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I now have comprehensive data to compile a thorough table viva answer. Let me compose the full response covering all major instruments and drugs used in OBG for MBBS exam.
OBG Instruments & Drugs - Table Viva (MBBS)
This is a structured guide for the OBG table viva covering all major instruments and drugs you are likely to encounter, with key viva points for each.
PART 1: INSTRUMENTS
A. EXAMINATION / DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS
| Instrument | Key Viva Points |
|---|---|
| Sim's Speculum | Duck-bill shaped, 2 blades (anterior + posterior), patient in Sim's (left lateral) position. Used to retract posterior vaginal wall. Indications: examination of vaginal wall, P/V examination, D&C, copper-T insertion, colpotomy |
| Cusco's (Bivalve) Speculum | Self-retaining, 2 blades, patient in lithotomy. Best for visualizing cervix. Indications: Pap smear, cervical biopsy, IUCD insertion/removal, colposcopy |
| Sim's Anterior Vaginal Wall Retractor | Used alongside Sim's speculum to retract the anterior vaginal wall. L-shaped with a handle |
| Uterine Sound (Simpson's) | Graduated, malleable, silver/stainless steel. Used to measure uterine cavity length (normal: 6-8 cm). Also detects direction, patency, and position of uterus |
| Pinard's Fetoscope (Fetal Stethoscope) | Funnel-shaped monaural stethoscope. Placed on maternal abdomen to auscultate fetal heart sounds. Now largely replaced by Doppler |
B. CERVICAL / UTERINE OPERATIVE INSTRUMENTS
| Instrument | Key Viva Points |
|---|---|
| Hegar's Dilator | Set of curved metallic rods, sizes 1-20 (each size = 1 mm diameter). Used for cervical dilatation before D&C, hysteroscopy, MTP. Serial dilatation done |
| Hawkin-Ambler's Dilator | Has a holder, causes fewer injuries than Hegar's. Better than Hegar's - preferred in some centers |
| Teale's Vulsellum Forceps | "2 by 3" teeth (better grip). Used to grasp cervix - anterior lip for D&C, posterior lip for colpotomy/colpocentesis. Also for biopsies, cauterization, amputation |
| Jarcho's Tenaculum | Single tooth, deeper bite, more secure but more traumatic. Used for traction on cervix |
| Sponge Holding Forceps (Ring Forceps) | Circular rings at end, ratchet lock. Uses: (1) swabbing with betadine pre-op (2) hemostasis by pressure (3) blunt dissection (4) clean uterus cavity in cesarean (5) encerclage (6) hold cut edges of uterus |
| Haywood Smith's Ovum Forceps | Like ring forceps but NO ratchet lock. Cupped blades. Used to evacuate products of conception (POC) in surgical MTP or incomplete abortion |
| Blake's Uterine Curette (Sharp Curette) | Sharp-edged spoon for D&C. Used in endometrial sampling, MTP, incomplete abortion evacuation |
| Randall's Endometrial Biopsy Curette | Flexible, used for outpatient endometrial biopsy without anesthesia |
| Karman's Cannula | Flexible plastic, used with syringe for manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) in MTP up to 8-12 weeks |
C. DELIVERY INSTRUMENTS
| Instrument | Key Viva Points |
|---|---|
| Anderson's (Long Curved) Obstetric Forceps | Two separate blades (English lock). Cephalic + pelvic curves. Parts: handle, shank, lock, blade (heel, shank, toe). Used for assisted vaginal delivery (AVD) |
| Wrigley's Forceps | Short blades, used for outlet forceps delivery and in C-section when head impacted |
| Kjelland's Forceps | Minimal pelvic curve, sliding lock. Used for face presentation (mento-anterior), deep transverse arrest, rotation. Now rarely used |
| Neville-Barnes Forceps | With axis traction handle. For low/mid-cavity forceps with axis traction |
| Ventouse (Vacuum Extractor) | Metal (Malmstrom) or silastic cup applied to fetal head. Suction up to 0.8 kg/cm² built over 2-8 min. Scalp swelling = Chignon. Contraindicated: preterm (<34 weeks), face presentation, fetal bleeding disorders |
