))
        drawing.add(String(x + bar_w/2, chart_bottom + h + 3, str(val),
                           fontSize=7, textAnchor="middle", fillColor=C_DARK))
        drawing.add(String(x + bar_w/2, chart_bottom - 12, lbl,
                           fontSize=8, textAnchor="middle", fillColor=C_DARK))

    drawing.add(String(225, chart_bottom+chart_h+18,
                       "Lung Volumes & Capacities (Adult Male, mL)",
                       fontSize=10, textAnchor="middle", fillColor=C_NAVY, fontName="Helvetica-Bold"))
    return drawing

def rib_classification_pie():
    """Pie chart: rib classification."""
    drawing = Drawing(300, 180)
    pie = Pie()
    pie.x, pie.y = 80, 30
    pie.width = pie.height = 120
    pie.data   = [7, 3, 2]
    pie.labels = ["True (1-7)", "False (8-10)", "Floating (11-12)"]
    pie.slices[0].fillColor = C_NAVY
    pie.slices[1].fillColor = C_TEAL
    pie.slices[2].fillColor = C_ORANGE
    pie.slices[0].labelRadius = 1.25
    pie.slices[1].labelRadius = 1.25
    pie.slices[2].labelRadius = 1.25
    pie.sideLabels = True
    drawing.add(pie)
    drawing.add(String(150, 165, "Rib Classification (12 pairs)",
                       fontSize=9, textAnchor="middle", fillColor=C_NAVY, fontName="Helvetica-Bold"))
    return drawing

def cardiac_output_chart():
    """Simple bar chart: cardiac output at rest vs. exercise."""
    drawing = Drawing(340, 160)
    labels = ["Rest", "Light Ex.", "Moderate Ex.", "Heavy Ex.", "Max Ex."]
    co = [5, 8, 12, 16, 25]
    x0, chart_bottom, chart_h, max_v = 50, 35, 110, 28
    bar_w, gap = 42, 10
    bcolors = [C_TEAL, C_GREEN, C_GOLD, C_ORANGE, C_RED]

    drawing.add(Line(x0, chart_bottom, x0, chart_bottom+chart_h, strokeColor=C_DARK, strokeWidth=1.5))
    drawing.add(Line(x0, chart_bottom, x0+len(labels)*(bar_w+gap)+gap, chart_bottom,
                     strokeColor=C_DARK, strokeWidth=1.5))
    for v in [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]:
        y = chart_bottom + v/max_v*chart_h
        drawing.add(Line(x0-4, y, x0, y, strokeColor=C_DARK))
        drawing.add(String(x0-6, y-4, str(v), fontSize=7, textAnchor="end", fillColor=C_DARK))
    drawing.add(String(10, chart_bottom+chart_h//2, "CO (L/min)",
                       fontSize=7.5, textAnchor="middle", fillColor=C_DARK))
    for i, (lbl, val, col) in enumerate(zip(labels, co, bcolors)):
        x = x0 + gap + i*(bar_w+gap)
        h = val/max_v*chart_h
        drawing.add(Rect(x, chart_bottom, bar_w, h, fillColor=col, strokeColor=white, strokeWidth=0.5))
        drawing.add(String(x + bar_w/2, chart_bottom + h + 3, str(val),
                           fontSize=7.5, textAnchor="middle", fillColor=C_DARK))
        drawing.add(String(x + bar_w/2, chart_bottom - 14, lbl,
                           fontSize=7.5, textAnchor="middle", fillColor=C_DARK))
    drawing.add(String(170, chart_bottom+chart_h+14,
                       "Cardiac Output vs. Exercise Level",
                       fontSize=9.5, textAnchor="middle", fillColor=C_NAVY, fontName="Helvetica-Bold"))
    return drawing

# ── Cover page ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def cover_page():
    items = []
    # big title banner
    data = [
        [Paragraph("THE THORAX", make_style("CT2", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=42,
                   textColor=white, alignment=TA_CENTER))],
        [Paragraph("A Comprehensive Anatomical & Clinical Reference", make_style("CT3",
                   fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=16, textColor=C_LTBLUE, alignment=TA_CENTER))],
        [Paragraph("Based on Gray's Anatomy for Students", make_style("CT4",
                   fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=12, textColor=C_GOLD, alignment=TA_CENTER))],
    ]
    t = Table(data, colWidths=[17*cm])
    t.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,-1), C_NAVY),
        ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 20),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 20),
        ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 20),
        ("RIGHTPADDING",  (0,0), (-1,-1), 20),
        ("BOX",           (0,0), (-1,-1), 3, C_GOLD),
    ]))
    items.append(Spacer(1, 40))
    items.append(t)
    items.append(Spacer(1, 20))

    # add thoracic cage diagram on cover
    items += add_image(local_imgs.get("thoracic_cage"),
                       width_cm=15,
                       caption="Fig. 1  The Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage) — Anterior View")

