I'm bams student but I didn't give viva in 1st year university exams so I want
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What did you want to say? You mentioned you didn't give your viva in 1st year BAMS university exams, so you want...
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Which university are you enrolled under? This matters because the re-viva / back exam process differs by university.
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MUHS BAMS 1st year back viva re-viva exam apply process 2025 2026
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MUHS Maharashtra University Health Sciences back exam absent viva rules BAMS
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https://www.muhs.edu.in
Here is a complete, practical guide for your situation:
MUHS BAMS 1st Year - Absent in Viva: How to Apply for Back/Re-Viva Exam
What Happens When You Miss the Viva?
Under MUHS rules, the viva-voce (practical/oral exam) is a separate component of your examination. If you were absent in the viva, your result will show "Absent" or "ATKT" (Allowed To Keep Terms) for that component. You are not automatically failed in the entire year - you are treated as having a "back" in the viva component.
Step-by-Step Process to Apply for Re-Viva / Back Exam
Step 1 - Contact Your College Principal / Exam Coordinator immediately
- Your college is the first point of contact for ALL exam matters at MUHS.
- Explain the reason for your absence (medical emergency, family emergency, etc.).
- If you have any documents (medical certificate, etc.) supporting your absence, keep them ready.
Step 2 - Check the MUHS Exam Schedule for "Back/ATKT" Exams
- MUHS conducts two exam cycles per year (roughly June/July and November/December/January).
- Students with backs/ATKT appear in the next scheduled exam cycle.
- Your college will submit your name in the back-exam list.
Step 3 - Online Application via MUHS Student Portal
- Visit the official MUHS exam portal: muhs.ac.in or muhs.edu.in
- Your college will fill an online exam form on your behalf OR give you login credentials.
- Select the subject/component (Viva-Voce for the relevant subject) as the back exam.
- Pay the exam fee (back exam fees apply, different from regular exam fees).
Step 4 - Submit Documents to College
- Filled exam form acknowledgment
- College NOC / forwarding letter
- Reason for absence (if applicable - medical/compassionate grounds)
- Fee receipt
Step 5 - Hall Ticket
- MUHS issues hall tickets through the college. Collect it before the exam date.
Important Rules to Know
| Rule | Detail |
|---|---|
| Can you appear in 2nd year? | Generally NO - you must clear 1st year (including viva) before being promoted to 2nd year at MUHS (BAMS follows a year-based promotion system) |
| Number of attempts | MUHS allows multiple attempts (usually up to 5-6 for UG) within the allowed time period |
| Time limit | You must complete BAMS within double the normal duration (i.e., within 9-10 years for a 4.5-year course) |
| ATKT rules | Check if your college follows "No ATKT" strict rules - some MUHS-affiliated colleges require all 1st year subjects to be cleared before 2nd year commencement |
Immediate Action Items for You
- Tomorrow morning - Go to your college office and meet the exam in-charge or principal.
- Ask specifically: "When is the next ATKT/back exam schedule for 1st BAMS viva?"
- Ask them to register you for the next exam cycle.
- Direct MUHS Exam Contact for UG Ayurveda:
- Phone: (0253) 2539218 / 2539210
- Email: ugexamayurved@muhs.ac.in
- For Principal/Dean queries: 9403855344 (Mrs. Jyoti Itankar)
Key point: Do NOT wait. The sooner you inform your college, the easier it is to include your name in the next exam schedule. Missing the deadline to register for back exams means waiting for the following cycle (6+ months away).
If you had a valid reason for absence (illness, emergency), ask your college about a "condonation" application - in some cases MUHS may consider a compassionate provision for the missed viva. This is handled case-by-case through the college principal.
Can you give me notes for exam of bams
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Which year of BAMS notes do you need? · Which subject(s)?
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What type of notes do you need?
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The library doesn't have Ayurveda-specific textbooks (Padartha Vigyan, Sanskrit, etc.), but it does have excellent anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry books that directly map to your Rachana Sharir and Kriya Sharir subjects. Let me search for the most important high-yield exam topics across all 1st year BAMS subjects now.