| Episiotomy Scissors | Angled scissors for mediolateral or midline episiotomy. Mediolateral preferred in India (less risk of 3rd/4th degree tear) |
D. DESTRUCTIVE OBSTETRIC INSTRUMENTS (for obstructed labor in developing countries)
| Instrument | Key Viva Points |
|---|---|
| Oldham's Perforator | For perforation of fetal skull (craniotomy) in hydrocephalus or obstructed labor |
| Cranioclast | Crushes fetal head after perforation |
| Jardine's Decapitation Hook with Knife | For decapitation in neglected shoulder presentation |
| Hook with Crochet | For evisceration and extraction |
E. CONTRACEPTION / GYNECOLOGY INSTRUMENTS
| Instrument | Key Viva Points |
|---|---|
| Copper-T (IUCD) | Copper ions toxic to sperm. Effective for 5-10 years (Cu 380A = 10 years). Inserted in first 48 hours postpartum or 4-6 weeks postpartum. Contraindications: Wilson's disease, heavy periods, pelvic infection, copper allergy |
| IUCD Removing Hook | Used to retrieve displaced/embedded IUCD |
| Hodge Pessary | Hard rubber, introduced vaginally. Uses: correct retroversion of uterus, reduce prolapse, stress urinary incontinence |
| Ring Pessary | For uterine/vault prolapse reduction, used in elderly unfit patients |
| Colposcope | Binocular magnifying instrument. Used to examine cervix after abnormal Pap smear. Acetic acid + Lugol's iodine applied to identify abnormal areas (CIN, carcinoma) |
| Bonney's Myomectomy Clamp | Applied on uterine isthmus to reduce blood loss during myomectomy |
| Veress Needle | First step in laparoscopy - used to create pneumoperitoneum (CO₂ insufflation) |
| Trocar and Cannula | After pneumoperitoneum; trocar creates puncture, cannula allows passage of laparoscope/instruments |
F. MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
| Instrument | Key Viva Points |
|---|---|
| Cardiotocograph (CTG) | Records fetal heart rate + uterine contractions simultaneously. Interprets: baseline FHR (normal 110-160 bpm), variability, accelerations, decelerations. Used in active labor |
| Fetal Scalp Electrode | For direct fetal ECG monitoring after membrane rupture in labor |
PART 2: DRUGS
A. OXYTOCICS (Drugs that Stimulate Uterine Contractions)
| Drug | Mechanism | Uses | Dose / Key Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oxytocin | Binds oxytocin receptor (IP₃ pathway), also weak ADH effect | (1) Induction/augmentation of labor (2) Active management of 3rd stage (3) PPH prevention/treatment | IV infusion 2-5 mU/min; IM 10 IU after delivery. ADR: water intoxication (hyponatremia), hypotension |
| Ergometrine (Ergonovine) | Ergot alkaloid, direct smooth muscle contraction (prolonged tonic contraction) | (1) 3rd stage (2) PPH treatment | 0.2 mg IM/IV. NOT in hypertension (causes severe vasoconstriction). Combined with oxytocin = Syntometrine |
| Carbetocin | Long-acting oxytocin analogue | Single-dose PPH prevention at C-section | 100 mcg IV single dose |
| Misoprostol (PGE₁) | Prostaglandin E₁ analogue, binds EP receptors | (1) Cervical ripening (2) Induction of labor (IUFD) (3) MTP with mifepristone (4) PPH | 600 mcg sublingual/800 mcg rectal for PPH; 25-50 mcg PV for induction. Oral/sublingual/rectal/PV routes |
| Dinoprostone (PGE₂) | Prostaglandin E₂ | (1) Cervical ripening (2) Induction at term | Cervical gel 0.5 mg, vaginal insert 10 mg. ADR: fever, GI disturbance |
| Carboprost (PGF₂α, 15-methyl PGF₂α) | Prostaglandin F₂α analogue, uterotonic | Refractory PPH (atonic) | 250 mcg IM q15-90 min, max 8 doses. Contraindicated in asthma |
| Tranexamic Acid | Antifibrinolytic (inhibits plasminogen activation) | PPH treatment/prevention | 1 g IV over 10 min, repeat after 30 min if needed (WOMAN trial). Best within 3 hours of birth |
B. TOCOLYTICS (Drugs that Inhibit Uterine Contractions)
Used to suppress preterm labor (<37 weeks), buy time for steroids/transfer.
