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Tannins and Resins - Pharmacognosy (12 Marks)
PART A: TANNINS
1. Definition
The term "tannin" was first used by Seguin in 1796 to denote substances having the ability to combine with animal hides and convert them into leather - a process known as tanning of the hide. The word is derived from the French word tanin (tanning substance).
Definition: Tannins are complex organic, non-nitrogenous plant polyphenolic compounds of high molecular weight that precipitate proteins, alkaloids, and gelatin from solution, and have characteristic astringent taste. They are water-soluble plant secondary metabolites distributed widely across the plant kingdom.
A more precise definition states: Tannins are substances detected by the tanning test due to their absorption on standard hide powder - forming the basis of the Goldbeater's skin test.
2. General Properties of Tannins
- Amorphous, yellowish-white to light brown powders or masses
- Strongly astringent taste due to protein-precipitation ability
- Soluble in water (especially hot), alcohol, and acetone; insoluble in non-polar solvents
- Give a characteristic blue-black or greenish-black precipitate with ferric chloride (FeCl3)
- Precipitate proteins, alkaloids, gelatin, and heavy metal salts from aqueous solutions
- Molecular weight ranging from 500 to >20,000 Da
- Oligomeric compounds with multiple structural units bearing free phenolic groups
- Can bind proteins to form either soluble or insoluble tannin-protein complexes
3. Classification of Tannins
A. Based on Goldbeater's Skin Test (Broad Classification)
| Type | Property |
|---|---|
| True Tannins | Give positive tanning test; high MW complex polyphenolics |
| Pseudotannins | Partly retained by hide powder; fail to give positive test; low MW (e.g., chlorogenic acid, catechin) |
B. Chemical Classification (Two Major Groups)
I. Hydrolysable Tannins
- Hydrolysed by mineral acids or enzymes (e.g., tannase) to yield simpler products
- Two subtypes:
- Gallotannins - yield gallic acid + glucose on hydrolysis (e.g., tannic acid, Turkish galls)
- Ellagitannins - yield ellagic acid + glucose on hydrolysis (e.g., pomegranate rind)
- Core is usually glucose esterified with galloyl units
- Soluble in water and polar solvents
- Example drug: Quercus infectoria (Galls), Punica granatum
II. Condensed Tannins (Proanthocyanidins)
- NOT hydrolysed by acids or enzymes; instead they condense/polymerise upon heating with acids to give red/brown insoluble products called phlobaphenes
- Formed by condensation of flavan-3-ol and flavan-3,4-diol units
- Also called non-hydrolysable tannins
- More stable and higher molecular weight than hydrolysable tannins
- Yield anthocyanidins (red pigments) on acid hydrolysis
- Example drugs: Catechu (Acacia catechu), Gambir (Uncaria gambier), Cinchona bark
4. Identification Tests for Tannins
1. Goldbeater's Skin Test (Most Specific)
- Goldbeater's skin = membrane from the intestine of ox; behaves like untanned animal hide
- Procedure: A piece of goldbeater's skin previously soaked in 2% HCl → wash with distilled water → place in tannin solution for 5 minutes → wash with distilled water → transfer to 1% FeSO4 solution
- Result: Change in colour of skin to brown or black = positive (tannins present)
- Both hydrolysable and condensed tannins give positive; pseudotannins give little/negative result
2. Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) Test
- Aqueous extract of drug + few drops of 1% FeCl3 solution
- Hydrolysable tannins → Blue/blue-black colour
- Condensed tannins → Green/greenish-black colour
3. Gelatin Test
- Aqueous extract + 1% gelatin solution containing 10% NaCl
- Result: White flocculent precipitate = tannins present (due to protein precipitation)
4. Lead Acetate Test
- Aqueous extract + lead acetate solution
- Result: Yellowish-white precipitate = tannins present
5. Bromine Water Test
- To differentiate hydrolysable from condensed tannins
- Condensed tannins → yellowish-white precipitate with bromine water
- Hydrolysable tannins → no precipitate
6. Potassium Iodate Test
- Differentiates the two classes:
- Hydrolysable tannins → red/crimson colour with KIO3
- Condensed tannins → no colour
7. Vanillin-HCl Test
- Condensed tannins + vanillin in HCl → red colour (confirmatory for condensed tannins)
5. Uses of Tannins
Pharmaceutical Uses:
- Astringent: Used in treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, and intestinal bleeding (e.g., tannic acid, catechu)
- Haemostatic: Applied topically to stop minor bleeding
- Antidote for alkaloid poisoning: Tannic acid precipitates alkaloids in the stomach (e.g., morphine, strychnine poisoning)
- Burns treatment: Tannic acid was historically used in burn ointments (now limited due to hepatotoxicity risk)
- Antibacterial/antiviral: Tannins exhibit activity against various pathogens
- Antioxidant: Free radical scavenging property
- Anti-inflammatory: Used in formulations for wound healing
Industrial Uses:
- Leather tanning: Convert raw hide into leather (the original use)
- Ink manufacture: Blue-black iron gall ink is made from gallic acid + ferrous sulfate
- Wine and beer production: Tannins contribute to taste, clarity, and preservation
- Anti-corrosive primers: Convert rust (iron oxide) to stable iron tannate
- Textile dyeing: Used as mordant in dyeing
PART B: RESINS
1. Definition
Resins are amorphous, complex natural products of a complex chemical nature, usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous ducts or cavities within plant tissues. They are considered end products of metabolism and are believed to be oxidation products of terpenes.