    # toc-like overview
    toc_data = [
        ["Chapter", "Topic", "Page"],
        ["1", "Introduction & Overview",          "2"],
        ["2", "Thoracic Wall — Skeleton & Ribs",  "3"],
        ["3", "Muscles of the Thoracic Wall",     "5"],
        ["4", "Intercostal Spaces & Vessels",     "6"],
        ["5", "Diaphragm",                        "8"],
        ["6", "Pleura & Pleural Cavities",        "9"],
        ["7", "Lungs",                            "10"],
        ["8", "Mediastinum",                      "12"],
        ["9", "Heart & Pericardium",              "14"],
        ["10","Great Vessels",                    "17"],
        ["11","Nerves of the Thorax",             "19"],
        ["12","Clinical Correlations",            "20"],
    ]
    t2 = Table(toc_data, colWidths=[2*cm, 11*cm, 4*cm])
    t2.setStyle(TableStyle([
        ("BACKGROUND",    (0,0), (-1,0),  C_TEAL),
        ("TEXTCOLOR",     (0,0), (-1,0),  white),
        ("FONTNAME",      (0,0), (-1,0),  "Helvetica-Bold"),
        ("FONTSIZE",      (0,0), (-1,-1), 10),
        ("FONTNAME",      (0,1), (-1,-1), "Helvetica"),
        ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1), (-1,-1), [C_LTGRAY, white]),
        ("GRID",          (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, C_GRAY),
        ("TOPPADDING",    (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ("BOTTOMPADDING", (0,0), (-1,-1), 5),
        ("LEFTPADDING",   (0,0), (-1,-1), 8),
    ]))
    items.append(Paragraph("Table of Contents", sec_style))
    items.append(t2)
    items.append(PageBreak())
    return items

# ── Chapter 1: Introduction ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter1():
    items = []
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 1: Introduction & Overview",
                             "The thorax is the region of the body between the neck and the abdomen")
    items += body(
        "The <b>thorax</b> (chest) is the superior part of the trunk. It is bounded superiorly by the "
        "superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet) and inferiorly by the diaphragm, which separates "
        "it from the abdomen. The thorax houses the heart, lungs, major blood vessels, esophagus, "
        "trachea, and numerous nerves. Its rigid yet flexible bony cage protects these vital structures "
        "while allowing the respiratory movements necessary for ventilation."
    )

    items += section_header("Primary Functions of the Thorax")
    functions = [
        ("Respiratory",   "Houses and protects the lungs; its wall movements drive ventilation."),
        ("Cardiovascular","Contains the heart and great vessels — the center of systemic & pulmonary circulation."),
        ("Protective",    "Rigid cage shields the heart, lungs, great vessels, and lower thoracic viscera from trauma."),
        ("Transitional",  "Passage for structures (esophagus, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunks, vagus nerves) traveling to the abdomen."),
    ]
    func_data = [["Function", "Description"]] + [[f, d] for f, d in functions]
    items += simple_table(func_data[0:1] + func_data[1:],
                          [], col_widths=[4*cm, 13*cm])
    # Overwrite — pass correctly
    items.pop()  # remove spacer from previous call
    items.pop()  # remove table
    items += simple_table(["Function", "Description"],
                          [[f, d] for f, d in functions],
                          col_widths=[4*cm, 13*cm])

    items += section_header("Boundaries of the Thorax")
    items += bullet("<b>Superior:</b> Superior thoracic aperture (TI vertebra, rib I, manubrium) — communicates with root of neck.")
    items += bullet("<b>Inferior:</b> Diaphragm — separates thorax from abdomen.")
    items += bullet("<b>Anterior:</b> Sternum and costal cartilages.")
    items += bullet("<b>Posterior:</b> Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12) and intervertebral discs.")
    items += bullet("<b>Lateral:</b> Ribs and intercostal muscles.")
    items.append(Spacer(1, 8))
    return items

# ── Chapter 2: Thoracic Wall ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter2():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 2: Thoracic Wall — Skeleton & Ribs",
                             "The bony framework: sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae")

    items += section_header("The Sternum")
    items += body(
        "The sternum is a flat bone forming the anterior midline of the thoracic wall. It consists of "
        "three parts: the <b>manubrium</b> (superior), the <b>body</b> (middle), and the <b>xiphoid "
        "process</b> (inferior). The manubriosternal joint creates the palpable <b>sternal angle "
        "(angle of Louis)</b>, a key landmark at the level of T4/T5, marking the attachment of the "
        "second rib, the bifurcation of the trachea, and the start of the aortic arch."
    )
    sternum_data = [
        ["Part",            "Landmarks / Articulations",                     "Clinical Relevance"],
        ["Manubrium",       "Clavicular notches; articulation with rib I; jugular notch at T2",
                            "Sternal angle with body at T4/T5; site for central line access"],
        ["Body",            "Articulates with ribs II–VII via costal cartilages; four sternebrae fused",
                            "Sternal bone marrow biopsy site"],
        ["Xiphoid process", "Cartilaginous in youth; ossifies ~40 yrs; attached to diaphragm & rectus abdominis",
                            "Reference for CPR hand placement; xiphoid fracture in trauma"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(sternum_data[0], sternum_data[1:],
                          col_widths=[3.5*cm, 7*cm, 6.5*cm])

    items += section_header("The Ribs")
    items += body(
        "There are <b>12 pairs of ribs</b>. All ribs articulate posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae. "
        "They are classified by their anterior attachments:"
    )
    rib_data = [
        ["Class",        "Ribs",    "Anterior Attachment",                        "Vertebral Articulations"],
        ["True ribs",    "I – VII", "Directly with sternum via own costal cartilage", "Head + transverse process of same vertebra"],
        ["False ribs",   "VIII – X","Costal cartilage of rib above",              "Head articulates with vertebra above and own vertebra"],
        ["Floating ribs","XI – XII","Free (no anterior attachment)",              "Head only; no transverse process articulation"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(rib_data[0], rib_data[1:],
                          col_widths=[3.5*cm, 2*cm, 6.5*cm, 5*cm])