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I've checked all available library resources. Now here are your comprehensive 1st Year BAMS Long Answer Notes covering all subjects:
BAMS 1st Year - Long Answer Exam Notes
SUBJECT 1: RACHANA SHARIR (Anatomy)
Q1. Describe the Cell - Structure and Functions
Introduction:
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the human body. The human body contains approximately 37 trillion cells.
Cell Structure - Major Organelles:
1. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
- A thin, pliable, elastic structure 7.5-10 nanometers thick
- Composition: 55% proteins, 25% phospholipids, 13% cholesterol, 4% other lipids, 3% carbohydrates
- Structure: Lipid bilayer - double-layered film of lipids (phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol)
- The hydrophilic phosphate heads face outward (toward water); hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inward
- Functions: selective permeability, cell signaling, structural integrity
- Fat-soluble substances (O2, CO2, alcohol) cross freely; water-soluble ions need protein channels
2. Nucleus
- Contains DNA (genetic material) organized into chromosomes
- Surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane with pores)
- Nucleolus inside: synthesizes rRNA, assembles ribosomes
- Controls all cellular activities; directs protein synthesis
3. Mitochondria
- Double-membrane organelle (outer membrane + inner membrane with cristae)
- Site of aerobic cellular respiration - produces ATP (energy)
- Contains its own DNA - evidence of endosymbiotic origin
- Without mitochondria, >95% of cell energy release would cease
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; synthesizes and processes proteins
- Smooth ER: no ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs/toxins
5. Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids from ER
- Produces lysosomes; secretory vesicles
6. Lysosomes
- Contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)
- Digest worn-out organelles, bacteria, foreign particles
- Called "suicide bags" of the cell
7. Ribosomes
- Composed of rRNA + proteins
- Site of protein synthesis
- Free ribosomes: make proteins for cytoplasm; Bound (on RER): make secretory proteins
8. Cytoskeleton
- Microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, microtubules
- Gives cell shape, enables movement, cell division
Functions of Cell:
- Metabolism (anabolism + catabolism)
- Energy production (ATP via mitochondria)
- Protein synthesis
- Reproduction (mitosis/meiosis)
- Communication (receptors on membrane)
(Source: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology)
Q2. Describe Bone - Types, Structure, and Development
Definition: Bone is a specialized connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a calcified matrix.
Composition of Bone:
- Organic matrix (osteoid): 35% - Type I collagen (90%), ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins)
- Inorganic salts: 65% - mainly hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], also Ca carbonate, Mg, Na, K
Types of Bone:
- Compact (Cortical) bone - dense, forms outer shell; contains Haversian systems (osteons)
- Cancellous (Spongy/Trabecular) bone - lattice of trabeculae; spaces filled with marrow
Cells of Bone:
- Osteoblasts - bone-forming cells; secrete osteoid; become osteocytes when trapped
- Osteocytes - mature bone cells; maintain bone matrix; communicate via canaliculi
- Osteoclasts - large multinucleated cells; bone-resorbing; derived from monocytes
Haversian System (Osteon):
- Unit of compact bone
- Central (Haversian) canal: blood vessels, nerves
- Concentric lamellae surrounding it
- Lacunae: spaces containing osteocytes
- Canaliculi: tiny channels connecting lacunae
Ossification (Bone Development):
- Intramembranous ossification - flat bones (skull, clavicle) - mesenchymal cells directly form bone
- Endochondral ossification - long bones - cartilage template replaced by bone
Functions of Bone:
- Support and protection
- Movement (lever system with muscles)
- Haemopoiesis (red blood cell production in red marrow)
- Calcium and phosphate storage (reservoir)
- Sound conduction (ear ossicles)
Q3. Describe the Joints - Classification and Structure
Definition: A joint (articulation) is the site where two or more bones meet.