Physical properties:
- Usually hard, transparent, or translucent solids
- When heated, they soften and finally melt
- Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents
- On evaporation, their solutions deposit the resin as a varnish-like film
- Burn with a characteristic smoky flame
Chemically: Complex mixtures of resin acids, resin alcohols (resinols), resinotannols, esters (resenes), and hydrocarbons.
2. Classification of Resins
A. Based on Chemical Constituents
| Class | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Resin Acids | Oxyacids in free or ester state; soluble in alkali; metallic salts = resinates | Abietic acid (colophony), Commiphoric acid (myrrh) |
| Resin Alcohols (Resinols) | Free or esterified alcohols | Benzoresinol (benzoin), Storesinol (storax) |
| Resinotannols | Resin phenols; give tannin-like reactions | Toluresinotannol (tolu balsam), Peruresinotannol (peru balsam) |
| Resenes | Chemically inert hydrocarbons; resist most chemical reagents | Present in many resins |
| Resin Esters | Esters of resin acids and alcohols | Benzyl benzoate (peru balsam) |
B. Based on Combinations with Other Constituents
| Type | Composition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Resins (pure) | Entire resin alone | Benzoin, Colophony |
| Oleoresins | Resin + volatile oil | Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Capsicum, Copaiba |
| Oleo-gum-resins | Resin + volatile oil + gum | Asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida), Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) |
| Gum-resins | Resin + gum (no volatile oil) | Ammoniacum, Gamboge |
| Balsams | Resin + cinnamic/benzoic acid | Tolu balsam, Peru balsam, Benzoin, Storax |
| Glycoresins (Glucoresins) | Resin + glycoside | Jalap (Ipomoea jalapa), Podophyllum |
3. Identification Tests for Resins
1. Benzoin Test:
- Drug + ether → shake → extract + conc. H2SO4
- Sumatra benzoin → deep brown colour; Siam benzoin → deep purple colour
2. Colophony Test:
- Drug + acetic anhydride + 1 drop concentrated H2SO4
- Result: Purple colour rapidly changing to violet (Baeyer's test)
3. Myrrh Test:
- (a) Triturate with ether → filter → evaporate thin film → exposure to Br2 vapour → violet colour
- (b) Triturate with water → gives yellow emulsion
4. Podophyllum (Podophyllin) Test:
- Drug + alcohol → macerate → filter → filtrate + strong copper acetate solution
- Result: Brown precipitate
5. Tolu Balsam Test:
- Drug is acidic to litmus paper
- Drug + FeCl3 → green colour (due to resinotannol)
General Tests for all Resins:
- Resins are insoluble in water but dissolve in alcohol/organic solvents
- Resins burn with a smoky, aromatic flame
- Resin solutions leave a varnish-like residue on evaporation
4. Uses of Resins
| Drug | Uses |
|---|---|
| Colophony (Rosin) | Stiffening agent in cerates/plasters/ointments; veterinary diuretic; varnishes, printing inks, soaps, sealing wax, floor coverings |
| Podophyllum Resin (Podophyllin) | Cathartic/purgative; antimitotic - treatment of condylomata acuminata (genital warts); research use in cancer |
| Benzoin | Antiseptic; compound benzoin tincture (Friar's Balsam) - inhalation for respiratory catarrh; as a preservative in pharmaceutical preparations |
| Tolu Balsam | Expectorant; flavoring agent in syrups, confectionery, chewing gum, and perfumery; pharmaceutical aid |
| Peru Balsam | Antiseptic and parasiticide; treatment of scabies, wounds, and burns; in suppositories, creams, and inhalations |