    # Rib pie chart
    d = rib_classification_pie()
    dimg = Drawing(300, 180)
    dimg = d
    items.append(Spacer(1, 4))
    from reportlab.platypus.flowables import Flowable
    class DrawingFlowable(Flowable):
        def __init__(self, drawing):
            self.drawing = drawing
            self.width  = drawing.width
            self.height = drawing.height
        def draw(self):
            renderPDF.draw(self.drawing, self.canv, 0, 0)
    items.append(DrawingFlowable(d))
    items.append(Paragraph("Chart 1  Rib Classification — 12 pairs total", caption_style))
    items.append(Spacer(1, 8))

    items += section_header("Rib Structure")
    rib_struct = [
        ["Feature",              "Description"],
        ["Head",                 "Wedge-shaped; articulates with two vertebral bodies (demifacets)"],
        ["Neck",                 "Connects head to tubercle; lies anterior to transverse process"],
        ["Tubercle",             "Projects posteriorly; articular facet articulates with transverse process (ribs I–X)"],
        ["Shaft (body)",         "Curved flat bone; costal groove on inferior inner surface carries VAN bundle"],
        ["Costal groove",        "Protects intercostal vein, artery, nerve (VAN from top to bottom)"],
        ["Angle of rib",         "Point of greatest curvature; most common fracture site"],
        ["Costal cartilage",     "Hyaline cartilage at anterior end; adds flexibility to the cage"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(rib_struct[0], rib_struct[1:], col_widths=[5*cm, 12*cm])

    items += add_image(local_imgs.get("thoracic_cage"), width_cm=15,
                       caption="Fig. 2  Thoracic Cage — Anterior view. Note sternal angle, true/false/floating ribs.")

    items += clinical_box("Rib Fractures",
        "Single rib fractures are painful but rarely life-threatening. Multiple adjacent rib fractures "
        "(each broken in ≥2 places) create a 'flail chest' — a free-floating segment that moves "
        "paradoxically during respiration (inward on inspiration, outward on expiration), potentially "
        "impairing ventilation and requiring mechanical ventilatory support.")
    return items

# ── Chapter 3: Muscles ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter3():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 3: Muscles of the Thoracic Wall",
                             "Intercostal, subcostal, and transversus thoracis muscles")

    items += section_header("Intercostal Muscles")
    items += body(
        "Three layers of flat muscles fill each intercostal space. Their fiber orientations differ, "
        "allowing independent mechanical roles during respiration. All are innervated by the "
        "corresponding <b>intercostal nerve (anterior rami T1–T11)</b>."
    )
    muscle_data = [
        ["Muscle",                 "Attachment (Superior)",         "Attachment (Inferior)",        "Fiber Direction",           "Function"],
        ["External intercostal",   "Inferior margin of rib above",  "Superior margin of rib below", "Anteroinferiorly (like hands in pockets)",  "Elevation of ribs — active in INSPIRATION"],
        ["Internal intercostal",   "Costal groove of rib above",    "Superior margin of rib below", "Posteroinferiorly (opposite to external)",  "Depression of ribs — active in EXPIRATION"],
        ["Innermost intercostal",  "Medial costal groove",          "Inner superior margin below",  "Same as internal",          "Acts with internal intercostals"],
        ["Subcostales",            "Inner surface near angle",      "2nd or 3rd rib below",         "Same as internal",          "May depress ribs; more prominent inferiorly"],
        ["Transversus thoracis",   "Inner sternal surface + xiphoid","Costal cartilages II–VI",     "Variable",                  "Depresses costal cartilages"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(muscle_data[0], muscle_data[1:],
                          col_widths=[3.5*cm, 3.5*cm, 3.5*cm, 3*cm, 3.5*cm])

    items += clinical_box("Accessory Respiratory Muscles",
        "During forced inspiration, sternocleidomastoid (elevates manubrium), scalenes (elevate "
        "ribs I & II), and pectoralis minor are recruited. During forced expiration, the internal "
        "oblique, external oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis are the key accessory muscles.")
    return items

# ── Chapter 4: Intercostal Spaces & Vessels ────────────────────────────────────
def chapter4():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 4: Intercostal Spaces, Vessels & Nerves",
                             "The neurovascular bundle in the costal groove")

    items += section_header("Intercostal Neurovascular Bundle")
    items += body(
        "In each intercostal space the vein, artery, and nerve (VAN — Vein, Artery, Nerve from "
        "superior to inferior) run in the <b>costal groove</b> on the inferior aspect of the rib above, "
        "between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles. Clinically, needles are inserted "
        "along the <b>superior margin of the lower rib</b> to avoid this bundle."
    )

    items += add_image(local_imgs.get("intercostal"), width_cm=15,
                       caption="Fig. 3  Intercostal neurovascular bundle in cross-section (VAN from top to bottom in costal groove)")

    items += section_header("Intercostal Arteries")
    artery_data = [
        ["Artery",                      "Origin",                        "Territory"],
        ["Posterior intercostal 1–2",   "Superior intercostal a. (from costocervical trunk)", "Upper 2 spaces"],
        ["Posterior intercostal 3–11",  "Descending thoracic aorta",     "Spaces 3–11"],
        ["Anterior intercostal 1–6",    "Internal thoracic artery",      "Anterior intercostal spaces 1–6"],
        ["Anterior intercostal 7–9",    "Musculophrenic artery",         "Lower anterior spaces"],
        ["Internal thoracic artery",    "Subclavian artery",             "Anterior thoracic wall; bifurcates into superior epigastric & musculophrenic at rib VI"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(artery_data[0], artery_data[1:],
                          col_widths=[5*cm, 6*cm, 6*cm])

    items += section_header("Intercostal Nerves")
    items += body(
        "The intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves T1–T11. "
        "T12 is the subcostal nerve. Each gives off:"
    )
    items += bullet("<b>Lateral cutaneous branch</b> — at the mid-axillary line, supplying lateral chest and abdominal wall skin.")
    items += bullet("<b>Anterior cutaneous branch</b> — near the midline, supplying anterior chest and abdominal skin.")
    items += bullet("<b>Muscular branches</b> — to intercostal muscles.")
    items += bullet("<b>Collateral branch</b> — runs along the superior margin of the lower rib.")
    items += body(
        "T1 contributes to the brachial plexus. T2–T6 supply intercostal spaces only. "
        "T7–T11 also supply the anterior abdominal wall."
    )
    items += clinical_box("Intercostal Nerve Block",
        "Local anesthetic injected near the angle of the rib (posterior to the midaxillary line) "
        "blocks the entire sensory and motor supply of that intercostal space. Used for rib "
        "fracture pain, post-thoracotomy analgesia, and chest drain insertion.")
    return items

