Date of Hemoglobin
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history of hemoglobin discovery date timeline
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The question "Date of Hemoglobin" is a bit ambiguous. Here is a comprehensive answer covering both the discovery history and the key facts about hemoglobin:
Discovery / Historical Dates of Hemoglobin
| Year | Milestone |
|---|---|
| 1840 | Friedrich Ludwig Hunefeld accidentally discovered hemoglobin crystals in earthworm blood samples held between two glass slides. He also recognized its role in oxygen transport. |
| 1851 | Otto Funke successfully crystallized hemoglobin from red blood cells. |
| 1864 | Felix Hoppe-Seyler formally named the molecule "hemoglobin" and demonstrated that it reversibly binds and releases oxygen. |
| 1904 | Christian Bohr described the Bohr effect - how CO₂ and pH affect oxygen binding. |
| 1910 | James Herrick first described sickle cell disease, noting abnormal hemoglobin behavior. |
| 1949 | Linus Pauling showed sickle cell anemia was caused by an abnormal hemoglobin molecule - the first "molecular disease." |
| 1959 | Max Perutz determined the complete 3D crystal structure of hemoglobin using X-ray crystallography (awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1962). |
Normal Hemoglobin Values (Reference Ranges)
| Group | Normal Range |
|---|---|
| Adult males | 13.5 - 17.5 g/dL |
| Adult females | 12.0 - 15.5 g/dL |
| Newborns | 14.0 - 24.0 g/dL |
| Children (varies by age) | ~11.0 - 16.0 g/dL |
| Pregnant women | ≥11.0 g/dL (WHO threshold) |
Normal Hemoglobin Types in Adults
- HbA (hemoglobin A): ~96% - normal adult hemoglobin (2 alpha + 2 beta chains)
- HbA₂: <3% - minor adult form (2 alpha + 2 delta chains)
- HbF (fetal hemoglobin): <1% - traces considered normal in adults
(Sources: Histology: A Text and Atlas, Goldman-Cecil Medicine)
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What factors cause abnormal hemoglobin levels?
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causes of abnormal hemoglobin levels low high clinical factors
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