Normal values of glucose urea proteins creatinine in qualitative analysis of biochemistry
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normal reference values blood glucose urea creatinine total protein biochemistry qualitative analysis
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Normal Values in Qualitative Biochemistry Analysis
1. Blood Glucose
| State | Normal Range |
|---|---|
| Fasting (FBG) | 70 - 100 mg/dL (3.9 - 5.5 mmol/L) |
| Post-prandial (2 hrs) | < 140 mg/dL |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 100 - 125 mg/dL |
| Diabetes (confirmed) | > 125 mg/dL (fasting) |
- After a meal, blood glucose rises to ~120-140 mg/dL within 30-60 minutes, then returns to fasting range by ~2 hours. (Basic Medical Biochemistry - A Clinical Approach, 6e)
- A fasting of at least 8 hours is required for accurate FBG measurement. (Lippincott Biochemistry, 8e)
2. Blood Urea / Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
| Parameter | Normal Range |
|---|---|
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | 5 - 20 mg/dL (1.8 - 7.2 mmol urea/L) |
| Blood Urea (as urea, not nitrogen) | ~15 - 40 mg/dL |
| BUN : Creatinine ratio | ~10 : 1 (normal) |
- The wide reference range reflects the influence of dietary protein intake, endogenous protein catabolism, fluid intake, and hepatic urea synthesis. (Brenner and Rector's The Kidney, 2-Volume Set)
- BUN rises in renal dysfunction but is also affected by GI bleeding, high-protein diet, fever, and trauma. A BUN/Cr ratio > 10:1 suggests prerenal azotemia. (Rosen's Emergency Medicine)
3. Serum Creatinine
| Population | Normal Range |
|---|---|
| General | 0.5 - 1.5 mg/dL |
| Thin individuals | ~0.5 mg/dL (lower end) |
| Muscular individuals | ~1.5 mg/dL (upper end) |
| Adult males (typical) | 0.7 - 1.3 mg/dL |
| Adult females (typical) | 0.5 - 1.1 mg/dL |
- Because creatinine production is constant (from muscle), changes in serum creatinine reliably reflect changes in GFR. If GFR is halved, serum creatinine doubles. (Rosen's Emergency Medicine)
- Spurious elevations (up to 2 mg/dL) can occur with acetoacetate, trimethoprim, or cimetidine.
- Creatinine clearance is estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation: (140 - age) × weight / (72 × serum creatinine) × 0.85 (if female).
4. Serum Proteins
| Protein Fraction | Normal Range (Plasma/Serum) |
|---|---|
| Total Protein | 6 - 8 g/dL |
| Albumin | 3.5 - 5 g/dL (~50-65% of total) |
| Globulins (total) | 2 - 3.5 g/dL |
| Alpha-1 globulin | 3% - 5% |
| Alpha-2 globulin | 7% - 13% |
| Beta globulin | 8% - 14% |
| Gamma globulin | 12% - 22% |
| A:G ratio | ~1.2 : 1 to 2 : 1 |
- (Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods)
Urine Protein (Normal)
- Random urine: < 150 mg/24 hours (trace at most on dipstick)
- Nephrotic-range proteinuria: > 3.5 g/24 hours
Quick Summary Table
| Analyte | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Fasting Blood Glucose | 70 - 100 mg/dL |
| Post-prandial Glucose (2 hr) | < 140 mg/dL |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | 5 - 20 mg/dL |
| Blood Urea | 15 - 40 mg/dL |
| Serum Creatinine | 0.5 - 1.5 mg/dL |
| Total Serum Protein | 6 - 8 g/dL |
| Serum Albumin | 3.5 - 5 g/dL |
| Serum Globulins | 2 - 3.5 g/dL |
| A:G Ratio | 1.2 - 2 : 1 |
Sources: Brenner and Rector's The Kidney | Rosen's Emergency Medicine | Basic Medical Biochemistry - A Clinical Approach, 6e | Lippincott Illustrated Reviews Biochemistry, 8e | Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
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