# ── Chapter 5: Diaphragm ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter5():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 5: The Diaphragm",
                             "The principal muscle of inspiration separating thorax from abdomen")

    items += section_header("Structure")
    items += body(
        "The diaphragm is a dome-shaped musculotendinous partition. Its peripheral muscular portion "
        "arises from the <b>xiphoid process</b>, inner surfaces of the lower six ribs, and the "
        "<b>lumbar vertebrae</b> (via the right and left crura). All muscle fibers converge on the "
        "central tendon — a trefoil-shaped aponeurotic structure with no bony attachment."
    )

    items += section_header("Openings in the Diaphragm")
    openings = [
        ["Opening",           "Vertebral Level", "Structures Passing Through"],
        ["Caval hiatus",      "T8",              "Inferior vena cava; right phrenic nerve"],
        ["Esophageal hiatus", "T10",             "Esophagus; vagus nerves (anterior & posterior trunks); esophageal branches of left gastric vessels"],
        ["Aortic hiatus",     "T12",             "Descending thoracic aorta (becomes abdominal); thoracic duct; azygos (and sometimes hemiazygos) vein"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(openings[0], openings[1:], col_widths=[4.5*cm, 3.5*cm, 9*cm])

    items += section_header("Innervation & Blood Supply")
    items += bullet("<b>Motor innervation:</b> Phrenic nerves (C3, C4, C5) — 'C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive.'")
    items += bullet("<b>Sensory innervation:</b> Central diaphragm — phrenic nerve; peripheral diaphragm — intercostal nerves T5–T11 and subcostal nerve T12.")
    items += bullet("<b>Arterial supply:</b> Superior (pericardiacophrenic, musculophrenic from internal thoracic; superior phrenic from aorta) and inferior (inferior phrenic from abdominal aorta).")
    items += bullet("<b>Venous drainage:</b> Phrenic veins → brachiocephalic veins, azygos, or IVC.")

    items += clinical_box("Hiatus Hernia",
        "The esophageal hiatus is the most common site for herniation. In a <b>sliding hiatus hernia</b> "
        "(type I, >90%), the gastroesophageal junction and stomach fundus slide into the thorax, "
        "predisposing to GERD. In a <b>paraesophageal (rolling) hernia</b> (type II), the fundus "
        "herniates alongside a normally positioned GEJ, risking strangulation.")
    return items

# ── Chapter 6: Pleura ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter6():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 6: Pleura & Pleural Cavities",
                             "Serous membranes lining the lungs and thoracic wall")

    items += section_header("Layers of the Pleura")
    items += body(
        "The pleura is a serous membrane consisting of two continuous layers separated by a potential "
        "space (pleural cavity) containing a thin film of serous fluid (~0.3 mL/kg body weight) that "
        "lubricates respiratory movements."
    )
    pleura_data = [
        ["Layer",            "Location",                   "Subdivisions"],
        ["Visceral pleura",  "Directly covers lung surface","Extends into fissures; insensitive to pain (no somatic innervation)"],
        ["Parietal pleura",  "Lines thoracic wall, diaphragm, mediastinum",
                             "Costal (lines ribs/intercostal muscles), Diaphragmatic, Mediastinal, Cervical (pleural cupula)"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(pleura_data[0], pleura_data[1:], col_widths=[3.5*cm, 4.5*cm, 9*cm])

    items += section_header("Pleural Recesses")
    items += bullet("<b>Costodiaphragmatic recess:</b> Inferior angle between costal and diaphragmatic pleura. The deepest part of the pleural cavity — pleural effusions accumulate here first.")
    items += bullet("<b>Costomediastinal recess:</b> Anterior, between costal and mediastinal pleura near the heart. The cardiac notch of the left lung allows the left costomediastinal recess to be larger.")

    items += clinical_box("Pneumothorax & Pleural Effusion",
        "<b>Pneumothorax:</b> Air in the pleural cavity collapses the lung. A tension pneumothorax — "
        "air enters but cannot escape — is a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate needle "
        "decompression at the 2nd intercostal space, midclavicular line. "
        "<b>Pleural effusion:</b> Fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity (exudate or transudate). "
        "Detected by chest X-ray (>200 mL) or ultrasound. Drained by thoracocentesis at the "
        "9th intercostal space, posterior axillary line, above the superior border of the lower rib.")
    return items

# ── Chapter 7: Lungs ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter7():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 7: The Lungs",
                             "The paired organs of gas exchange")

    items += add_image(local_imgs.get("lungs"), width_cm=15,
                       caption="Fig. 4  The Lungs — Right (3 lobes) and Left (2 lobes). Note hilum structures and pleural reflections.")