Classification:
A. Structural Classification:
- Fibrous joints - united by fibrous tissue; no synovial cavity
- Sutures (skull), Syndesmosis (tibia-fibula), Gomphosis (teeth in socket)
- Cartilaginous joints - united by cartilage
- Primary (synchondrosis): hyaline cartilage; temporary (e.g., epiphyseal plate)
- Secondary (symphysis): fibrocartilage; permanent (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc)
- Synovial joints - freely movable; have synovial cavity
B. Functional Classification:
- Synarthrosis (immovable) - sutures
- Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) - symphysis
- Diarthrosis (freely movable) - synovial joints
Structure of Synovial Joint:
- Articular cartilage (hyaline) covering bone ends
- Joint (synovial) cavity with synovial fluid
- Articular capsule: outer fibrous layer + inner synovial membrane
- Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid (lubrication, nutrition)
- Ligaments: reinforce capsule
- Some have menisci (fibrocartilage pads) e.g., knee
Types of Synovial Joints:
| Type | Movement | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Hinge | Flexion/extension | Elbow, knee |
| Ball and socket | All directions | Hip, shoulder |
| Pivot | Rotation | Atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar |
| Saddle | Biaxial | Carpometacarpal of thumb |
| Condyloid | Biaxial | Wrist |
| Plane | Gliding | Intercarpal |
SUBJECT 2: KRIYA SHARIR (Physiology)
Q4. Describe Resting Membrane Potential - Generation and Maintenance
Definition: The resting membrane potential (RMP) is the electrical potential difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest. In nerve and muscle cells, it is approximately -70 mV (inside negative relative to outside).
Ions Responsible:
| Ion | Inside cell | Outside cell |
|---|---|---|
| K+ | High (140 mEq/L) | Low (4 mEq/L) |
| Na+ | Low (14 mEq/L) | High (142 mEq/L) |
| Cl- | Low | High |
| Proteins- | High (negatively charged) | Absent |
Mechanism of RMP Generation:
- Selective membrane permeability: At rest, membrane is much more permeable to K+ than Na+
- K+ leak channels are open - K+ diffuses OUT down its concentration gradient
- As K+ moves out, the inside becomes more negative (due to large anions that can't leave)
- Negative interior attracts K+ back, creating an equilibrium potential for K+ = -90 mV
- Small Na+ leak inward partly depolarizes, so actual RMP = -70 mV
- Na+/K+ ATPase pump: Pumps 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in - maintains concentration gradients and contributes -4 mV to RMP
Nernst Equation (for K+):
E = 61 × log [K+]out / [K+]in = -90 mV
Goldmann Equation:
Accounts for permeability of all ions simultaneously.
Maintenance of RMP:
- Na+/K+ ATPase pump (active transport) continuously operates
- Selective ion channels
- Large intracellular anions (proteins) that cannot cross membrane
Q5. Describe Action Potential - Generation and Propagation
Definition: An action potential is a transient, all-or-none electrical signal generated when a nerve or muscle cell is adequately stimulated.
Phases of Action Potential:
1. Resting Phase: RMP = -70 mV; voltage-gated Na+ channels closed
2. Depolarization (Rising Phase):
- Stimulus reaches threshold (-55 mV)
- Voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly
- Na+ rushes INTO cell (down concentration AND electrical gradient)
- Membrane potential rapidly rises to +30 to +40 mV
- This is a positive feedback (Hodgkin cycle)
3. Repolarization (Falling Phase):
- Na+ channels inactivate (inactivation gate closes)
- Voltage-gated K+ channels open (delayed)
- K+ rushes OUT of cell
- Membrane potential returns toward -70 mV
4. After-hyperpolarization (Undershoot):
- K+ channels close slowly; K+ continues to leave briefly
- Membrane briefly more negative than RMP (e.g., -80 mV)
5. Return to RMP:
- K+ channels close, Na+/K+ pump restores ion gradients
All-or-None Law: Once threshold is reached, full action potential fires; stimulus strength doesn't affect magnitude.
