I need a history check list for my osce exam about scrotal swelling

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"scrotum"[MeSH Terms] AND "diagnosis"

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OSCE history checklist: scrotal swelling

1. Opening

Wash hands, introduce yourself, confirm name and DOB, explain the purpose, and get consent.
Ask about privacy and offer a chaperone.
Open with: "Tell me what has brought you in today."

2. Presenting complaint (SOCRATES plus swelling-specific questions)

Onset: Sudden (hours) or gradual (weeks to months)? Was it noticed by the patient, a partner, or a doctor?
Duration and progression: Is it getting bigger, smaller, or staying the same?
Side: Left, right, or both?
Site: Does it involve the testis itself, above the testis, or the whole scrotum? Does it extend up to the groin?
Pain:
- Is it painful or painless?
- Character, severity, and radiation (groin, loin, lower abdomen)?
- Timing: constant or intermittent?
- What relieves or worsens it? Does elevating the scrotum help (Prehn's sign, which is only a rough guide)?
Variability:
- Is it present on waking and bigger by evening (hydrocele, varicocele)?
- Does it disappear on lying down (varicocele, hernia)?
- Does it change with coughing or straining (hernia)?
- Can the patient "get above it"? A swelling they can get above is likely scrotal. One that cannot be separated from the groin suggests a hernia.
Associated symptoms: Heaviness or dragging sensation, hardness, or change in testicular size.

3. Red flag and differential-directed questions

Question	Points towards
Sudden severe pain, nausea or vomiting, woke from sleep, or after exertion	Testicular torsion (emergency)
Previous similar episodes that resolved	Intermittent torsion
Recent trauma, followed by immediate swelling	Haematocele or haematoma, or torsion triggered by trauma
Straining, heavy lifting, or coitus as a trigger	Torsion
Gradual onset of pain with fever, redness, or an ache starting in the groin	Epididymo-orchitis
Urinary symptoms (dysuria, frequency, urgency, haematuria, urethral discharge)	Epididymo-orchitis or STI
Fever, rigors, systemic illness, diabetes, very painful, dusky or crepitant skin	Fournier gangrene (emergency)
Painless, hard lump or heaviness, noticed incidentally	Testicular tumour
Back pain, abdominal mass, cough, haemoptysis, or breast changes (gynaecomastia)	Metastatic testicular cancer or hormone-secreting tumour
Bulge in the groin, or a cough impulse	Inguinal hernia
Obstructive bowel symptoms (vomiting, constipation, colicky pain)	Strangulated hernia
Bag of worms feeling, left-sided, dragging ache	Varicocele
Periodic fever, scrotal and cord swelling, travel to or residence in an endemic area	Filariasis
Chronic swelling, cough, weight loss, night sweats, or TB contact	Tuberculous epididymitis

For the age of the patient, S Das gives these associations:

Torsion is typical in teenagers.
Teratoma is common at 20 to 30 years and seminoma at 30 to 40.
Primary hydrocele is most common over 40.
Epididymal cysts and spermatoceles are mostly seen over 40.
Skin cancer of the scrotum occurs over 50 (S Das, A Manual on Clinical Surgery, 13th ed., p. 621).

4. Specific systems screen

Urinary: Dysuria, frequency, haematuria, poor stream, or urethral discharge.
Sexual and fertility: Libido, erectile function, and fertility concerns.
GI and hernia: Bowel habit, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
Constitutional: Fever, weight loss, night sweats, and fatigue.

5. Past medical and surgical history

Previous scrotal, inguinal, or testicular surgery (hernia repair, orchidopexy, vasectomy).
Undescended testis in childhood. This is a key risk factor for testicular cancer.
Mumps orchitis.
Previous UTIs, STIs, prostatic or urethral instrumentation, or catheterisation.
Known TB, diabetes, or immunosuppression.
Previous testicular cancer.

6. Drug history and allergies

Current medications, including anticoagulants, which are relevant to haematoma.
Chemotherapy or immunosuppressants.
Drug allergies, especially to antibiotics.

7. Family history

Testicular cancer.
Hernias.
Bell-clapper deformity or torsion in relatives.

8. Social and sexual history

Sexual history: number of partners, new partners, condom use, and previous STIs.
Occupation: prolonged standing, which is linked to varicocele, and exposure to soot, tar, or oil, which is linked to scrotal skin cancer.
Heavy lifting.
Smoking, alcohol, and recreational drugs.
Travel history, especially to filariasis-endemic areas.
Sports and contact activities, and cycling.
Impact on daily life, work, and relationships.

9. Ideas, concerns and expectations (ICE)

"What do you think is causing this?"
"Is there anything in particular you are worried about?" Many patients fear cancer.
"What were you hoping we could do today?"

