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Tinnitus explains for 10 mark questions
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The best source is Cummings Otolaryngology and Scott-Brown's. Let me read the main tinnitus sections now.
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TINNITUS - Complete 10-Mark Exam Answer
Definition
Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of an external source. It is a symptom, not a disease, and can be associated with multiple causes and exacerbating factors. - Cummings Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
Epidemiology
- Affects up to 50 million adults in the United States
- 16 million experience frequent or chronic tinnitus
- ~10.6% of adults report tinnitus of at least moderate severity interfering with sleep
- Only about 20% find it bothersome enough to seek treatment
- ~28% of acute tinnitus (lasting <6 months) resolves spontaneously
Classification
Tinnitus is classified along three key axes:
1. Subjective vs. Objective
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Subjective | Heard only by the patient; accounts for ~98.5% of all tinnitus |
| Objective | Can also be heard by the examiner; rare (~1.5% of tinnitus cases); implies an identifiable acoustic source (joints, muscles, turbulent blood flow) |
2. Pulsatile vs. Non-Pulsatile
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Non-Pulsatile | Most common (~90% of referrals); described as "ringing," "hissing," "buzzing," or "roaring"; almost exclusively subjective |
| Pulsatile | Rhythmic/pulse-like; can be subjective or objective; may change with position; accounts for ~11% of tinnitus referrals; described as "heartbeat" or "whooshing" |
3. Primary vs. Secondary
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Primary | No identifiable cause; may or may not be associated with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) |
| Secondary | Has an underlying auditory or non-auditory cause beyond SNHL |
Etiology / Causes
Auditory causes:
- External ear: cerumen impaction, foreign body
- Middle ear: otosclerosis, otitis media, Eustachian tube dysfunction
- Cochlea: noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), presbycusis, Meniere's disease, ototoxic drugs
- Retrocochlear: acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma), other CN VIII pathology
Non-auditory causes:
- Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders
- Cervical spine disease
- Head and neck trauma
Pulsatile tinnitus causes (Vascular):
- Arteriovenous fistula / AV malformation
- Atherosclerotic carotid artery disease
- Glomus tumor (paraganglioma)
- Dural venous sinus stenosis
- Jugular bulb abnormalities
- Benign intracranial hypertension (idiopathic intracranial hypertension)
- High output states: anemia, thyrotoxicosis, pregnancy
Ototoxic drugs causing tinnitus include: salicylates (aspirin), aminoglycosides, loop diuretics, quinine, NSAIDs, cisplatin
Pathophysiology
- Peripheral mechanism: Damage to outer hair cells (OHCs) in the cochlea reduces afferent input to the auditory cortex
- Central mechanism: The brain compensates by increasing central auditory gain, leading to spontaneous firing in auditory pathways that is perceived as sound
- Neuroplasticity: Reorganization of tonotopic maps in the auditory cortex plays a role in chronic tinnitus
- Somatic tinnitus: A unique subtype where the loudness, laterality, or tonality can be modulated by maneuvers or stimulation of the head and neck (e.g., jaw clenching, eye movements)
Clinical Features / History
Key features to elicit:
- Laterality (unilateral vs. bilateral)
- Quality (ringing, buzzing, pulsatile)
- Onset and duration (acute vs. chronic - >6 months = persistent)
- Noise exposure history
- Associated symptoms: hearing loss, vertigo, otalgia, aural fullness, headache, neurological symptoms
Red flags requiring urgent workup:
- Unilateral tinnitus
- Pulsatile tinnitus
- Associated asymmetric hearing loss
- Associated focal neurological deficits
Investigations
| Investigation | Indication |
|---|---|
| Pure tone audiometry | All patients with tinnitus; required for unilateral or persistent (≥6 months) cases |
| Tympanometry | Middle ear assessment |
| MRI brain/IAM with gadolinium | Unilateral tinnitus, asymmetric SNHL, suspicion of acoustic neuroma |
| CT angiography / MRA | Pulsatile tinnitus to assess vascular causes |
| Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) | Validated questionnaire to assess severity and impact on quality of life (score 0-100) |
| Blood tests | FBC, TFTs if systemic cause suspected |
Management
1. Treat underlying cause (Secondary tinnitus)
- Remove cerumen, treat middle ear disease, stop ototoxic drugs, manage TMJ disorder
2. Patient Education & Counseling
- Explain natural history - ~1/3 of acute cases resolve spontaneously
- Set realistic expectations; reassure the patient
- Identify and avoid exacerbating factors (caffeine, noise, stress, certain medications)
3. Audiological Rehabilitation
- Hearing aids: If hearing loss is present, amplification often reduces tinnitus perception significantly
- Sound therapy / Masking devices: Background white noise reduces tinnitus awareness
4. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Currently the most evidence-based treatment for bothersome subjective nonpulsatile tinnitus
- Reduces the emotional distress and improves quality of life
- Helps patients "habituate" to the sound
5. Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT)
- Combines directive counseling with low-level sound therapy
- Aims to achieve habituation to tinnitus
- Especially effective when hyperacusis is also present
6. Pharmacotherapy
- No drug is specifically approved for tinnitus
- Antidepressants (amitriptyline) or anxiolytics may help manage associated depression/anxiety
- Betahistine used in Meniere's-associated tinnitus
7. For Pulsatile Tinnitus
- Treat underlying vascular cause (stenting for dural sinus stenosis, surgery for glomus tumor, etc.)
- Acetazolamide for idiopathic intracranial hypertension
8. Cochlear Implantation
- In patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss, cochlear implantation can improve tinnitus in 50-90% of recipients
Complications / Impact on Quality of Life
- Insomnia and sleep disturbance
- Difficulty concentrating
- Depression and anxiety
- Social withdrawal
- Occupational impairment
- Hyperacusis (co-exists in many patients - intolerance to normal environmental sounds)
Summary Table
| Feature | Subjective Non-Pulsatile | Pulsatile |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency | ~90% of all tinnitus | ~10% |
| Cause | SNHL, noise, idiopathic | Vascular, tumors, IIH |
| Imaging | Only if red flags | Always required |
| Treatment | CBT, TRT, hearing aids | Treat underlying cause |
Key exam points to remember:
- Tinnitus = sound perception without external source
- Most common type = subjective, non-pulsatile (ringing/buzzing)
- Pulsatile tinnitus = always investigate for vascular cause
- Unilateral tinnitus = MRI to rule out acoustic neuroma
- Best evidence-based treatment = CBT
- No curative drug exists for primary tinnitus
- Cochlear hair cell damage is the primary peripheral mechanism
Sources: Cummings Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery; Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery
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