Q: Answer the questions A: Q1 Anosmia: complete or partial loss of sense of smell. Three causes any 3: 1. Upper respiratory tract infection common cold/viral rhinitis 2. Nasal obstruction e.g., nasal polyp, allergic rhinitis, deviated septum 3. Head injury damaging olfactory nerve/cribriform plate also accepted: frontal lobe/olfactory groove tumor, meningioma, etc. --- Q2 Visual pathway from retina to cortex: - Photoreceptors in retina → bipolar cells → ganglion cells - Ganglion cell axons form optic nerve - Optic nerves meet at optic chiasma - Nasal retinal fibers cross - Temporal retinal fibers remain uncrossed - Continue as optic tracts - Relay in lateral geniculate body LGB/LGN of thalamus - Fibers pass as optic radiations geniculocalcarine tract - Temporal loop Meyer’s loop - Parietal fibers - End in primary visual cortex area 17 around calcarine sulcus occipital lobe --- Q3 Bitemporal hemianopia: loss of temporal lateral/peripheral visual fields in both eyes. Two causes: 1. Pituitary adenoma compressing optic chiasma 2. Craniopharyngioma / suprasellar mass compressing chiasma also acceptable: meningioma near chiasma --- Q4 Rinne and Weber in left conductive hearing loss: - Rinne test: - Left ear affected: Rinne negative BC AC - Right ear: usually Rinne positive AC BC - Weber test: - Sound lateralizes to the left affected ear.