| Drug | Mechanism | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Nifedipine | Calcium channel blocker | First-line tocolytic. Also lowers BP, useful in hypertension. Oral/sublingual |
| Atosiban | Oxytocin receptor antagonist | Alternative when nifedipine contraindicated. Fewer maternal side effects. IV infusion |
| Salbutamol / Terbutaline | β₂ agonist | Used IV/SC. ADR: tachycardia, pulmonary edema, hyperglycemia - monitor carefully |
| Indomethacin | PG synthesis inhibitor (COX inhibitor) | Used <32 weeks only. Risk of premature closure of ductus arteriosus, oligohydramnios |
| Magnesium Sulphate | NMDA antagonist, reduces Ca²⁺ entry | Tocolytic + Neuroprotection of preterm neonate + Eclampsia seizure prophylaxis/treatment. Therapeutic level: 4-7 mEq/L. Toxicity: loss of reflexes → respiratory arrest. Antidote: Calcium gluconate |
C. ANTIHYPERTENSIVES IN PREGNANCY
| Drug | Notes |
|---|---|
| Methyldopa | Drug of choice for chronic HTN in pregnancy. Central α₂ agonist |
| Labetalol | For acute severe HTN in pregnancy/eclampsia. IV 20-80 mg bolus or infusion |
| Nifedipine | For acute severe HTN (oral). Also tocolytic |
| Hydralazine | IV for acute severe HTN. Vasodilator. Risk of maternal hypotension |
| Magnesium Sulphate | Anticonvulsant of choice for eclampsia (Pritchard or Zuspan regimen). NOT antihypertensive |
Avoid: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, spironolactone (teratogenic), atenolol, thiazides.
D. DRUGS FOR LABOR INDUCTION / CERVICAL RIPENING
| Drug | Route | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Dinoprostone (PGE₂) | PV gel/insert | Gold standard for cervical ripening; requires fetal monitoring |
| Misoprostol (PGE₁) | PV/sublingual/oral | Off-label but widely used; cheap; multiple routes |
| Oxytocin | IV infusion | After cervix is ripe (Bishop score ≥6) |
| Mifepristone | Oral | Progesterone antagonist; used with misoprostol for MTP / IUFD induction |
E. DRUGS FOR NAUSEA/VOMITING IN PREGNANCY (Hyperemesis Gravidarum)
| Drug | Notes |
|---|---|
| Pyridoxine (Vit B₆) | First-line with doxylamine. Safe |
| Metoclopramide | Dopamine antagonist; commonly used |
| Ondansetron | 5-HT₃ antagonist; used for refractory cases. Avoid in 1st trimester if possible |
| Promethazine | Antihistamine; effective |
| Doxylamine + Pyridoxine | First-line combination (Diclegis/Bonjesta) |
F. DRUGS IN PREECLAMPSIA / ECLAMPSIA
| Drug | Role |
|---|---|
| Magnesium Sulphate | Seizure prophylaxis (preeclampsia) + treatment (eclampsia). Pritchard regimen: 4g IV loading + 10g IM, then 5g IM q4h. Zuspan: 4g IV + 1-2g/hr infusion |
| Labetalol / Hydralazine / Nifedipine | Acute BP control when systolic >160 or diastolic >110 |
| Dexamethasone / Betamethasone | Fetal lung maturation if preterm delivery anticipated (24-34 weeks) |
G. DRUGS FOR PPH MANAGEMENT (in order)
The mnemonic "4 T's" - Tone (atony, 80%), Trauma, Tissue (retained), Thrombin (coagulopathy):
Uterotonics for atonic PPH:
- Oxytocin 10 IU IM (first-line, active management)
- Ergometrine 0.2 mg IM (not in hypertension)
- Syntometrine (oxytocin + ergometrine)
- Carboprost 250 mcg IM (not in asthma)
- Misoprostol 800 mcg rectal/sublingual
- Tranexamic acid 1 g IV (antifibrinolytic, within 3 hours)
H. MISCELLANEOUS IMPORTANT OBG DRUGS
| Drug | Use |
|---|---|
| Clomiphene Citrate | Ovulation induction (estrogen receptor antagonist at hypothalamus → ↑GnRH → ↑FSH/LH). Risk: ovarian hyperstimulation, multiple pregnancy |
| Progesterone (vaginal/IM) | Threatened abortion, luteal phase support in IVF, cervical length <25 mm (17-OH progesterone reduces preterm) |
| Folic Acid 5 mg | Periconceptional (1 month before + first trimester) to prevent neural tube defects |
| Betamethasone / Dexamethasone | Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) for fetal lung maturity; 24-34+6 weeks; 2 doses IM 12-24h apart |
| Iron + Folic Acid | Routine antenatal supplement; 100 mg elemental iron + 500 mcg folic acid |