Refractory Periods:
- Absolute refractory period: Na+ channels inactivated; NO new AP possible
- Relative refractory period: stronger-than-normal stimulus needed
Propagation:
- Local circuits of current flow ahead of active region depolarize adjacent membrane
- In myelinated nerves: saltatory conduction - AP jumps from node to node (Ranvier) - faster conduction
Q6. Describe Blood - Composition and Functions
Definition: Blood is a specialized connective tissue that serves as the primary transport medium of the body.
Total blood volume: ~5 liters in adults (males slightly more than females)
Composition:
A. Plasma (55% of blood):
- 91-92% water
- Plasma proteins: albumin (60%), globulins (35%), fibrinogen (4%), others
- Electrolytes: Na+, K+, Ca2+, HCO3-, Cl-
- Nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products
B. Formed Elements (45% - Haematocrit):
| Component | Normal Value | Function |
|---|---|---|
| RBCs (Erythrocytes) | 4.5-5.5 million/mm3 | O2 and CO2 transport via Hb |
| WBCs (Leukocytes) | 4,000-11,000/mm3 | Immunity and defense |
| Platelets (Thrombocytes) | 1.5-4 lakh/mm3 | Haemostasis (clotting) |
Haemoglobin (Hb):
- Normal: Males 14-18 g/dL; Females 12-16 g/dL
- Structure: 4 globin chains + 4 haem groups; each haem contains Fe2+
- Carries 4 molecules of O2
Functions of Blood:
- Transport: O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, waste
- Regulation: body temperature, pH (buffering), fluid balance
- Protection: WBCs (immunity), antibodies, clotting factors
Blood Groups (ABO system):
| Group | Antigen on RBC | Antibody in Plasma |
|---|---|---|
| A | A | Anti-B |
| B | B | Anti-A |
| AB | A & B | None (Universal recipient) |
| O | None | Anti-A & Anti-B (Universal donor) |
Rh Factor: Present (+) or Absent (-); importance in pregnancy (Rh incompatibility - erythroblastosis fetalis)
SUBJECT 3: PADARTHA VIGYAN & AYURVEDIYA MAULIK SIDDHANT
Q7. Describe Panchamahabhuta Theory
Definition: Panchamahabhuta (Five Great Elements) is the fundamental theory of Ayurveda stating that the entire universe, including the human body, is composed of five basic elements.
The Five Mahabhutas:
| Mahabhuta | Element | Sense organ | Sense object | Qualities (Guna) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akasha (Space/Ether) | Space | Ear (Shrotra) | Sound (Shabda) | Shunya, Sukshma, soft |
| Vayu (Air) | Air/Gas | Skin (Tvak) | Touch (Sparsha) | Ruksha, Laghu, mobile |
| Agni/Tejas (Fire) | Fire/Energy | Eye (Chakshu) | Vision (Rupa) | Ushna, Tikshna, luminous |
| Jala/Aapa (Water) | Water/Liquid | Tongue (Jihva) | Taste (Rasa) | Snigdha, Drava, fluid |
| Prithvi (Earth) | Solid/Earth | Nose (Ghrana) | Smell (Gandha) | Guru, Sthira, hard |
Importance:
- All materials in nature are composed of combinations of these five elements
- Human body (Sharira), food (Ahara), and medicines (Aushadha) are all composed of Panchmahabhutas
- Forms the basis for understanding Dosha, Dhatu, Mala theory
- Governs properties of substances (Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka)
Panchbhautika Constitution of Doshas:
- Vata = Akasha + Vayu (predominantly)
- Pitta = Agni + Jala (predominantly)
- Kapha = Prithvi + Jala (predominantly)
Q8. Describe Tridosha - Vata, Pitta, Kapha
Definition: Doshas are the three fundamental bio-energies or humors that govern all physiological and psychological functions in the body.
