What are the great vessels of the heart?
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great vessels of the heart anatomy
The great vessels of the heart are the large blood vessels directly connected to the heart:
- Aorta: carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body.
- Pulmonary trunk, which divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries: carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
- Superior vena cava: returns oxygen-poor blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and upper chest to the right atrium.
- Inferior vena cava: returns oxygen-poor blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs to the right atrium.
- Pulmonary veins: usually four, returning oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
The roots of these vessels, along with the heart, are enclosed by the pericardium. Gray's Anatomy for Students describes the heart and roots of the great vessels as being enclosed within this sac.
Give me the muscle attachment of sternum ribs thoracic Vertebra I mean who is on his primary Catholic secondary cartilage plain type of sign of joint
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Do you mean a table for the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae covering:
- Muscle attachments
- Primary vs secondary cartilaginous joints
- Plane (synovial) joints
- Types/significance of the thoracic joints?
Please confirm, especially whether “sign of joint” means type of joint.
Describe all type of joints related to this three components
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thoracic wall joints sternocostal costovertebral costotransverse anatomy
The joints related to the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae form the thoracic cage. They include fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
1. Joints of the sternum
| Joint | Bones joined | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Manubriosternal joint | Manubrium and body of sternum | Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis) with fibrocartilage. It forms the sternal angle (Angle of Louis). It may ossify in older age. |
| Xiphisternal joint | Body of sternum and xiphoid process | Primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis) with hyaline cartilage. It commonly becomes a synostosis after about age 40. |
| Sternoclavicular joint | Manubrium, medial clavicle, and first costal cartilage | Synovial saddle joint, with an articular disc. It is included because it is a joint of the upper sternum. |
2. Joints between ribs and sternum
A. Sternocostal joints
Between the costal cartilages and sternum.
| Joint | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| First sternocostal joint | Primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis) | First costal cartilage is directly united with the manubrium. It has virtually no movement. |
| Second to seventh sternocostal joints | Plane synovial joints | Permit small gliding movements needed during breathing. The second sternocostal joint lies at the sternal angle. |
B. Costochondral joints
Between the anterior ends of ribs and their costal cartilages.
- Type: Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses)
- The rib is continuous with its costal cartilage through hyaline cartilage.
- They permit essentially no movement.
C. Interchondral joints
Between adjacent costal cartilages, usually ribs 6-9 and sometimes 9-10.
- Usually plane synovial joints
- Permit slight gliding movements.
- The connection between the cartilages of ribs 9 and 10 may sometimes be fibrous rather than synovial.
3. Joints between ribs and thoracic vertebrae
A. Costovertebral joints: joint of head of rib
Between the head of a rib and the bodies of thoracic vertebrae.
- Type: Plane synovial joint
- A typical rib, ribs 2-9, articulates with:
- The body of the corresponding thoracic vertebra
- The body of the vertebra above
- The intervertebral disc between them
- Exceptions:
- Ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12 usually articulate with the body of only their corresponding vertebra.
B. Costotransverse joints
Between the tubercle of a rib and the transverse process of the corresponding thoracic vertebra.
- Type: Plane synovial joint
- Present for ribs 1-10
- Absent for ribs 11 and 12, because these floating ribs have no tubercles for such articulation.
The costovertebral and costotransverse joints permit the rib movements needed for respiration. Thoracic vertebrae anatomy notes that these joints link breathing movements with spinal stability.
4. Joints between thoracic vertebrae
A. Intervertebral joints between vertebral bodies
Between adjacent thoracic vertebral bodies.
- Type: Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis)
- The intervertebral disc is made of:
- Outer annulus fibrosus: fibrocartilage
- Central nucleus pulposus
- They allow limited movement and absorb compressive forces.
B. Zygapophysial or facet joints
Between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent thoracic vertebrae.
- Type: Plane synovial joints
- Thoracic facet orientation primarily permits rotation, with relatively limited flexion and extension compared with cervical and lumbar regions.
Quick classification summary
| Type of joint | Examples in thoracic cage |
|---|---|
| Primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis) | First sternocostal, costochondral, xiphisternal |
| Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis) | Manubriosternal, intervertebral joints between bodies |
| Plane synovial joint | Sternocostal joints 2-7, interchondral, costovertebral, costotransverse, thoracic facet joints |
| Saddle synovial joint | Sternoclavicular joint |
| Synostosis | Xiphisternal joint, and sometimes manubriosternal joint, after ossification with age |
How spinal nervous is produced
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spinal nerve formation dorsal root ventral root anatomy site:nih.gov
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