| Methotrexate | Medical management of ectopic pregnancy (unruptured, <3.5 cm, β-hCG <5000). Folic acid antagonist |
| Danazol | Androgen, used in endometriosis (less preferred now - side effects). |
| GnRH agonists (Leuprolide) | Down-regulate HPO axis; used in endometriosis, fibroids (pre-op), IVF down-regulation |
| Letrozole | Aromatase inhibitor; preferred over clomiphene for ovulation induction in PCOS |
| Terbutaline / Salbutamol | β₂ agonist; tocolytic; also intrauterine resuscitation in acute fetal compromise |
Quick Revision Summary
OXYTOCICS mnemonic - "OECD-MT": Oxytocin, Ergometrine, Carbetocin, Dinoprostone/Carboprost, Misoprostol, Tranexamic acid
TOCOLYTICS mnemonic - "NAIMS": Nifedipine, Atosiban, Indomethacin, Magnesium sulphate, Salbutamol
PPH drugs order: Oxytocin → Ergometrine → Syntometrine → Carboprost → Misoprostol → Tranexamic acid → B-Lynch suture → Hysterectomy
Instruments by procedure:
- D&C: Sim's speculum, Vulsellum, Hegar's dilators, uterine sound, sharp curette
- MTP: Add Karman's cannula / Haywood Smith's forceps
- Forceps delivery: Anderson's / Wrigley's / Kjelland's
- Laparoscopy: Veress needle, trocar, cannula, telescope
- Eclampsia: No instruments - Magnesium sulphate IV
Sources: Berek & Novak's Gynecology; Creasy & Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Wikipedia OBG instruments; PrepLadder OBG instruments
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Here is the complete illustrated OBG instruments guide for your table viva. Images are embedded where available; Wikipedia/Wikimedia links open directly as clinical reference photos.
OBG Instruments with Clinical Images - Table Viva (MBBS)
1. Cusco's Bivalve Self-Retaining Speculum
(Source: Wikipedia - Cusco's Speculum)
Description: Two-bladed, duck-bill shaped, self-retaining (no assistant needed). Patient in dorsal lithotomy position.
Uses:
- Visualize cervix and vaginal fornices (routine P/V exam)
- Pap smear / cervical cytology
- Detect APH local cause (polyp, ectopy, Ca cervix)
- Detect PROM (liquor leaking from os)
- Colposcopy, cervical biopsy, IUCD insertion/removal
Key viva point: Self-retaining = no assistant required. 2 blades open anteroposteriorly.
2. Sim's Double-Bladed Posterior Vaginal Speculum
(Source: Wikipedia - Sims speculum)
Description: Two unequal blades (narrow for nulliparous, wide for parous), not self-retaining - held by assistant. Patient in Sim's (left lateral) position.
Uses:
- Retract posterior vaginal wall for surgical procedures
- Inspect cervix/vagina for injury after delivery
- Clean vagina post-delivery
- D&C, D&E, repair of perineal tears
- Exclude local APH cause
Key viva point: NOT self-retaining, needs assistant to hold. Sims' position = left lateral decubitus.
3. Hegar's Cervical Dilators
(Source: Wikipedia - Hegar dilator)
Description: Set of graduated, curved, metallic, blunt-ended rods. Sizes 1-20 (each number = diameter in mm). Used in pairs (double-ended, each end a consecutive size).
Uses:
- Cervical dilatation before D&C, D&E
- Suction evacuation (MTP)
- Hysteroscopy
- Primary dysmenorrhea (cervical stenosis)
- Fothergill's operation (Manchester repair)
Key viva point: Serial dilatation done - start small, go up gradually. Can cause uterine perforation if force used. Hawkin-Ambler's dilator is better (has a holder, fewer injuries).
4. Teale's Vulsellum Forceps
Description: Long scissors-like forceps with multiple teeth (2 × 3 teeth) at tip. Has a ratchet lock.
Uses:
- Grasp anterior cervical lip for D&C, suction evacuation
- Grasp posterior cervical lip for colpotomy, colpocentesis (access to POD)
- Hold cervix for cervical biopsy, amputation, electrocautery, cryocautery
- Encerclage (though ring forceps preferred)
Key viva point: "2 × 3" teeth = better grip but more trauma. Allis forceps used instead in obstetrics (less traumatic to soft vascular cervix).