VATA DOSHA:
- Elements: Akasha + Vayu
- Qualities (Guna): Ruksha (dry), Laghu (light), Sheeta (cold), Khara (rough), Sukshma, Chala (mobile)
- Normal functions: Movement, nerve impulses, respiration, heartbeat, speech, excretion
- Location: Primarily Pakwashaya (large intestine), bones, skin, ears, thighs
- Subtypes (Panchavata):
- Prana Vata - head/chest; respiration, sense perception
- Udana Vata - chest/throat; speech, memory, enthusiasm
- Samana Vata - navel; digestive movements
- Apana Vata - lower abdomen; excretion, reproduction
- Vyana Vata - whole body; circulation, movement
PITTA DOSHA:
- Elements: Agni + Jala
- Qualities: Ushna (hot), Tikshna (sharp/penetrating), Drava (liquid), Snigdha (slightly oily), Sara, Katu
- Normal functions: Digestion, metabolism, body temperature, vision, complexion, intelligence
- Location: Primarily Pachyamashaya (small intestine/stomach), liver, spleen, blood, sweat, eyes
- Subtypes (Panchpitta):
- Pachaka Pitta - small intestine; digestion of food
- Ranjaka Pitta - liver/spleen; imparts color to blood
- Sadhaka Pitta - heart; mental functions, intelligence
- Alochaka Pitta - eyes; vision
- Bhrajaka Pitta - skin; complexion, skin luster
KAPHA DOSHA:
- Elements: Prithvi + Jala
- Qualities: Guru (heavy), Snigdha (unctuous), Sheeta (cold), Manda (slow), Slakshna (smooth), Sandra (dense), Mridu (soft), Sthira (stable)
- Normal functions: Lubrication of joints, stability, immunity, growth, memory, affection
- Location: Primarily Amashaya (stomach/chest), joints, throat, head, taste buds
- Subtypes (Panchakapha):
- Avalambaka Kapha - chest; supports heart and lungs
- Kledaka Kapha - stomach; moistens food
- Bodhaka Kapha - mouth/tongue; taste perception, salivation
- Tarpaka Kapha - head; nourishes sense organs
- Shleshaka Kapha - joints; lubrication
Q9. Describe Sapta Dhatu (Seven Tissues)
Definition: Dhatus are the seven basic tissues that constitute the human body (Shareera Rachana).
| # | Dhatu | Modern Equivalent | Nourishing substance | Upadhatu |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rasa | Plasma/Chyle | Rasa (extracted from food) | Breast milk, Artava (menstrual fluid) |
| 2 | Rakta | Blood (RBCs) | Sara of Rasa | Tendons (Kandara), Blood vessels |
| 3 | Mamsa | Muscle | Sara of Rakta | Skin layers (Twak), ligaments |
| 4 | Meda | Fat/Adipose | Sara of Mamsa | Snayus (ligaments) |
| 5 | Asthi | Bone | Sara of Meda | Teeth (Danta) |
| 6 | Majja | Bone Marrow | Sara of Asthi | None |
| 7 | Shukra | Reproductive tissue/Semen | Sara of Majja | Ojas |
Ksheer-Dadhi Nyaya (Milk-Curd principle):
Each dhatu transforms into the next in sequential order - each feeds and builds the next.
