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Here's a rich visual tour of Heart & Cardiovascular Anatomy across multiple perspectives:

🫀 The Heart — A Visual Guide

1. External Morphology — 3D Digital Model

Opaque (left) vs. semi-transparent (right) — reveals internal chambers and great vessels

3D Digital Heart Model — External and Semi-transparent Views

(a) External surface with coronary arteries (red) and cardiac veins (blue). (b) Semi-transparent view showing internal chambers — atria, ventricles, and major vessel pathways.

2. Coronary Vasculature — Artistic Illustration

Anterior view showing branching of coronary arteries and veins across the myocardium

Stylized Heart Showing Coronary Vasculature

The intricate coronary network supplies oxygenated blood to every region of the myocardium. Blockage of these vessels leads to myocardial infarction (heart attack).

3. Historical Masterpiece — Leonardo da Vinci (c. 1513)

The first accurate depictions of cardiac valves and vessels in medical history

Leonardo da Vinci Cardiac Anatomy Sketches

Left: external morphology with coronary arteries. Right: windowed dissection revealing internal chamber structures. Mirror-written Italian annotations accompany the drawings.

4. Cardiac Conduction System

From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 21st Edition

Cardiac Conduction System — SA Node, AV Node, Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers

Structure	Function
SA Node	The heart's natural pacemaker — initiates each beat
AV Node	Delays conduction to allow atrial emptying before ventricular contraction
His Bundle	Carries impulse from AV node to ventricles
Bundle Branches (L & R)	Distribute impulse to left and right ventricles
Purkinje Fibers	Rapidly spread depolarization through ventricular myocardium

5. The ECG — Electrical Signature of the Heart

How the conduction system maps to the ECG waveform

ECG Waveform Schematic — P, QRS, T, U waves and intervals

Wave / Interval	What it represents
P wave	Atrial depolarization (SA node fires)
PR interval	Conduction delay through AV node
QRS complex	Ventricular depolarization
ST segment	Ventricular plateau phase
T wave	Ventricular repolarization

6. Coronary Artery Disease — Pathophysiology

From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Vulnerable Plaque, Thrombogenic Blood, and Vulnerable Myocardium in CAD

The "three vulnerabilities" in acute coronary syndrome:

Vulnerable plaque — Inflammation, plaque extension, and location drive rupture risk

Thrombogenic blood — Comorbidities and inflammation promote clot formation

Vulnerable myocardium — Duration of ischemia and individual susceptibility determine infarct size

7. CT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

Coronary arteries mapped with calcified plaques + color-coded blood flow to the myocardium

CCTA with CT Myocardial Perfusion Map showing ischemic territory

(A–C) Curved multiplanar reconstructions of LAD, LCx, and RCA — calcified plaques visible as bright densities. (D) Perfusion color map: red = normal flow, yellow/green = reduced perfusion in ischemic territory.

Sources: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (21st Ed.) | PMC Clinical Medical Image Database

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