5. Simpson's Uterine Sound
Description: Thin, malleable, graduated silver/stainless steel probe with a rounded tip. Markings at 1 cm intervals.
Uses:
- Measure length of uterine cavity (normal 6-8 cm)
- Determine position of uterus (anteverted vs retroverted)
- Check patency of internal os
- Before IUCD insertion to determine cavity size/direction
Key viva point: Normal uterine cavity = 6-8 cm (up to 10 cm in multiparous). Can cause uterine perforation if excess force used.
6. Sponge Holding Forceps (Ring Forceps)
Description: Circular rings at tip (fenestrated ovoid ends), ratchet lock, long handles.
Uses:
- Swabbing with betadine/antiseptic solution pre-op (abdomen, vulva, vagina)
- Apply pressure for hemostasis
- Blunt dissection
- Clean uterine cavity after C-section delivery
- Examine cervix for tears after delivery
- Hold cervix for encerclage
- Remove cervical polyps
Key viva point: Has a ratchet lock. Distinguished from Haywood Smith's ovum forceps by the lock.
7. Haywood Smith's Ovum Forceps
Description: Identical appearance to ring forceps but has NO ratchet lock. Blades are cupped/concave.
Uses:
- Evacuate products of conception (POC) in surgical MTP
- Evacuation of incomplete/missed abortion (RPOC)
- Gentle grasping to avoid crushing tissue
Key viva point: NO lock = key distinguishing feature from sponge holding forceps.
8. Blake's Sharp Uterine Curette
Description: Thin handle with a spoon-shaped sharp loop at end. Various sizes.
Uses:
- Endometrial curettage (D&C)
- MTP evacuation
- Incomplete abortion (RPOC)
- Endometrial sampling for abnormal uterine bleeding
- Hydatidiform mole evacuation
Key viva point: Sharp curette used in D&C. Flushing curette is BLUNT - used in D&E to flush uterine cavity. Randall's/Pipelle = flexible, outpatient endometrial biopsy without anesthesia.
9. Obstetric Forceps (Anderson's / Long Curved)
(Source: Wikipedia - Obstetrical forceps)
Description: Two separate crossing blades. Each blade has: blade (tip, fenestrated body) - shank - lock - handle. Two curves: cephalic curve (fits baby's head) + pelvic curve (fits birth canal).
Types:
| Forceps | Feature | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Anderson's (Long curved) | Standard, English lock | Low/outlet forceps delivery |
| Wrigley's | Short blades | Outlet forceps, C-section (impacted head) |
| Kjelland's | Minimal pelvic curve, sliding lock | Rotation (deep transverse arrest, face presentation) |
| Neville-Barnes | Axis traction device | Low/mid forceps with axis traction |
ACOG Classification:
- Outlet: Scalp visible at introitus, rotation ≤45°
- Low: Station +2 or below
- Mid: Engaged but above +2 station
Key viva point: "Never apply forceps to an unengaged head." Complications: maternal lacerations, neonatal facial nerve palsy, cephalhematoma, subgaleal hemorrhage.
10. Ventouse / Vacuum Extractor
Description: Suction cup (metal Malmstrom or silastic/plastic) connected to vacuum pump via tube. Applied to fetal scalp. Suction built to 0.8 kg/cm² (80 kPa) over 2-8 minutes.
Scalp swelling formed = CHIGNON (caput succedaneum-like, disappears within 24-48 hrs)
Advantages over forceps: Less maternal trauma, less anesthesia needed, easier to learn, self-detaches if excessive traction.
Contraindications:
- Preterm (<34 weeks) - fragile fetal skull
- Face presentation
- Fetal bleeding disorders (thrombocytopenia, hemophilia)
- After fetal blood sampling
- Unengaged head
Key viva point: Sequential use (vacuum then forceps) dramatically increases intracranial hemorrhage risk (7.4× vs spontaneous) - avoid.
11. Episiotomy Scissors
Description: Angled/bent scissors. One blunt-tipped blade (placed in vagina), one sharp blade outside.
Types:
- Mediolateral episiotomy - preferred in India (45° angle from midline) - less risk of 3rd/4th degree tear
- Midline/median - easier to repair, heals better, but higher risk of extension to anal sphincter
Key viva point: Timing: cut at crowning, at peak of contraction. Routine episiotomy no longer recommended - only selective.