    items += section_header("Overview")
    items += body(
        "The lungs are paired, cone-shaped organs occupying most of the thoracic cavity on either "
        "side of the mediastinum. They are the site of gaseous exchange between air and blood. "
        "Each lung has an <b>apex</b> (projecting 2–3 cm above the medial one-third of the "
        "clavicle), a <b>base</b> (resting on the diaphragm), three surfaces (costal, mediastinal, "
        "diaphragmatic), and three borders (anterior, posterior, inferior)."
    )

    items += section_header("Right vs. Left Lung Comparison")
    lung_comp = [
        ["Feature",           "Right Lung",                                    "Left Lung"],
        ["Lobes",             "3 (Superior, Middle, Inferior)",                 "2 (Superior, Inferior)"],
        ["Fissures",          "Oblique + Horizontal",                           "Oblique only"],
        ["Size",              "Larger (wider, shorter)",                         "Smaller (narrower, taller)"],
        ["Unique features",   "Middle lobe; azygos lobe (rare variant)",         "Cardiac notch; Lingula of superior lobe"],
        ["Bronchus angle",    "More vertical (~25°) — aspirated objects more likely to enter right bronchus",
                             "More horizontal (~45°)"],
        ["Hilum contents",    "Eparterial bronchus (superior to artery); pulmonary artery; 2 pulmonary veins; lymphatics; autonomic nerves",
                             "Bronchus (posterior and inferior to artery); pulmonary artery; 2 pulmonary veins"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(lung_comp[0], lung_comp[1:], col_widths=[3.5*cm, 6.75*cm, 6.75*cm])

    items += section_header("Lung Volumes & Capacities")
    from reportlab.platypus.flowables import Flowable
    class DrawingFlowable(Flowable):
        def __init__(self, drawing):
            self.drawing = drawing
            self.width  = drawing.width
            self.height = drawing.height
        def draw(self):
            renderPDF.draw(self.drawing, self.canv, 0, 0)
    items.append(DrawingFlowable(lung_volumes_chart()))
    items.append(Paragraph("Chart 2  Lung Volumes & Capacities (typical adult male values, mL)", caption_style))
    items.append(Spacer(1, 4))

    vol_data = [
        ["Volume / Capacity",           "Abbreviation", "Typical Value (mL)", "Definition"],
        ["Tidal volume",                 "TV",           "500",               "Air moved in normal quiet breath"],
        ["Inspiratory reserve volume",   "IRV",          "3100",              "Extra air inspired beyond normal TV"],
        ["Expiratory reserve volume",    "ERV",          "1200",              "Extra air expired beyond normal TV"],
        ["Residual volume",              "RV",           "1200",              "Air remaining after maximal expiration"],
        ["Inspiratory capacity",         "IC",           "3600",              "TV + IRV"],
        ["Functional residual capacity", "FRC",          "2400",              "ERV + RV"],
        ["Vital capacity",               "VC",           "4800",              "IRV + TV + ERV"],
        ["Total lung capacity",          "TLC",          "6000",              "VC + RV"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(vol_data[0], vol_data[1:], col_widths=[5.5*cm, 2*cm, 3*cm, 6.5*cm])

    items += section_header("Bronchopulmonary Segments")
    items += body(
        "Each lung is divided into <b>bronchopulmonary segments</b> — functionally independent "
        "units, each supplied by a segmental (tertiary) bronchus and its own arterial branch. "
        "Veins run between segments (intersegmental). Each segment is a surgically resectable unit."
    )
    seg_data = [
        ["Right Lung", "Left Lung"],
        ["Superior lobe: apical, posterior, anterior (3 segments)",
         "Superior lobe: apicoposterior, anterior, superior lingular, inferior lingular (4 segments)"],
        ["Middle lobe: lateral, medial (2 segments)",
         "(No middle lobe)"],
        ["Inferior lobe: superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal (5 segments)",
         "Inferior lobe: superior, anteromedial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal (4–5 segments)"],
        ["Total: 10 segments", "Total: 8–10 segments"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(["Right Lung", "Left Lung"], seg_data[1:],
                          col_widths=[8.5*cm, 8.5*cm])

    items += clinical_box("Aspiration & Bronchopulmonary Anatomy",
        "Aspirated material most commonly enters the <b>right lung</b> because the right main "
        "bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical. In a supine patient, aspiration typically "
        "goes to the <b>superior segment of the right lower lobe</b> or the <b>posterior segment "
        "of the right upper lobe</b>. In an upright patient, the <b>basal segments of the lower "
        "lobes</b> are most affected.")
    return items

# ── Chapter 8: Mediastinum ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter8():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 8: The Mediastinum",
                             "The central partition of the thorax between the pleural cavities")

    items += add_image(local_imgs.get("mediastinum"), width_cm=15,
                       caption="Fig. 5  Mediastinal Divisions — sagittal view with color-coded compartments")

    items += section_header("Divisions of the Mediastinum")
    items += body(
        "The mediastinum is divided by a transverse plane at the <b>sternal angle (T4/T5 disc)</b> "
        "into the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum. The inferior mediastinum is "
        "further divided by the pericardium into anterior, middle, and posterior compartments."
    )
    med_data = [
        ["Compartment",       "Boundaries",                                      "Key Contents"],
        ["Superior mediastinum","Above sternal angle plane; between STA and T4/T5",
                               "Thymus, aortic arch + 3 branches, SVC, brachiocephalic veins, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, vagus nerves, phrenic nerves, sympathetic trunks"],
        ["Anterior mediastinum","Behind sternum, in front of pericardium, below sternal angle",
                               "Thymus (in children/young adults), fat, lymph nodes, internal thoracic vessels"],
        ["Middle mediastinum", "Contains pericardial sac",
                               "Heart in pericardium, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, SVC & IVC (intrapericardial), pulmonary veins, phrenic nerves"],
        ["Posterior mediastinum","Behind pericardium, in front of vertebrae T5–T12",
                                "Descending thoracic aorta, esophagus, azygos & hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct, vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks & splanchnic nerves"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(med_data[0], med_data[1:], col_widths=[3.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 8*cm])

    items += clinical_box("Mediastinitis & Mediastinal Masses",
        "Mediastinitis (infection of the mediastinum) can spread rapidly due to the loose connective "
        "tissue. Causes include esophageal perforation, descending cervical infection, or cardiac surgery. "
        "Mediastinal masses follow a compartmental pattern: Anterior = '4 Ts' "
        "(Thymoma, Teratoma, Thyroid, Terrible lymphoma); Middle = lymphoma, cysts; "
        "Posterior = neurogenic tumors (schwannoma, neuroblastoma).")
    return items

