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Cell health and the diesase structure unit. Pathology entry. Harmful effects and to stress cell reaction.Differentiation and to growth cell adaption

Reading File
Reading File
This pathology unit covers how cells normally function, adapt to stress, become injured, and may die.
  1. Cell health and homeostasis
    • Normal cell structure and function
    • Cellular organelles and metabolism
    • Maintenance of internal balance
  2. Cellular stress and causes of injury
    • Hypoxia and ischemia
    • Physical injury, chemicals, drugs, infections
    • Immune reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalance
    • Oxidative stress and free radicals
  3. Cellular adaptations to stress
    • Hypertrophy: increased cell size
    • Hyperplasia: increased cell number
    • Atrophy: reduced cell size and function
    • Metaplasia: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another
  4. Cell injury
    • Reversible cell injury
    • Irreversible cell injury
    • Cellular swelling, fatty change, membrane and mitochondrial damage
  5. Cell death
    • Necrosis: uncontrolled cell death due to severe injury, often causes inflammation
    • Apoptosis: programmed, regulated cell death, usually without inflammation
    • Major patterns of necrosis: coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous
  6. Cell differentiation and growth
    • Cell cycle and cell proliferation
    • Stem cells and differentiation
    • Normal tissue renewal
    • Dysplasia and its relationship to cancer risk
Core idea: cells first try to adapt to stress. If adaptation succeeds, the cell survives. If stress is severe or prolonged, injury develops. Injury may be reversible initially, but persistent damage results in irreversible injury and cell death.
Which topic should I explain in detailed pathology notes: cell adaptation, cell injury, necrosis vs apoptosis, or cell differentiation and growth?
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