Anxiety is a diffuse, unpleasant, vague feeling of apprehension, usually accompanied by autonomic symptoms. It involves awareness of physiologic sensations such as palpitations and sweating, along with a subjective feeling of nervousness or fear. Unlike fear, which is a response to an identifiable present danger, anxiety is directed toward an anticipated or impending danger.
Associated manifestations of anxiety
Psychological / emotional
Apprehension, dread, or feeling that something bad may happen
Nervousness, fearfulness, irritability
Feeling tense, “on edge,” restless, or unable to relax
Sense of impending doom
Cognitive
Excessive worry and rumination
Poor concentration and distractibility
Hypervigilance
Difficulty making decisions
Feeling of unreality or detachment in severe anxiety
Autonomic / cardiovascular
Palpitations and tachycardia
Sweating, especially palmar sweating
Flushing or pallor
Tremulousness
Dry mouth
Dizziness or light-headedness
Respiratory
Rapid breathing or hyperventilation
Shortness of breath
Chest tightness or choking sensation
Gastrointestinal / genitourinary
Nausea, abdominal discomfort, “butterflies” in the stomach
Diarrhea or constipation
Urinary frequency or urgency
Neuromuscular and behavioral
Muscle tension, aches, headache
Restlessness, fidgeting, pacing
Startle response
Avoidance of feared situations
In severe anxiety: freezing, escape behavior, or seeking repeated reassurance
Reference: Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, section “Anxiety Disorders,” states that anxiety is “a diffuse, unpleasant, vague sense of apprehension, usually accompanied by autonomic symptoms,” and distinguishes it from fear because it concerns impending rather than overt danger. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry, 12th ed., Anxiety Disorders, p. 478.
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