1. General Pharmacology ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Pharmacokinetics — ADME Pharmacodynamics Bioavailability First-pass metabolism Volume of distribution Clearance Half-life Steady state Loading dose vs maintenance dose First-order vs zero-order kinetics Plasma protein binding Drug interactions Enzyme induction and inhibition Agonist, partial agonist, antagonist Competitive vs noncompetitive antagonism Potency vs efficacy Therapeutic index Therapeutic drug monitoring Adverse drug reactions — classification Pharmacovigilance Drug tolerance, tachyphylaxis Dependence and withdrawal 2. ANS Pharmacology ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Cholinergic Cholinergic receptors Muscarinic vs nicotinic receptors Cholinomimetics Atropine ⭐ Anticholinesterases Neostigmine Physostigmine Pyridostigmine Myasthenia gravis pharmacotherapy Organophosphate poisoning ⭐⭐⭐ Atropine + pralidoxime Cholinesterase reactivators Adrenergic Adrenergic receptors Adrenaline ⭐⭐⭐ Noradrenaline Dopamine Dobutamine α-blockers Prazosin Tamsulosin β-blockers ⭐⭐⭐ Propranolol Selective β1 blockers β2 agonists Salbutamol Drugs for anaphylaxis 3. Cardiovascular Pharmacology ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Antihypertensives Classification ACE inhibitors ⭐ ARBs Calcium channel blockers β-blockers Diuretics α-blockers Centrally acting drugs Methyldopa Clonidine Hypertensive emergency drugs Antianginal drugs Nitrates ⭐ β-blockers Calcium channel blockers Ranolazine Ivabradine Heart failure ACE inhibitors/ARBs/ARNI β-blockers Diuretics Spironolactone SGLT2 inhibitors Digoxin ⭐ Acute heart failure drugs Antiarrhythmics Vaughan-Williams classification Class I drugs β-blockers Amiodarone ⭐ Verapamil Adenosine ⭐ Lidocaine Drugs for SVT 4. Diuretics ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Classification according to site of action Furosemide ⭐ Thiazides ⭐ Mannitol Acetazolamide Spironolactone ⭐ Other potassium-sparing diuretics Mechanism of action of each Adverse effects Clinical uses Diuretics in hypertension Diuretics in heart failure Diuretics in cerebral edema Diuretics in glaucoma Drug-induced electrolyte abnormalities 5. Blood & Hematopoietic System ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Anticoagulants Heparin ⭐ LMWH Warfarin ⭐ Direct oral anticoagulants Dabigatran Rivaroxaban Apixaban Heparin vs warfarin Monitoring of anticoagulants Antidotes Antiplatelet drugs Aspirin ⭐ Clopidogrel Other P2Y12 inhibitors GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors Fibrinolytics Streptokinase Alteplase Tenecteplase Indications Adverse effects Hematinics Iron preparations ⭐ Oral vs parenteral iron Folic acid Vitamin B12 Erythropoietin 6. Respiratory Pharmacology ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Bronchodilators β2 agonists Salbutamol ⭐ LABA vs SABA Anticholinergics Theophylline Inhaled corticosteroids ⭐ Leukotriene antagonists Montelukast Drugs for acute asthma Drugs for COPD Stepwise treatment of asthma 7. Gastrointestinal Pharmacology ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Drugs for peptic ulcer PPIs ⭐ H2 blockers Antacids Sucralfate Misoprostol H. pylori eradication Antiemetics Ondansetron ⭐ Metoclopramide Domperidone Prokinetic drugs Laxatives Antidiarrhoeal drugs ORS Drugs for inflammatory bowel disease 8. CNS Pharmacology ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Sedative-hypnotics Benzodiazepines ⭐ Barbiturates Benzodiazepine vs barbiturate Flumazenil Antiepileptics Classification Phenytoin ⭐ Valproate ⭐ Carbamazepine Ethosuximide ⭐ Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Drugs for status epilepticus ⭐ Treatment of different seizure types Parkinsonism Levodopa + carbidopa ⭐ Dopamine agonists MAO-B inhibitors COMT inhibitors Amantadine Anticholinergics Antipsychotics Typical vs atypical Haloperidol Chlorpromazine Clozapine ⭐ Extrapyramidal adverse effects Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Antidepressants SSRIs ⭐ TCAs SNRIs MAO inhibitors Serotonin syndrome ⭐ TCA poisoning ⭐ Opioids Morphine ⭐ Opioid receptors Opioid adverse effects Naloxone ⭐ Opioid poisoning 9. Endocrine Pharmacology ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Diabetes mellitus Insulin ⭐⭐⭐ Types of insulin Insulin preparations Insulin adverse effects Hypoglycemia Metformin ⭐ Sulfonylureas DPP-4 inhibitors SGLT2 inhibitors GLP-1 receptor agonists Thiazolidinediones Mechanism-based comparison of antidiabetic drugs Thyroid Antithyroid drugs Carbimazole/methimazole ⭐ Propylthiouracil PTU vs methimazole Iodine Radioactive iodine Thyroid storm Corticosteroids Glucocorticoid actions Prednisolone Dexamethasone Adverse effects ⭐ Steroid withdrawal Tapering Mineralocorticoids 10. Reproductive Pharmacology ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Combined OCPs ⭐⭐⭐ Progestin-only pills Mechanism of OCPs Estrogen and progestin functions Adverse effects Contraindications Drug interactions Missed OCP ⭐⭐⭐ Emergency contraception ⭐ Levonorgestrel Ulipristal Copper IUD Mifepristone Misoprostol Oxytocin Uterine stimulants Uterine relaxants Drugs used in infertility 11. Autacoids ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Histamine receptors H1 antihistamines H2 blockers First vs second-generation antihistamines Adrenaline in anaphylaxis Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists Prostaglandins Leukotrienes NSAIDs COX-1 vs COX-2 Aspirin ⭐ Paracetamol ⭐ Paracetamol poisoning + NAC ⭐ Drugs for gout Allopurinol Colchicine 12. Antimicrobial Pharmacology ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ General Classification of antimicrobials Bactericidal vs bacteriostatic Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance β-lactamase Post-antibiotic effect Rational antibiotic use β-lactams Penicillins ⭐ Penicillin + β-lactamase inhibitors Amoxicillin Cloxacillin Piperacillin Cephalosporins ⭐ Generations of cephalosporins Carbapenems Monobactams Protein synthesis inhibitors Aminoglycosides ⭐ Gentamicin Amikacin Tetracyclines Doxycycline Macrolides Azithromycin Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Linezolid DNA/RNA inhibitors Fluoroquinolones Metronidazole Rifampicin Folate antagonists Sulfonamides Trimethoprim Cotrimoxazole 13. Antitubercular Drugs ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ First-line drugs: HRZE Isoniazid ⭐ Rifampicin ⭐ Pyrazinamide Ethambutol ⭐ Mechanism of each Major adverse effect of each Standard TB regimen Pyridoxine with isoniazid Rifampicin drug interactions Drug-resistant TB Second-line drugs MDR-TB drugs 14. Antileprosy Drugs ⭐⭐⭐ Dapsone Rifampicin Clofazimine MDT regimens Dapsone adverse effects Hemolysis/G6PD Rifampicin mechanism 15. Antifungal Drugs ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Classification Amphotericin B ⭐ Azoles ⭐ Fluconazole Itraconazole Voriconazole Echinocandins Terbinafine Mechanism of antifungal drugs Major toxicities 16. Antiviral Drugs ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Classification Acyclovir ⭐ Valacyclovir Oseltamivir Antiretroviral drugs HIV drug classes NRTIs NNRTIs Protease inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Combination ART Major adverse effects 17. Antimalarial Drugs ⭐⭐⭐⭐ Classification Chloroquine Artemisinin derivatives ACT Primaquine ⭐ Radical cure G6PD testing Treatment of P. vivax Treatment of P. falciparum Severe malaria Antimalarial resistance 18. Antiprotozoal Drugs ⭐⭐⭐ Metronidazole ⭐ Tinidazole Amoebiasis treatment Giardiasis Trichomoniasis Leishmaniasis drugs 19. Anthelmintics ⭐⭐⭐ Albendazole ⭐ Mebendazole Ivermectin Praziquantel Pyrantel pamoate Niclosamide Mechanism + important uses 20. Anticancer Drugs ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Classification according to mechanism Cell-cycle specific vs nonspecific Methotrexate ⭐ Leucovorin rescue Cyclophosphamide ⭐ Mesna Doxorubicin ⭐ Vincristine ⭐ Cisplatin ⭐ 5-FU Imatinib Trastuzumab Major dose-limiting toxicities Common antidotes/rescue drugs 21. Immunopharmacology ⭐⭐⭐ Glucocorticoids Cyclosporine Tacrolimus Sirolimus Mycophenolate Azathioprine Methotrexate Biologic drugs Monoclonal antibodies Immunosuppressants in transplantation According to standand medical pharmalogy books, make me flashcards that I am able to use in viva format

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