Ojas:
- The essence (Sara) of all 7 dhatus, especially Shukra
- Governs immunity, vitality, and strength
- Two types: Para Ojas (8 drops, in heart) and Apara Ojas (half anjali, throughout body)
Q10. Describe Ashtanga Ayurveda (Eight Branches of Ayurveda)
As per Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, Ayurveda is divided into 8 branches (Ashtanga):
| # | Branch | Scope |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kaya Chikitsa | Internal medicine - treatment of diseases of the whole body |
| 2 | Bala Chikitsa (Kaumarabhritya) | Pediatrics - diseases of children; midwifery |
| 3 | Graha Chikitsa | Psychiatry/Demonology - mental diseases, psychic disorders |
| 4 | Urdhvanga Chikitsa (Shalakya Tantra) | Diseases of head and neck - eye, ear, nose, throat |
| 5 | Shalya Tantra | Surgery - use of instruments, extraction of foreign bodies |
| 6 | Damstra Chikitsa (Agada Tantra) | Toxicology - poisons from animals, plants, minerals |
| 7 | Jara Chikitsa (Rasayana) | Geriatrics/Rejuvenation - anti-aging, longevity |
| 8 | Vrisha Chikitsa (Vajikarana) | Aphrodisiacs/Reproductive medicine - virility, fertility |
SUBJECT 4: SANSKRIT & PADARTHA VIGYAN (Key Concepts)
Q11. Describe Pratyaksha Pramana (Direct Perception)
Pramana = Valid means of knowledge. Four main types in Ayurveda:
- Pratyaksha - Direct perception through sense organs
- Anumana - Inference (reasoning from evidence)
- Yukti - Logical reasoning/applied logic
- Apta Upadesha - Authoritative testimony (Shastra, teachers)
Pratyaksha Pramana:
- Knowledge gained through direct perception by sense organs (Indriyas)
- Types: Savikalpa (determinate - with name/class recognition) and Nirvikalpa (indeterminate - raw sensation)
- The 5 sense organs correspond to the 5 Mahabhutas
- Basis of clinical examination (Darshana - inspection, Sparshana - palpation, Prashna - interrogation)
EXAM TIPS - Important Long Answer Topics to Prepare
Rachana Sharir (Must Prepare):
- Cell structure and functions
- Types of epithelium with examples
- Types of joints with examples
- Structure of long bone
- Nervous system overview (CNS, PNS, ANS)
- Reproductive system (male and female)
- Cardiovascular system - heart anatomy
Kriya Sharir (Must Prepare):
- Resting membrane potential
- Action potential
- Blood composition and functions
- Cardiac cycle
- Digestion and absorption
- Renal physiology (urine formation)
- Respiratory physiology (mechanism of breathing)
Padartha Vigyan (Must Prepare):
- Panchamahabhuta theory
- Tridosha - Vata, Pitta, Kapha (properties, functions, subtypes)
- Sapta Dhatu
- Tri Mala
- Concept of Prakriti
- Srotas (body channels)
- Ashtavidha Pariksha (eight methods of clinical examination)
Sanskrit / Maulik Siddhant:
- Definitions from Charaka, Sushruta, Ashtanga Hridayam
- Ayur definition: "Hitahita sukha dukha ayushya, tadahitam"
- Trayopastambha (three pillars): Ahara, Nidra, Brahmacharya
- Panchanidana (causes of disease): Hetu, Purvarupa, Rupa, Upashaya, Samprapti
Note: For Ayurveda-specific subjects (Padartha Vigyan, Sanskrit), always cross-reference with your Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Hridayam textbooks as those are the primary exam sources. The anatomy and physiology notes above are based on standard medical textbooks (Guyton & Hall, Gray's Anatomy) which directly correlate with Rachana Sharir and Kriya Sharir syllabi.
Would you like me to go deeper on any specific topic - for example, the cardiac cycle, digestion, or any specific Ayurveda concept?Here's a summary of what's covered above:
Your 1st Year BAMS Long Answer Notes - Summary
| Subject | Topics Covered |
|---|---|
| Rachana Sharir | Cell structure, Bone types & structure, Joint classification |
| Kriya Sharir | Resting membrane potential, Action potential, Blood composition |
| Padartha Vigyan | Panchamahabhuta, Tridosha (Vata/Pitta/Kapha with subtypes), Sapta Dhatu, Ashtanga Ayurveda |
| Maulik Siddhant | Pratyaksha Pramana, Pramana types |
Just ask if you want notes on any specific topic - for example:
- Cardiac cycle / heart
- Digestive system
- Respiratory physiology
- Concept of Prakriti (body constitution)
- Srotas (body channels)
- Tri Mala (three waste products)
- Ashtavidha Pariksha (8 types of clinical examination)
- Any Sanskrit definitions/shlokas
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