12. Doyen's Retractor
Description: Curved, wide, flat blade with a handle. Bladder retractor.
Uses:
- Retract abdominal wall and bladder during LSCS (Lower Segment Cesarean Section)
- Essential for exposure of the lower uterine segment
- Protect bladder from injury
Key viva point: Placed after reflecting the bladder flap in LSCS. Two Doyen's used - one for bladder, one for upper flap.
13. Green-Armytage Hemostatic Forceps
Description: Long, straight, hemostatic forceps with transverse serrations.
Uses (specifically for LSCS):
- Applied to the 4 angles and cut edges of uterine incision during C-section
- Prevent blood loss from uterine sinuses
- Hold flaps for suturing
Key viva point: "4 Green-Armytage forceps are used in LSCS" - 2 for cut edges, 1 for each angle.
14. Pinard's Fetoscope
Description: Trumpet/cone-shaped monaural stethoscope. Wooden or metal. Wide end on maternal abdomen, narrow end to examiner's ear.
Use: Auscultate fetal heart sounds. Normal FHR = 110-160 bpm.
Key viva point: Primitive, now replaced by Doppler. Still used in resource-limited settings. Cannot detect FHR variability (only rate). Doppler preferred from 12 weeks, Pinard from 28 weeks.
15. Laparoscopic Instruments (from Berek & Novak's Gynecology)
The following images are from the Berek & Novak's Gynecology textbook, showing actual surgical instruments used in gynecologic laparoscopy:
Laparoscopic Grasping Forceps Set (A-G):
Laparoscopic instruments: A = Maryland graspers (5 mm curved tip), B & C = alternate tips for same handle, D = 10 mm claw grasper, E & F = 5 mm and 2 mm manipulating probes, G = 2 mm grasping forceps - Berek & Novak's Gynecology
Robotic EndoWrist Instruments (used in Robotic/Da Vinci gynecologic surgery):
16. Hodge Pessary
Description: Hard rubber, elongated oval shape with notches. Placed in vagina.
Uses:
- Correct retroverted uterus (retroversion)
- Manage uterovaginal prolapse (temporary)
- Stress urinary incontinence
Key viva point: Ring pessary preferred for prolapse in elderly unfit patients. Pessaries need regular removal and cleaning (every 3-6 months).
17. IUCD - Copper-T 380A
Description: T-shaped device with copper wire wound around vertical arm and copper sleeves on horizontal arms.
How it works: Copper ions are spermicidal + alter endometrial environment. Also inhibits fertilization.
Effectiveness: >99%, lasts 10 years (Cu-T 380A). Can also be used as emergency contraception within 5 days.
Contraindications: Wilson's disease, heavy/irregular bleeding, copper allergy, pelvic infection (PID), distorted uterine cavity, unexplained vaginal bleeding.
Key viva point: Insertion timing: during menstruation OR first 48 hrs postpartum OR 4-6 weeks postpartum (interval). String should be felt on vaginal examination.
Quick Reference: "Instrument → Procedure" Table
| Procedure | Key Instruments |
|---|---|
| D&C | Sim's speculum + Vulsellum + Uterine sound + Hegar's dilators + Sharp curette |
| Surgical MTP / Incomplete abortion | Above + Haywood Smith's ovum forceps + Karman's cannula |
| Pap smear / Cervical exam | Cusco's speculum + Ayre's spatula/cytobrush |
| IUCD insertion | Cusco's speculum + Uterine sound + IUCD inserter |
| LSCS | Doyen's retractor + Green-Armytage forceps + Bonney clamps |
| Forceps delivery | Anderson's / Wrigley's forceps |
| Vacuum delivery | Ventouse cup + vacuum pump |
| Episiotomy | Episiotomy scissors |
| Laparoscopy | Veress needle + Trocar + Cannula + Telescope/laparoscope |
| Fetal monitoring | CTG machine, Pinard's fetoscope |
Sources: Berek & Novak's Gynecology; Creasy & Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Wikipedia OBG Instruments; PrepLadder OBG instruments
Note: Some Wikipedia instrument image URLs may not render if Wikimedia restricts direct embedding. In that case, right-click the links above and open in a new tab to view the clinical photos. The textbook CDN images (cdn.orris.care) are fully rendered above.
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