Medical anatomy diagram showing the limbic system components with labels: cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus (anterior nucleus), fornix, mammillary bodies, septal nuclei, parahippocampal gyrus, olfactory bulb. Show Papez circuit with arrows. Clean, black and white medical textbook style with clear labels.

Medical diagram of basal ganglia connections showing direct and indirect pathways. Include: Cerebral cortex at top, Striatum (caudate + putamen), Globus pallidus internal (GPi) and external (GPe), Subthalamic nucleus (STN), Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticulata (SNr), Thalamus (VA/VL), and back to cortex. Show arrows with + for excitatory (glutamate) and - for inhibitory (GABA). Label dopamine pathway from SNc. Direct pathway in green, indirect pathway in red. Clean medical textbook style.

Medical diagram showing the pain sensation pathway from peripheral receptor to cortex. Include: Free nerve endings (nociceptors), A-delta and C fibers, dorsal horn of spinal cord, substantia gelatinosa (Rexed laminae I, II, V), second order neuron crossing midline via anterior white commissure, spinothalamic tract ascending, thalamus (VPL nucleus), third order neuron to somatosensory cortex (S1). Label each component clearly. Also show descending pain modulation pathway (periaqueductal grey, nucleus raphe magnus, enkephalin). Black and white medical textbook diagram.

Medical diagram of the pyramidal (corticospinal) tract. Show: Motor cortex (precentral gyrus, Betz cells), corona radiata, internal capsule (posterior limb), cerebral peduncle (midbrain), basis pontis, medullary pyramid, pyramidal decussation at medulla-spinal cord junction (80-85% cross), lateral corticospinal tract descending to anterior horn cells, uncrossed anterior corticospinal tract. Label all structures clearly. Include small inset showing Babinski sign - abnormal extensor plantar response with fanning of toes. Medical textbook style.

Medical diagram of a chemical synapse with ionic basis of synaptic potential. Show: presynaptic terminal with synaptic vesicles, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, neurotransmitter release into synaptic cleft (20nm), postsynaptic membrane with ligand-gated ion channels (EPSP: Na+ influx, K+ outflow; IPSP: Cl- influx or K+ outflow), mitochondria in terminal. Label: axon terminal, synaptic vesicles, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic density, EPSP and IPSP. Also show resting membrane potential (-70mV), EPSP (+10mV), action potential (+35mV) in small graph. Clean labeled medical diagram.

Medical diagram of the stretch reflex arc showing: muscle spindle (intrafusal fibers with nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers), Ia afferent sensory fiber, dorsal root ganglion, spinal cord gray matter, alpha motor neuron (efferent), neuromuscular junction on extrafusal muscle fiber. Also show Renshaw cell inhibition loop and reciprocal innervation (inhibitory interneuron to antagonist muscle). Label gamma motor neuron. Include small diagram of muscle spindle enlarged showing annulospiral (Ia) and flower spray (II) endings. Medical textbook style.

Medical diagram showing functional divisions of the cerebellum. Top view and side view showing: Vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe) - controls balance and eye movements; Spinocerebellum (vermis and intermediate zone/paravermis) - controls synergy of limb movements; Pontocerebellum/Cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemispheres) - controls planning and initiation of movement. Show afferent connections: vestibular input to vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellar tracts to spinocerebellum, corticopontocerebellar to pontocerebellum. Show efferent: fastigial, interposed (globose+emboliform), dentate deep nuclei. Label cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle, inferior). Medical textbook diagram.