10. Closing

Summarise the history back to the patient and ask if you have missed anything.
State your plan: examination (inguinoscrotal, abdominal, and including transillumination), urinalysis, and ultrasound.
If torsion is suspected, say you would refer urgently to urology for surgical exploration. Do not delay for imaging.
Thank the patient and wash your hands.

Quick differential by age

These come from Rosen's causes of acute scrotal swelling (Rosen's Emergency Medicine, Ch. 85, Box 85.5).

Infant: Hernia, hydrocele.
Child: Hernia, torsion, epididymitis.
Adolescent: Epididymitis, torsion, trauma.
Adult: Epididymitis, hernia, trauma, tumour, torsion, Fournier gangrene.

Torsion versus epididymitis versus appendix torsion (Rosen's Table 85.9)

Torsion: Onset over hours, whole testicle painful, nausea and vomiting, cremasteric reflex absent.
Appendix torsion: Ages 7 to 14, onset over 1 to 2 days, pain at the upper pole, cremasteric reflex intact.
Epididymitis: Adult, onset over days to weeks, possible fever, pyuria, cremasteric reflex intact.

Rosen's states that no single finding reliably separates torsion from other causes of acute scrotum.

OSCE tips

Always ask early about sudden onset pain, because torsion is the "can't miss" diagnosis.
Ask the sexual history sensitively and without judgement.
Always ask about undescended testis in childhood and about family history of testicular cancer.

A search of recent systematic reviews found nothing that contradicts the textbook content above. One 2026 systematic review looked at scrotal ultrasound and missed torsion in children and young people (PMID 42413262).

I can also put together a matching examination checklist, a viva Q&A on scrotal swelling, or a model OSCE script.