# ── Chapter 9: Heart & Pericardium ────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter9():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 9: The Heart & Pericardium",
                             "The four-chambered muscular pump and its serous covering")

    items += add_image(local_imgs.get("heart"), width_cm=15,
                       caption="Fig. 6  The Heart — Anterior view with chambers, valves, and major vessels labeled")

    items += section_header("The Pericardium")
    items += body(
        "The pericardium is a fibroserous sac enclosing the heart and roots of the great vessels. "
        "It consists of the outer <b>fibrous pericardium</b> (tough, prevents overdistension) and "
        "the inner <b>serous pericardium</b> (visceral and parietal layers surrounding the "
        "pericardial cavity). The transverse pericardial sinus lies posterior to the ascending "
        "aorta and pulmonary trunk — used surgically to clamp these vessels. "
        "The oblique pericardial sinus is a cul-de-sac posterior to the left atrium."
    )

    items += section_header("Position & Surface Anatomy of the Heart")
    items += body(
        "The heart lies obliquely in the middle mediastinum. Its base faces posteriorly (vertebrae "
        "TV–TVIII), and its apex points anteroinferiorly to the left, at the <b>5th intercostal space, "
        "8–9 cm from the midsternal line</b> (the apex beat / point of maximal impulse)."
    )

    items += section_header("Chambers of the Heart")
    chamber_data = [
        ["Chamber",        "Wall Thickness", "Inflow",                    "Outflow",                  "Key Features"],
        ["Right atrium",   "Thin",           "SVC, IVC, coronary sinus",  "Tricuspid valve → RV",     "Crista terminalis; pectinate muscles; fossa ovalis (remnant of foramen ovale); SA node at SVC junction"],
        ["Right ventricle","Thin (3 mm)",    "Tricuspid valve",           "Pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk",
                           "Trabeculae carneae; moderator band (carries right bundle branch); conus arteriosus (infundibulum)"],
        ["Left atrium",    "Slightly thicker","4 pulmonary veins",        "Mitral valve → LV",        "Smooth posterior wall; left auricle; thickest atrial wall; posterior to other chambers"],
        ["Left ventricle", "Thick (9–12 mm)","Mitral valve",             "Aortic valve → aorta",     "Papillary muscles (anterior & posterior); chordae tendineae; concentric hypertrophy in hypertension"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(chamber_data[0], chamber_data[1:],
                          col_widths=[2.5*cm, 2.5*cm, 3.5*cm, 4*cm, 4.5*cm])

    items += section_header("Cardiac Valves")
    valve_data = [
        ["Valve",      "Type",           "Location (Surface Projection)", "Leaflets",   "Clinical"],
        ["Tricuspid",  "Atrioventricular","Left sternal border, 4th–5th ICS", "3",     "Tricuspid regurgitation in RV dilation; best heard at 4th ICS LSB"],
        ["Pulmonary",  "Semilunar",       "Left sternal border, 2nd ICS",    "3",     "Pulmonary stenosis; best heard at 2nd ICS LSB"],
        ["Mitral",     "Atrioventricular","Behind left half of sternum, 4th ICS","2 (anterior & posterior)", "Most commonly diseased valve; best heard at apex (5th ICS MCL)"],
        ["Aortic",     "Semilunar",       "Behind sternum, 3rd ICS",          "3",     "Aortic stenosis in elderly; best heard at 2nd ICS RSB; radiates to right neck"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(valve_data[0], valve_data[1:],
                          col_widths=[2*cm, 2.5*cm, 4*cm, 2.5*cm, 6*cm])

    items += section_header("Coronary Circulation")
    items += body(
        "The heart is supplied by the <b>right</b> and <b>left coronary arteries</b>, both arising "
        "from the aortic sinuses (of Valsalva) immediately above the aortic valve. Venous return "
        "is via the <b>coronary sinus</b> (draining into the right atrium) and anterior cardiac veins."
    )
    coronary_data = [
        ["Artery",              "Origin",              "Major Branches",                          "Territory Supplied"],
        ["Right coronary a. (RCA)","Right aortic sinus","SA nodal a., right marginal a., posterior interventricular a. (in 70%)",
                                "Right atrium, right ventricle, inferior left ventricle, SA & AV nodes (usually)"],
        ["Left main stem (LCA)", "Left aortic sinus",  "—",                                      "Bifurcates immediately"],
        ["Anterior interventricular a. (LAD)",
                                "LCA",                 "Diagonal branches, septal perforators",  "Anterior LV, anterior RV, anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum"],
        ["Circumflex a.",        "LCA",                "Obtuse marginal branches; posterior interventricular a. (in left-dominant, 15%)",
                                "Left atrium, lateral & posterior LV"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(coronary_data[0], coronary_data[1:],
                          col_widths=[3.5*cm, 3*cm, 5.5*cm, 5*cm])

    items += section_header("Cardiac Output")
    from reportlab.platypus.flowables import Flowable
    class DrawingFlowable(Flowable):
        def __init__(self, drawing):
            self.drawing = drawing
            self.width  = drawing.width
            self.height = drawing.height
        def draw(self):
            renderPDF.draw(self.drawing, self.canv, 0, 0)
    items.append(DrawingFlowable(cardiac_output_chart()))
    items.append(Paragraph("Chart 3  Cardiac Output (L/min) across exercise levels", caption_style))
    items.append(Spacer(1, 4))

    items += clinical_box("Cardiac Tamponade",
        "Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity compresses the heart, reducing cardiac "
        "output. Classic Beck's Triad: hypotension, muffled heart sounds, raised JVP (distended "
        "neck veins). ECG shows low-voltage complexes and electrical alternans. Treatment: "
        "emergency pericardiocentesis (needle inserted at the xiphisternal angle aimed toward the "
        "left shoulder).")
    return items