| Asafoetida | Antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant; used in hysteria and as flavoring |
| Myrrh | Astringent, antiseptic; used in mouthwashes and gargles; carminative |
| Copaiba | Expectorant, diuretic; treatment of gonorrhea historically |
| Ginger (Oleoresin) | Carminative, aromatic stimulant, flavoring condiment; antiemetic |
Summary Comparison Table
| Feature | Tannins | Resins |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | Polyphenolic; water-soluble | Complex mixture; water-insoluble |
| Solubility | Water, alcohol, acetone | Alcohol, organic solvents; NOT water |
| Taste | Strongly astringent | Bitter or aromatic |
| Key reaction | Precipitate proteins/gelatin | Leave varnish film; burn with smoky flame |
| Key test | Goldbeater's skin test | Drug-specific chemical tests |
| Major use | Astringent, haemostatic, antidote | Purgative, antiseptic, expectorant |
| FeCl3 test | Blue/black or green | Green (for resinotannols only) |
Sources: Pharmacognosy-I Unit IV, Dr. Nisha Sharma (B.Pharm IV Sem); Pharmacognosy II - Resins and Resin Combinations, Dr. Shereen M. Al-Husseiny; Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 16e.
It's too long
Here's a concise 12-mark answer:
Tannins and Resins
TANNINS
Definition
Tannins are complex organic, non-nitrogenous polyphenolic plant compounds that precipitate proteins, possess astringent properties, and convert raw animal hides into leather (tanning). Term first used by Seguin (1796).
Classification
1. Hydrolysable Tannins - hydrolysed by acids/enzymes (tannase):
- Gallotannins - yield gallic acid + glucose (e.g., Galls - Quercus infectoria)
- Ellagitannins - yield ellagic acid + glucose (e.g., Pomegranate rind)
2. Condensed Tannins - NOT hydrolysable; condense with acid to give red phlobaphenes; yield anthocyanidins on heating (e.g., Catechu, Gambir)
3. Pseudotannins - low MW; fail Goldbeater's skin test (e.g., catechin, chlorogenic acid)
Identification Tests
| Test | Reagent | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Goldbeater's skin | Ox intestine membrane + 1% FeSO4 | Brown/black = positive |
| FeCl3 test | 1% ferric chloride | Hydrolysable → blue-black; Condensed → green |
| Gelatin test | 1% gelatin + 10% NaCl | White precipitate |
| Vanillin-HCl | Vanillin + conc. HCl | Red = condensed tannins |
| Bromine water | Br2 water | Ppt = condensed; No ppt = hydrolysable |
Uses
- Astringent - diarrhea, dysentery
- Haemostatic - stop minor bleeding
- Antidote - alkaloid poisoning (precipitates alkaloids in stomach)
- Antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
- Industrial: leather tanning, ink manufacture
RESINS
Definition
Resins are amorphous, hard, complex natural products formed in schizogenous/schizolysigenous ducts, considered oxidation products of terpenes. They are insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol/organic solvents, and burn with a smoky flame leaving a varnish-like residue.
Classification
Based on combination:
| Type | Composition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Pure resin | Resin only | Benzoin, Colophony |
| Oleoresin | Resin + volatile oil | Ginger, Capsicum |
| Oleo-gum-resin | Resin + oil + gum | Myrrh, Asafoetida |
| Balsam | Resin + cinnamic/benzoic acid | Tolu balsam, Peru balsam |
| Glycoresin | Resin + glycoside | Jalap, Podophyllum |
Based on chemical constituents: Resin acids, Resinols (resin alcohols), Resinotannols, Resenes, Resin esters.