Make a one-page PDF cheat sheet of this history checklist

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ls -la /tmp/workspace/

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mkdir -p /tmp/workspace/scrotal-cheatsheet/output && cat > /tmp/workspace/scrotal-cheatsheet/build.py << 'EOF' from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4 from reportlab.lib import colors from reportlab.lib.units import mm from reportlab.lib.styles import ParagraphStyle from reportlab.platypus import BaseDocTemplate, PageTemplate, Frame, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle, FrameBreak, KeepInFrame OUT = "/tmp/workspace/scrotal-cheatsheet/output/Scrotal_Swelling_History_Cheat_Sheet.pdf" NAVY = colors.HexColor("#1F3A5F"); TEAL = colors.HexColor("#2A7F8E"); RED = colors.HexColor("#B3261E") LIGHT = colors.HexColor("#EEF4F7"); REDBG = colors.HexColor("#FDECEA") W, H = A4 M = 10*mm doc = BaseDocTemplate(OUT, pagesize=A4, leftMargin=M, rightMargin=M, topMargin=M, bottomMargin=M, title="Scrotal Swelling History Cheat Sheet", author="Orris") head_h = 17*mm gap = 4*mm colw = (W - 2*M - gap)/2 body_h = H - 2*M - head_h - 8*mm f1 = Frame(M, M+6*mm, colw, body_h, leftPadding=0, rightPadding=0, topPadding=0, bottomPadding=0, id="c1") f2 = Frame(M+colw+gap, M+6*mm, colw, body_h, leftPadding=0, rightPadding=0, topPadding=0, bottomPadding=0, id="c2") def on_page(c, d): c.setFillColor(NAVY); c.rect(M, H-M-head_h+2*mm, W-2*M, head_h-2*mm, fill=1, stroke=0) c.setFillColor(colors.white); c.setFont("Helvetica-Bold", 16) c.drawString(M+4*mm, H-M-8*mm, "SCROTAL SWELLING: HISTORY CHECKLIST") c.setFont("Helvetica", 8.5) c.drawString(M+4*mm, H-M-12.5*mm, "OSCE cheat sheet | Think: torsion first, then infection, hernia, tumour") c.setFillColor(colors.grey); c.setFont("Helvetica-Oblique", 6.5) c.drawString(M, M+1.5*mm, "Sources: S Das, A Manual on Clinical Surgery 13th ed (p. 621); Rosen's Emergency Medicine (Ch. 85, Table 85.9, Box 85.5). Revision aid only.") doc.addPageTemplates([PageTemplate(id="p", frames=[f1, f2], onPage=on_page)]) h = ParagraphStyle("h", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=8.8, textColor=colors.white, leading=11) b = ParagraphStyle("b", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=7.6, leading=9.4, leftIndent=8, bulletIndent=0) bs = ParagraphStyle("bs", parent=b, fontSize=7.2, leading=8.8) cell = ParagraphStyle("cell", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=7, leading=8.4) cellb = ParagraphStyle("cellb", parent=cell, fontName="Helvetica-Bold") note = ParagraphStyle("note", fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=7, leading=8.6) def sec(title, items, color=TEAL, style=b): t = Table([[Paragraph(title, h)]], colWidths=[colw]) t.setStyle(TableStyle([("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),color),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4)])) out = [t, Spacer(1,1.5)] for it in items: out.append(Paragraph(it, style, bulletText="\u2610")) out.append(Spacer(1,4)) return out S = [] S += sec("1. OPENING", [ "Wash hands, introduce, name + DOB, explain, consent", "Privacy offered, chaperone offered", "Open question: \"Tell me what brought you in today\""]) S += sec("2. PRESENTING COMPLAINT", [ "Onset: sudden (hours) or gradual (weeks/months)? Who noticed?", "Duration / progression: bigger, smaller, static?", "Side (L / R / both) and site (testis, above testis, whole scrotum, into groin)", "Pain: painless or painful, character, severity, radiation (groin, loin, abdomen), constant vs intermittent, relieving / worsening factors", "Variability: worse by evening / better lying down (hydrocele, varicocele)? Cough impulse (hernia)? Can you get above it?", "Associated: heaviness, dragging ache, hardness, change in testis size"]) S += sec("3. SYSTEMS SCREEN", [ "Urinary: dysuria, frequency, haematuria, poor stream, urethral discharge", "Sexual / fertility: libido, erections, fertility concerns", "GI: vomiting, constipation, colicky pain (strangulated hernia)", "Constitutional: fever, rigors, weight loss, night sweats"]) S += sec("4. PMH / DH / FH", [ "Undescended testis in childhood, orchidopexy, hernia repair, vasectomy", "Mumps orchitis, previous UTI / STI, catheter or urethral instrumentation", "TB, diabetes, immunosuppression, previous testicular cancer", "Drugs: anticoagulants, chemo, immunosuppressants. Allergies (antibiotics)", "FH: testicular cancer, hernia, torsion / bell-clapper"]) S += sec("5. SOCIAL / SEXUAL", [ "Sexual history: partners, new partner, condoms, past STIs (ask sensitively)", "Occupation: prolonged standing (varicocele); soot, tar, oil (scrotal skin cancer)", "Heavy lifting, sport / contact, cycling, travel (filariasis areas)", "Smoking, alcohol, drugs. Impact on work and relationships"]) S += sec("6. ICE + CLOSE", [ "Ideas: \"What do you think is causing it?\"", "Concerns: \"Anything you are worried about?\" (often cancer)", "Expectations: \"What were you hoping for today?\"", "Summarise, ask if anything missed, outline plan (exam, urinalysis, US). If torsion suspected: urgent urology, do not delay for imaging", "Thank patient, wash hands"]) S.append(FrameBreak()) # right column red = [ "Sudden severe pain, N/V, woke from sleep, after exertion", "Previous similar settling episodes (intermittent torsion)", "Fever + very painful, dusky or crepitant skin, diabetic", "Colicky pain, vomiting, irreducible groin lump"] t = Table([[Paragraph("RED FLAGS: THINK EMERGENCY", ParagraphStyle("hr", parent=h))]], colWidths=[colw]) t.setStyle(TableStyle([("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),RED),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4)])) rf = [Paragraph(f"{a} {c}", cell) for a,c in [ ("Torsion:","sudden severe pain, nausea / vomiting, woke from sleep or after exertion, past settling episodes"), ("Fournier gangrene:","fever, severe pain, dusky or crepitant skin, diabetes / immunosuppressed"), ("Strangulated hernia:","colicky pain, vomiting, irreducible groin lump")]] rt = Table([[x] for x in