# ── Chapter 10: Great Vessels ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter10():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 10: Great Vessels of the Thorax",
                             "Aorta, pulmonary trunk, vena cavae, pulmonary veins")

    items += section_header("The Aorta in the Thorax")
    items += body(
        "The aorta traverses the thorax in three named segments:"
    )
    aorta_data = [
        ["Segment",            "Course",                                "Branches"],
        ["Ascending aorta",    "Rises from aortic valve to level of sternal angle (~5 cm)",
                               "Right and left coronary arteries (only branches)"],
        ["Aortic arch",        "Arches posteriorly over left main bronchus; lies in superior mediastinum",
                               "Brachiocephalic trunk (→ right subclavian + right common carotid); left common carotid; left subclavian"],
        ["Descending thoracic aorta","From T4 to T12 (aortic hiatus); in posterior mediastinum, left of midline descending to midline",
                               "9 pairs of posterior intercostal arteries (3rd–11th); subcostal arteries; superior phrenic; bronchial arteries; esophageal arteries; pericardial branches"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(aorta_data[0], aorta_data[1:], col_widths=[3.5*cm, 6*cm, 7.5*cm])

    items += section_header("Superior & Inferior Vena Cava")
    items += bullet("<b>Superior vena cava (SVC):</b> Formed by union of brachiocephalic veins at T1. Descends to enter right atrium at T3. Drains head, neck, upper limbs, and superior thorax. No valves.")
    items += bullet("<b>Inferior vena cava (IVC):</b> Enters the right atrium after piercing the diaphragm at T8. Drains lower body. Only a short intrathoracic segment.")

    items += section_header("Pulmonary Trunk & Veins")
    items += bullet("<b>Pulmonary trunk:</b> Arises from right ventricle conus; bifurcates below aortic arch into right and left pulmonary arteries. Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs.")
    items += bullet("<b>Pulmonary veins (4):</b> Two from each lung drain into the left atrium. Carry oxygenated blood. The right inferior pulmonary vein passes close to the right atrium.")

    items += clinical_box("Aortic Dissection",
        "A tear in the intima allows blood to enter the medial layer, creating a false lumen. "
        "Stanford type A (involving ascending aorta) requires emergency surgery. Type B "
        "(descending only) may be managed medically. Presents as sudden severe 'tearing' or "
        "'ripping' chest pain radiating to the back. CT angiography is the diagnostic gold standard.")
    return items

# ── Chapter 11: Nerves ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter11():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 11: Nerves of the Thorax",
                             "Phrenic, vagus, sympathetic trunks, intercostal nerves")

    items += section_header("Key Nerves Summary")
    nerve_data = [
        ["Nerve",              "Origin",          "Course in Thorax",                         "Function"],
        ["Phrenic (L & R)",    "C3, C4, C5",      "Descends between pericardium & fibrous pericardium to diaphragm",
                               "Motor to diaphragm; sensory to central diaphragm, fibrous & parietal pericardium, mediastinal pleura"],
        ["Vagus [CN X] (L)",   "CN X",            "Passes lateral to aortic arch; forms left recurrent laryngeal (loops under arch); continues as posterior vagal trunk",
                               "Parasympathetic to heart, bronchi, esophagus, GI tract to splenic flexure; sensory from these organs"],
        ["Vagus [CN X] (R)",   "CN X",            "Right recurrent laryngeal loops under right subclavian artery; forms anterior vagal trunk",
                               "As above"],
        ["Sympathetic trunk",  "T1–T12 ganglia",  "Lies lateral to vertebral bodies; gives cardiopulmonary branches",
                               "Cardioacceleratory; bronchodilation; vasoconstriction; splanchnic nerves to abdominal viscera"],
        ["Greater splanchnic", "T5–T9 ganglia",   "Passes through crus of diaphragm to celiac ganglion",
                               "Pre-ganglionic sympathetic to foregut & midgut"],
        ["Intercostal (T1–T11)","Anterior rami",   "Runs in costal groove (between internal & innermost intercostals)",
                               "Motor to intercostal muscles; sensory to skin of thorax and upper abdomen"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(nerve_data[0], nerve_data[1:],
                          col_widths=[3.5*cm, 2.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 5.5*cm])

    items += clinical_box("Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy",
        "The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch, making it vulnerable "
        "to mediastinal pathology (lung cancer, aortic aneurysm, lymphadenopathy). Damage causes "
        "hoarseness (unilateral) or stridor and respiratory distress (bilateral). This is Ortner's "
        "(cardiovocal) syndrome when caused by cardiovascular disease.")
    return items