Identification Tests
| Drug | Test | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Benzoin | + ether extract + H2SO4 | Sumatra → brown; Siam → purple |
| Colophony | + acetic anhydride + H2SO4 | Purple → violet |
| Myrrh | Thin film + Br2 vapour | Violet colour |
| Podophyllum | Alcoholic extract + copper acetate | Brown precipitate |
| Tolu balsam | + FeCl3 | Green (resinotannol) |
Uses
| Drug | Use |
|---|---|
| Colophony | Ointments, plasters, varnishes |
| Podophyllin | Purgative; treatment of genital warts |
| Benzoin | Antiseptic; compound benzoin tincture (inhalant) |
| Peru/Tolu balsam | Expectorant, flavoring, antiseptic |
| Asafoetida | Carminative, antispasmodic |
| Myrrh | Astringent, antiseptic mouthwash |
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These are the two screenshot for this question according to these only give the answer for 11 marks
Based exactly on your notes:
Tannins and Resins
TANNINS
Definition: Tannins are the complex, organic, non-nitrogenous polyphenolic substances of higher molecular weight. They are used as antiseptics and in GIT disease like diarrhea, and used in leather industries.
Properties
Physical Properties:
- Amorphous, non-crystalline
- Molecular weight: 500 to 70,000 Dalton
- Soluble in water, OH, glycerine, dilute alkalies
- Insoluble in organic solvents except acetone
- Astringent taste
Chemical Properties:
- Tannins form ppt with protein
- Tannins ppt by salts of copper, tin, and lead
- Tannins form ppt with gelatin and alkaloids
- Show acidic reaction due to phenol
Identification / Chemical Tests
1. Goldbeater's Skin Test:
- Gold beater skin is a prototype of untanned fresh skin of an animal, obtained as membrane from intestine of ox
- GBS dipped in 2% HCl (5 min) → wash with distilled H2O → then add in sample → tannins present or not → wash and treat with ferrous sulphate solution → Black/Brown colour
2. Gelatin Test:
- Tannin solution + 1% gelatin solution + 10% NaCl solution → White colour
3. Ferric Chloride Test:
- Tannin extract + FeCl3 → Blue colour
4. Chlorogenic Acid Test:
- Drug extract + aqueous ammonia → Green colour
5. Phenazone Test:
- 10 ml aqueous extract of tannin + sodium acid phosphate → heated and filtered → 2% solution of phenazone added to filtrate → A bulky coloured ppt is formed
Classification
Tannins are classified into 3 groups based on complexity of their chemical nature and according to their behaviour on dry distillation:
1. Hydrolysable Tannins:
- Hydrolysed by acids or enzymes quickly; products of hydrolysis are gallic acid or ellagic acid
- On dry distillation: gallic acid and other components get converted to pyrogallol; respond to ferric chloride solution producing blue colour
- Examples: gallotannins in nutgall; ellagitannins from oak, myrobalans, pomegranate bark
- Also: rhubarb, clove, chestnuts
2. Condensed Tannins:
- Also known as non-hydrolysable tannins, phlobatannins, or proanthocyanidins
- Very resistant to hydrolysis; formed via condensation of flavanoid pigments (flavan-1-ol or flavan-3-8 of flavanes like catechin or flavan-3,4-diols)
- On dry distillation → brownish-green colour
- Examples: green tea, hamamelis leaves, cinchona, cinnamon, wild cherry bark, cocoa, cola - rich in condensed tannins; pale and black catechu also rich in condensed tannins
3. Phlorotannins:
- Present in dark brown algae and in few red algae such as kelps and seaweeds
- Chemically these are oligomers of phloroglucinol and are based on arrangement of phloroglucinol monomers
- Divided into sub-classes: fucols, phlorotannols, fucophlorethols, fuhalols
- Classified as per linkage into: fuhalols and phlorethols; ether linkage = fuhalols; phenyl linkage = fucols; ether and phenyl linkage = fucophlorethols
4. Ellagitannins linkage: Eckel and cannelols
Pseudotannins: Not treated as a separate group; do not obey Goldbeater's skin test; low molecular weight compounds. Examples: chlorogenic acid in coffee, mix vomica; ipecac-nulic acid in ipecacuanha; catechins in cocoa - are examples of pseudotannins.
RESINS
Definition: Resins are the class of secondary metabolites which are sticky, flammable, organic compounds, insoluble in water, and are secreted by some plants and trees. Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury - protection against the plant from insects and pathogens. Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature.
