🔬 PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACOKINETICS (Most High-Yield)

1. What is the volume of distribution (Vd) and its significance?
2. Define bioavailability. What factors affect oral bioavailability?
3. What is the first-pass effect? Give examples of drugs with high first-pass metabolism.
4. What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and its application in drug absorption?
5. Explain the concept of half-life (t½) and its clinical importance.
6. What is therapeutic index (TI)? Which drugs have a narrow therapeutic index?
7. Mechanisms of drug-receptor interactions: agonist, antagonist, partial agonist.
8. What is enzyme induction and inhibition? Give examples of inducers and inhibitors of CYP450.
9. Explain zero-order vs. first-order kinetics with examples.
10. What are prodrugs? Give 5 examples with their active metabolites.

💊 DRUG CLASSIFICATION & MECHANISM OF ACTION

1. Classify beta-blockers. What is the difference between selective and non-selective beta-blockers?
2. Mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors vs. ARBs. When is each preferred?
3. Classify diuretics with mechanism and clinical uses.
4. Classify NSAIDs. What is the role of COX-1 vs. COX-2 selectivity?
5. Mechanism of action of statins. Why are they given at night?
6. Classify antibiotics based on mechanism of action (cell wall, protein synthesis, DNA gyrase, etc.).
7. What is the mechanism of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics?
8. Classify antihypertensives with examples and MOA.
9. Mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) vs. H2-blockers.
10. Classify antidiabetic drugs. MOA of metformin and sulfonylureas.

🧪 PHARMACEUTICS & DOSAGE FORMS

1. What is a suspending agent? Give examples and their HLB values.
2. Difference between emulsion and suspension — stability challenges.
3. What are the stages of tablet compression? Define hardness, friability, disintegration.
4. What is osmotic pressure and its role in isotonic eye drops preparation?
5. Define critical micelle concentration (CMC) and its significance in formulation.
6. What are lyophilization/freeze-drying steps? Advantages over spray drying.
7. What is the difference between enteric-coated and sustained-release dosage forms?
8. Classify preservatives used in ophthalmic preparations.
9. What are the ideal properties of a suppository base? Classify suppository bases.
10. Sterilization methods — dry heat vs. autoclaving: temperature, time, mechanism.

🔬 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

1. SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship) of penicillins — which structural part is essential for activity?
2. What is the mechanism of action of sulfonamides? What structural feature makes them work?
3. Classify local anesthetics as esters or amides with examples.
4. What is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS)? Give examples for each class.
5. Identify the drugs: "drug of choice for MRSA," "drug of choice for atypical pneumonia," etc.

⚗️ PHARMACOGNOSY

1. What is the active constituent of Digitalis? Mechanism in heart failure.
2. Source, chemical nature, and uses of Quinine.
3. What are alkaloids? Classify with examples (isoquinoline, indole, tropane, etc.).
4. What is adulteration vs. substitution in crude drugs? How is it detected?
5. Define organized and unorganized drugs in pharmacognosy.

📋 PHARMACY LAW & DRUG REGULATIONS

1. What are Schedule H, H1, G, X drugs under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act?
2. What is the role of the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI)?
3. Difference between patent, proprietary, and generic drugs under Indian law.
4. What are the requirements for obtaining a retail drug license?
5. Define Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) — Schedule M requirements.

🧬 BIOCHEMISTRY / CLINICAL PHARMACY

1. What is the mechanism of warfarin toxicity and its antidote?
2. Which drugs are contraindicated in renal failure? (aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, metformin)
3. Drug interactions: warfarin + aspirin, digoxin + quinidine, theophylline + ciprofloxacin.
4. What is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)? Which drugs require TDM?
5. Explain the concept of loading dose and maintenance dose with formulas.

📌 Quick Formulas to Memorize

🔑 High-Frequency Drug Lists to Know

• Narrow therapeutic index drugs: Digoxin, Warfarin, Lithium, Phenytoin, Theophylline, Aminoglycosides, Cyclosporine
• Drugs requiring dose reduction in renal failure: Aminoglycosides, Vancomycin, Metformin, Methotrexate
• Enzyme inducers: Rifampicin, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, St. John's Wort
• Enzyme inhibitors: Ketoconazole, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Grapefruit juice, Cimetidine
• Drugs contraindicated in pregnancy (Category X): Warfarin (1st trimester), Thalidomide, Methotrexate, Isotretinoin