# ── Chapter 12: Clinical Correlations ────────────────────────────────────────
def chapter12():
    items = []
    items.append(PageBreak())
    items += chapter_banner("Chapter 12: Clinical Correlations",
                             "Key clinical conditions and procedures related to the thorax")

    items += section_header("Summary of Common Thoracic Conditions")
    clin_data = [
        ["Condition",              "Anatomical Basis",                          "Key Features"],
        ["Tension Pneumothorax",   "Air in pleural cavity with one-way valve mechanism",
                                   "Tracheal deviation away from lesion; absent breath sounds; emergency needle decompression at 2nd ICS MCL"],
        ["Haemothorax",            "Blood in pleural cavity (torn intercostal vessels)",
                                   "Dullness to percussion; reduced breath sounds; drain at 5th ICS anterior axillary line"],
        ["Cardiac Tamponade",      "Pericardial fluid compresses heart",         "Beck's triad; pulsus paradoxus; ECG: electrical alternans"],
        ["Myocardial Infarction",  "Coronary artery occlusion (usually LAD)",    "ST elevation; troponin rise; pain referred to arm/jaw via T1–T4 dermatomes"],
        ["Aortic Dissection",      "Intimal tear in aortic wall",               "Tearing chest/back pain; pulse differential; widened mediastinum on CXR"],
        ["Pulmonary Embolism",     "Thrombus in pulmonary artery (usually from DVT)", "Pleuritic pain; dyspnea; hypoxia; CTPA gold standard; Westermark sign on CXR"],
        ["Flail Chest",            "≥3 ribs broken in ≥2 places each",          "Paradoxical respiration; respiratory failure; requires analgesia ± IPPV"],
        ["Lung Cancer",            "Bronchial epithelium malignancy",            "Hilar mass; Pancoast tumor (T1 root/sympathetic chain → Horner's syndrome); recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(clin_data[0], clin_data[1:],
                          col_widths=[3.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 8*cm])

    items += section_header("Common Thoracic Procedures")
    proc_data = [
        ["Procedure",          "Approach / Landmark",                    "Key Anatomy"],
        ["Thoracocentesis",    "9th ICS, posterior axillary line, above superior border of 10th rib",
                               "Avoid VAN bundle; stays above costodiaphragmatic recess at full expiration"],
        ["Chest drain (ICC)",  "5th ICS, anterior axillary line ('safe triangle')",
                               "Avoid long thoracic nerve (serratus anterior); stays within pleural cavity"],
        ["Pericardiocentesis", "Xiphoid approach: needle at 45° toward left shoulder",
                               "Avoids cardiac vessels; guided by ECG or echo"],
        ["Sternal bone marrow","Needle through sternal cortex at midline",
                               "Subcutaneous sternum; bone marrow in medullary cavity"],
        ["Intercostal nerve block","Posterior to angle of rib, inferior border",
                               "Blocks lateral and anterior cutaneous branches; used for rib fractures/thoracotomy pain"],
        ["Central venous access","Internal jugular or subclavian vein cannulation",
                               "Subclavian vein runs posterior to medial clavicle; risk of pneumothorax, arterial puncture"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(proc_data[0], proc_data[1:], col_widths=[3.5*cm, 5.5*cm, 8*cm])

    items.append(Spacer(1, 10))
    items += section_header("Quick Reference: Vertebral Level Landmarks")
    vl_data = [
        ["Vertebral Level", "Structure / Landmark"],
        ["C7",              "Vertebra prominens"],
        ["T1",              "Superior thoracic aperture; origin of internal thoracic artery"],
        ["T2",              "Jugular (suprasternal) notch"],
        ["T4/T5",           "Sternal angle (angle of Louis); tracheal bifurcation (carina); start of aortic arch; upper border of SVC"],
        ["T8",              "Caval hiatus (IVC through diaphragm)"],
        ["T10",             "Esophageal hiatus"],
        ["T12",             "Aortic hiatus; median arcuate ligament of diaphragm"],
    ]
    items += simple_table(vl_data[0], vl_data[1:], col_widths=[3.5*cm, 13.5*cm])

    # final note
    note = Paragraph(
        "<i>Source: Gray's Anatomy for Students (Elsevier) | Content accuracy validated against "
        "standard anatomical references. Illustrations are AI-generated educational diagrams.</i>",
        note_style
    )
    items.append(Spacer(1, 20))
    items.append(note)
    return items

# ── Assemble document ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
def build_pdf():
    doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
        OUTPUT,
        pagesize=A4,
        rightMargin=2.0*cm, leftMargin=2.0*cm,
        topMargin=2.0*cm,   bottomMargin=2.0*cm,
        title="The Thorax — Detailed Anatomical Description",
        author="Orris Medical Reference",
    )

    # page number callback
    def on_page(canvas, doc):
        canvas.saveState()
        canvas.setFont("Helvetica", 8)
        canvas.setFillColor(C_GRAY)
        w, h = A4
        canvas.drawString(2*cm, 1.2*cm, "The Thorax | Orris Medical Reference | Gray's Anatomy for Students")
        canvas.drawRightString(w - 2*cm, 1.2*cm, f"Page {doc.page}")
        canvas.setStrokeColor(C_TEAL)
        canvas.setLineWidth(0.5)
        canvas.line(2*cm, 1.5*cm, w - 2*cm, 1.5*cm)
        canvas.restoreState()

    story = []
    story += cover_page()
    story += chapter1()
    story += chapter2()
    story += chapter3()
    story += chapter4()
    story += chapter5()
    story += chapter6()
    story += chapter7()
    story += chapter8()
    story += chapter9()
    story += chapter10()
    story += chapter11()
    story += chapter12()

    doc.build(story, onFirstPage=on_page, onLaterPages=on_page)
    print(f"\nPDF created: {OUTPUT}")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    build_pdf()

cd /home/daytona/workspace/thorax-pdf && python3 build_thorax_pdf.py 2>&1

ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/thorax-pdf/Thorax_Detailed_Description.pdf