Properties
- Heavier than water
- Hard, transparent/translucent brittle substances
- Soluble in organic solvents, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate, non-polar organic solvents like benzene or ether
- Insoluble in water and polar solvents
- Chemically contain organic acids, alcohols, esters, and neutral resins
Classification
Depending upon the type of constituents of the resin, they are classified as:
1. Acid Resins:
- Contain acids as chief constituents
- Examples (with their acids): Colophony (abietic acid), Shellac (aleuritic acid), Safetida (galbanoedic acid)
2. Ester Resins:
- Contains esters as chief constituents
- Examples: Benzoin (coniferyl benzoate), Storax (cinnamyl cinnamate)
3. Resin Alcohols:
- Contents are complex alcohols of high molecular weight; found in free state or as esters
- Examples: Balsam of peru with peruresinotannol; guaian balsam with guajuresimol
Other combinations:
- Oleoresins - resins and oils in homogeneous mixtures: Copaiba, Canada balsam, Capsicum
- Oleo-gum-resins - homogeneous mixtures of volatile oil, gum and resin: Guggul, Asafoetida
- Glycoresins - made up of resins and sugars: Jalap, Ipomoea
- Balsam - if resin contains benzoic acid or cinnamic acid: Balsam of tolu, Storax, Balsam of peru
Identification / Chemical Test of Resins
1. Alcoholic solution of resin + few drops of FeCl3 solution → Produces green colour
2. Resin powder + 10 ml acetic anhydride → add few drops of H2SO4 → Purple-violet colour produced
Uses
- Used as adhesives
- Preparation of cosmetics
- Having purgative, laxative, and sedative properties
What should I write the first one which you have given or this from the notes which one should I prefer
Write from your notes (the second one) - here's why:
-
Exam-aligned - the content matches exactly what your teacher/professor has taught, so the examiner expects those specific points
-
Correct classification - your notes have all 4 types (Hydrolysable, Condensed, Phlorotannins, Pseudotannins) which is more complete for marks
-
Specific tests - your notes include the Phenazone test and Chlorogenic acid test which the first answer missed
-
Safer for marks - examiners mark based on what was taught in class; writing from notes reduces risk of writing something "extra" that contradicts the syllabus
-
Right length - fits a 11-mark answer without being too short or too long
One tip: The notes-based answer is slightly long to write in an exam. Focus on these must-write sections:
- Definition ✓
- Properties (brief) ✓
- Classification with examples ✓
- Identification tests (all 5 for tannins, both for resins) ✓
- Uses ✓
If you run short on time, skip the sub-classification of phlorotannins (fuhalols, fucols etc.) - those are minor detail points and unlikely to affect marks significantly.
Can you do the little bit concession on that which you have given just now from the notes its looking too long it actually for 10 marks I thought you will not give the sufficient did by acid 11 marks
Here is the concise but complete version strictly from your notes:
Tannins and Resins
TANNINS
Definition: Tannins are complex, organic, non-nitrogenous polyphenolic substances of higher molecular weight. Used as antiseptics, in GIT disease, and in leather industries.
Properties
Physical: Amorphous, non-crystalline; MW 500-70,000 Dalton; soluble in water, glycerine, dilute alkalies; insoluble in organic solvents except acetone; astringent taste.
Chemical: Form ppt with protein, gelatin, alkaloids; ppt by salts of copper, tin, lead; show acidic reaction due to phenol.
Identification Tests
- Goldbeater's Skin Test - GBS dipped in 2% HCl → wash → add sample → wash → treat with ferrous sulphate → Black/Brown colour
- Gelatin Test - Tannin solution + 1% gelatin + 10% NaCl → White precipitate
- Ferric Chloride Test - Tannin extract + FeCl3 → Blue colour
- Chlorogenic Acid Test - Drug extract + aqueous ammonia → Green colour
- Phenazone Test - Aqueous extract + sodium acid phosphate → heat + filter → add 2% phenazone → Bulky coloured ppt formed
Classification
1. Hydrolysable Tannins: Hydrolysed by acids/enzymes; yield gallic acid or ellagic acid; give blue colour with FeCl3; on dry distillation give pyrogallol. Examples: gallotannins (nutgall), ellagitannins (pomegranate bark, myrobalans).
2. Condensed Tannins: Non-hydrolysable; formed by condensation of flavanoid pigments (catechin, flavan-3,4-diols); give brownish-green colour on dry distillation. Examples: green tea, cinchona, catechu, wild cherry bark.
3. Phlorotannins: Present in dark brown algae; oligomers of phloroglucinol. Sub-classes: fucols, phlorotannols, fuhalols, fucophlorethols.
4. Pseudotannins: Low MW; do not obey Goldbeater's skin test. Examples: chlorogenic acid (coffee), catechins (cocoa), ipecac-nulic acid (ipecacuanha).
RESINS
Definition: Resins are sticky, flammable, organic secondary metabolites, insoluble in water, secreted by plants and trees in response to injury for protection against insects and pathogens. They are amorphous products of complex chemical nature.
Properties
- Hard, transparent/translucent brittle substances; heavier than water
- Soluble in organic solvents, volatile oils, benzene, ether
- Insoluble in water and polar solvents
- Chemically contain organic acids, alcohols, esters, and neutral resins
Classification
1. Acid Resins - contain acids as chief constituents. Examples: Colophony (abietic acid), Shellac (aleuritic acid), Asafoetida (galbanoedic acid)
2. Ester Resins - contain esters as chief constituents. Examples: Benzoin (coniferyl benzoate), Storax (cinnamyl cinnamate)
3. Resin Alcohols - complex alcohols of high MW; free or as esters. Examples: Balsam of peru (peruresinotannol), Guaian balsam (guajuresimol)
Other combinations:
- Oleoresins (resin + oil): Copaiba, Capsicum
- Oleo-gum-resins (resin + oil + gum): Guggul, Asafoetida
- Glycoresins (resin + sugars): Jalap, Ipomoea
- Balsams (resin + benzoic/cinnamic acid): Tolu balsam, Storax, Peru balsam
Identification Tests
- Alcoholic solution of resin + few drops FeCl3 → Green colour
- Resin powder + 10 ml acetic anhydride + few drops H2SO4 → Purple-violet colour
Uses
- Used as adhesives
- Preparation of cosmetics
- Having purgative, laxative, and sedative properties
This version covers all the key points from your notes in a compact, exam-ready format. Write it as-is for 10-11 marks.
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Write the pharmacognosy of acacia and agar from synonym to uses ? This is the question according to these notes give the concise version this answer is for 6 marks
Acacia and Agar
ACACIA
Synonym: Gum acacia, Gum arabica, Indian gum
Biological Source: Dried gummy exudation obtained from the stem and branches of wild Acacia arabica
Family: Leguminosae
Geographical Source: India, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Morocco and Africa
Collection and Preparation
Gum collected from 6-8 year old trees → Incision made on stem in winter (November) → Gum exudates after 6-8 weeks → Collected and dried in sunlight for 3 weeks → Bleaches the gum and white colour observed → Obtained gum collected and packed
Macroscopic Characters
- Colour: Cream brown to red
- Odour: Odourless
- Taste: Tasteless
- Shape: Pea shape; Size: Varies
- Solubility: Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol
Chemical Constituents
- Contains Arabin (mixture of calcium, magnesium and potassium salts of Arabic acid)
- Also contains enzyme oxidase
Identification Tests
- Solution of lead sub-acetate gelatinises the aqueous solution of Indian gum
- Does not produce pink colour with solution of ruthenium red
- Addition of solution of hydrogen peroxide and benzidine in alcohol to aqueous solution of gum → turns blue due to oxidase enzyme
Preservation and Storage
Stored in cool dry place in air-tight containers
Uses
- Used as an emulsifying agent
- Acts as a demulcent
- Good binding agent; used in preparation of lozenges, pastilles, compressed tablets
- Used in making candies
- Used as a suspending agent
AGAR
Synonym: Agar Agar, Japanese Isinglass, Vegetable gelatin
Biological Source: Obtained from dried gelatinous substance Gelidium amansii and several other species of red algae
Family: Gelidiaceae
Geographical Source: Japan, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Korea, Spain, India
Macroscopic Characters
- Colour: Yellowish white to grey
- Odour: Odourless
- Taste: Mucilaginous
- Shape: Strips, flakes or coarse powder
- Solubility: Insoluble in organic solvents and cold water; soluble in hot water
Collection and Preparation
Algae collected between May-October; manufacturing done in winter → Algae collected, dried, beaten and shaken to remove shell and sand → Bleached by exposure to sunlight or washing with water → Boiled with acidulated water for few hours → Mucilaginous mass formed, filtered hot and cooled → Cut into bars and made into strips → Dried in sunlight removing moisture at 35°C
Chemical Constituents
- Consists of two polysaccharides: Agarose and Agaropectin
- Agarose responsible for gel strength
- Agaropectin responsible for viscosity of agar solutions
- Contains about 3.5% cellulose and 6% nitrogen containing substance
Identification Tests
- Powdered drug + ruthenium red → Red colour
- Incinerated ash of agar + dil. HCl → microscopic skeletons and sponge are seen
- Boil 1.5g agar with 100ml water → cool to room temperature → forms a stiff jelly
- 0.2% solution of agar in water + solution of tannic acid → No precipitate produced
Uses
- Used as emulsifying agent and bulk laxative
- Used in preparation of jellies and confectionery items
- In microbiology, employed in preparation of bacteriological culture medium
Write the pharmacognosy of acacia and agar from synonym to uses ? This is the question according to these notes give the concise version this answer is for 6 marks the two screenshot which I have provided above just now
Here is the concise 6-mark version:
Acacia and Agar
ACACIA
Synonym: Gum acacia, Gum arabica, Indian gum
Biological Source: Dried gummy exudation from stem and branches of wild Acacia arabica
Family: Leguminosae
Geographical Source: India, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Morocco, Africa
Macroscopic Characters:
- Colour: Cream brown to red | Odour: Odourless | Taste: Tasteless
- Shape: Pea shape | Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol
Chemical Constituents: Contains Arabin (mixture of calcium, magnesium, potassium salts of Arabic acid) and enzyme oxidase
Identification Tests:
- Lead sub-acetate solution → gelatinises aqueous solution of gum
- Does not give pink colour with ruthenium red
- H2O2 + benzidine in alcohol + gum solution → Blue colour (due to oxidase enzyme)
Uses:
- Emulsifying agent and demulcent
- Binding agent in lozenges, pastilles, compressed tablets
- Used in making candies and as suspending agent
AGAR
Synonym: Agar Agar, Japanese Isinglass, Vegetable gelatin
Biological Source: Dried gelatinous substance of Gelidium amansii and other red algae species
Family: Gelidiaceae
Geographical Source: Japan, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Korea, Spain, India
Macroscopic Characters:
- Colour: Yellowish white to grey | Odour: Odourless | Taste: Mucilaginous
- Shape: Strips, flakes or coarse powder
- Insoluble in cold water/organic solvents; soluble in hot water
Chemical Constituents:
- Two polysaccharides: Agarose (responsible for gel strength) and Agaropectin (responsible for viscosity)
- Contains 3.5% cellulose and 6% nitrogen containing substance
Identification Tests:
- Powdered drug + ruthenium red → Red colour
- Incinerated ash + dil. HCl → skeletons and sponge seen under microscope
- 1.5g agar boiled in 100ml water → cooled → forms stiff jelly
- 0.2% agar solution + tannic acid → No precipitate
Uses:
- Emulsifying agent and bulk laxative
- Preparation of jellies and confectionery
- Bacteriological culture medium in microbiology
Write the pharmacognosy of acacia and agar from synonym to uses ? This is the question according to these notes give the concise version this answer is for 6 marks the two screenshot which I have provided above just now
The answer I just gave above is exactly that - concise and based on your notes for 6 marks. You can use that same answer.
But if you want it even shorter, here is a trimmed version:
Acacia and Agar
ACACIA
Synonym: Gum acacia, Gum arabica, Indian gum
Biological Source: Dried gummy exudation from stem and branches of Acacia arabica
Family: Leguminosae
Geographical Source: India, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Morocco, Africa
Macroscopic Characters: Cream brown to red; odourless; tasteless; pea shaped; soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol
Chemical Constituents: Arabin (calcium, magnesium, potassium salts of Arabic acid) + enzyme oxidase
Identification Tests:
- Lead sub-acetate → gelatinises gum solution
- No pink colour with ruthenium red
- H2O2 + benzidine + gum → blue colour (oxidase enzyme)
Uses: Emulsifying agent, demulcent, binding agent in tablets/lozenges, suspending agent, used in candies
AGAR
Synonym: Agar Agar, Japanese Isinglass, Vegetable gelatin
Biological Source: Dried gelatinous substance of Gelidium amansii and other red algae
Family: Gelidiaceae
Geographical Source: Japan, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Korea, Spain, India
Macroscopic Characters: Yellowish white to grey; odourless; mucilaginous taste; strips/flakes/powder; insoluble in cold water; soluble in hot water
Chemical Constituents: Two polysaccharides - Agarose (gel strength) and Agaropectin (viscosity); 3.5% cellulose; 6% nitrogen substance
Identification Tests:
-
- Ruthenium red → red colour
- Incinerated ash + dil. HCl → skeletons and sponge under microscope
- 1.5g in 100ml water boiled → cooled → stiff jelly
- 0.2% solution + tannic acid → no precipitate
Uses: Emulsifying agent, bulk laxative, preparation of jellies, bacteriological culture medium
This is the ideal length for 6 marks - covers all headings without unnecessary detail.
A little bit longer little bit not too much tab of which are given is incomplete due to the network
Acacia and Agar
ACACIA
Synonym: Gum acacia, Gum arabica, Indian gum
Biological Source: Dried gummy exudation obtained from the stem and branches of wild Acacia arabica
Family: Leguminosae
Geographical Source: India, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Morocco and Africa
Collection and Preparation:
Gum collected from 6-8 year old trees → Incision made on stem in winter (November) → Gum exudates after 6-8 weeks → Collected and dried in sunlight for 3 weeks → White colour observed → Packed
Macroscopic Characters:
- Colour: Cream brown to red
- Odour: Odourless; Taste: Tasteless
- Shape: Pea shape; Size: Varies
- Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol
Chemical Constituents:
- Contains Arabin - mixture of calcium, magnesium and potassium salts of Arabic acid
- Also contains enzyme oxidase
Identification Tests:
- Solution of lead sub-acetate → gelatinises aqueous solution of gum
- Does not produce pink colour with ruthenium red solution
- H2O2 + benzidine in alcohol + aqueous gum solution → Blue colour due to oxidase enzyme
Preservation: Stored in cool dry place in air-tight containers
Uses:
- Emulsifying agent and demulcent
- Binding agent in lozenges, pastilles and compressed tablets
- Used in making candies
- Used as suspending agent
AGAR
Synonym: Agar Agar, Japanese Isinglass, Vegetable gelatin
Biological Source: Obtained from dried gelatinous substance of Gelidium amansii and several other species of red algae
Family: Gelidiaceae
Geographical Source: Japan, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Korea, Spain, India
Collection and Preparation:
Algae collected May-October → dried, beaten, shaken to remove shell and sand → Bleached by sunlight or washing with water → Boiled with acidulated water for few hours → Mucilaginous mass formed, filtered hot and cooled → Cut into bars and strips → Dried in sunlight at 35°C removing moisture
Macroscopic Characters:
- Colour: Yellowish white to grey
- Odour: Odourless; Taste: Mucilaginous
- Shape: Strips, flakes or coarse powder
- Insoluble in organic solvents and cold water; soluble in hot water
Chemical Constituents:
- Two polysaccharides: Agarose and Agaropectin
- Agarose - responsible for gel strength
- Agaropectin - responsible for viscosity of agar solutions
- Contains 3.5% cellulose and 6% nitrogen containing substance
Identification Tests:
- Powdered drug + ruthenium red → Red colour
- Incinerated ash + dil. HCl → skeletons and sponge seen under microscope
- 1.5g agar boiled in 100ml water → cooled to room temperature → forms stiff jelly
- 0.2% agar solution + tannic acid solution → No precipitate formed
Uses:
- Used as emulsifying agent and bulk laxative
- Used in preparation of jellies and confectionery items
- Employed in preparation of bacteriological culture medium in microbiology
Are these are from notes?
Yes, 100% from your notes only. Every single point is taken directly from the two screenshots you shared. Nothing extra was added.
Here is the proof:
Acacia - from your notes:
- Synonym - Gum acacia, Gum arabica, Indian gum ✓
- Biological source - dried gummy exudation, Acacia arabica ✓
- Family - Leguminosae ✓
- Geographical source - India, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Morocco, Africa ✓
- Collection - 6-8 year old trees, incision in winter (November) ✓
- Macroscopic - cream brown to red, odourless, tasteless, pea shape ✓
- Constituents - Arabin, oxidase enzyme ✓
- Tests - lead sub acetate, ruthenium red, H2O2 + benzidine ✓
- Uses - emulsifying, demulcent, binding agent, candies, suspending agent ✓
Agar - from your notes:
- Synonym - Agar Agar, Japanese Isinglass, Vegetable gelatin ✓
- Biological source - Gelidium amansii, red algae ✓
- Family - Gelidiaceae ✓
- Geographical source - Japan, Australia, New Zealand, USA, Korea, Spain, India ✓
- Collection - bleaching, acidulated water, 35°C ✓
- Constituents - Agarose (gel strength), Agaropectin (viscosity) ✓
- Tests - ruthenium red, dil HCl, stiff jelly, tannic acid ✓
- Uses - emulsifying, laxative, jellies, culture medium ✓
You can write this answer with full confidence.
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