rf], colWidths=[colw]) rt.setStyle(TableStyle([("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),REDBG),("BOX",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.8,RED),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.5),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.5),("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4)])) S += [t, rt, Spacer(1,5)] # clue table t = Table([[Paragraph("7. HISTORY CLUE TO DIAGNOSIS", h)]], colWidths=[colw]) t.setStyle(TableStyle([("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),TEAL),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4)])) rows = [ ("Trauma then immediate swelling","Haematocele / haematoma"), ("Ache in groin, then fever, redness, severe pain","Epididymo-orchitis"), ("Dysuria, discharge, new partner","Epididymitis / STI"), ("Painless hard lump, found incidentally","Testicular tumour"), ("Back pain, cough, gynaecomastia","Metastatic / hormonal tumour"), ("Groin bulge, cough impulse","Inguinal hernia"), ("Left-sided dragging ache, bag of worms, standing job","Varicocele"), ("Painless, fluctuant, worse by evening","Hydrocele"), ("Periodic fever, cord + scrotal swelling, endemic area","Filariasis"), ("Chronic swelling, weight loss, night sweats, TB contact","TB epididymitis"), ] data = [[Paragraph("If the patient says...", cell), Paragraph("Think...", cell)]] + [[Paragraph(a,cell),Paragraph(c,cell)] for a,c in rows] ct = Table(data, colWidths=[colw*0.62, colw*0.38]) ct.setStyle(TableStyle([("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.3,colors.HexColor("#B8C4CC")),("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0),LIGHT), ("ROWBACKGROUNDS",(0,1),(-1,-1),[colors.white, colors.HexColor("#F7FAFB")]), ("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.5),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.5),("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),3),("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),3),("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"MIDDLE")])) S += [t, ct, Spacer(1,5)] # age t = Table([[Paragraph("8. AGE PATTERNS", h)]], colWidths=[colw]) t.setStyle(TableStyle([("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),TEAL),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4)])) age = [["Infant","Hernia, hydrocele"],["Child","Hernia, torsion, epididymitis"],["Adolescent","Torsion, epididymitis, trauma"], ["Adult","Epididymitis, hernia, trauma, tumour, torsion, Fournier"]] at = Table([[Paragraph(f"{a}",cell),Paragraph(c,cell)] for a,c in age], colWidths=[colw*0.2, colw*0.8]) at.setStyle(TableStyle([("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.3,colors.HexColor("#B8C4CC")),("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(0,-1),LIGHT),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.5),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.5),("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),3)])) S += [t, at, Spacer(1,2), Paragraph("Teratoma 20-30 y, seminoma 30-40 y, primary hydrocele >40 y, epididymal cyst / spermatocele >40 y, scrotal skin cancer >50 y.", note), Spacer(1,5)] # comparison t = Table([[Paragraph("9. ACUTE SCROTUM: QUICK COMPARE", h)]], colWidths=[colw]) t.setStyle(TableStyle([("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),TEAL),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4)])) cmp_rows = [["","Testis torsion","Appendix torsion","Epididymitis"], ["Age","<1 y, puberty","7-14 y","Adult"], ["Onset","Hours","1-2 days","Days-weeks"], ["Pain","Whole testis","Upper pole","Epididymis"], ["Systemic","N/V","None","Fever possible"], ["Cremasteric","Absent","Intact","Intact"], ["Pyuria","Rare","No","Yes"], ["Treatment","Surgery","Supportive","Antibiotics"]] cd = [[Paragraph(("%s" % x) if (i==0 or j==0) else x, cell) for j,x in enumerate(r)] for i,r in enumerate(cmp_rows)] cw = [colw*0.22, colw*0.26, colw*0.26, colw*0.26] cmpt = Table(cd, colWidths=cw) cmpt.setStyle(TableStyle([("GRID",(0,0),(-1,-1),0.3,colors.HexColor("#B8C4CC")),("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,0),LIGHT),("BACKGROUND",(0,1),(0,-1),LIGHT), ("BACKGROUND",(1,1),(1,-1),REDBG),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.5),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.5),("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),3)])) S += [t, cmpt, Spacer(1,2), Paragraph("No single finding reliably separates torsion from other causes. If torsion is possible: urgent urology.", note), Spacer(1,5)] # tips t = Table([[Paragraph("OSCE TIPS", h)]], colWidths=[colw]) t.setStyle(TableStyle([("BACKGROUND",(0,0),(-1,-1),NAVY),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2),("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),4)])) S += [t, Spacer(1,1.5)] for x in ["Ask about sudden-onset pain early: torsion is the can't-miss diagnosis", "Ask sexual history without judgement; explain why you ask", "Always ask undescended testis and family history of testicular cancer", "Use signposting and brief summaries; finish with ICE"]: S.append(Paragraph(x, b, bulletText="\u2022")) doc.build(S) EOF cd /tmp/workspace/scrotal-cheatsheet && python build.py && python -c " from pypdf import PdfReader r=PdfReader('output/Scrotal_Swelling_History_Cheat_Sheet.pdf');print(len(r.pages))"

Running Command

cd /tmp/workspace/scrotal-cheatsheet && python -c " import pdfplumber with pdfplumber.open('output/Scrotal_Swelling_History_Cheat_Sheet.pdf') as p: p.pages[0].to_image(resolution=110).save('output/preview.png') print('ok')"

Reading File

Running Command

cd /tmp/workspace/scrotal-cheatsheet && python - << 'EOF' s = open('build.py').read() s = s.replace('fontSize=7.6, leading=9.4, leftIndent=8, bulletIndent=0', 'fontSize=9, leading=11.4, leftIndent=11, bulletIndent=0, bulletFontName="ZapfDingbats", bulletFontSize=8') s = s.replace('fontSize=7.2, leading=8.8','fontSize=8.5, leading=10.5') s = s.replace('fontSize=7, leading=8.4','fontSize=8.2, leading=10') s = s.replace('fontSize=7, leading=8.6','fontSize=8, leading=10') s = s.replace('fontSize=8.8, textColor=colors.white, leading=11','fontSize=10, textColor=colors.white, leading=12.5') s = s.replace('bulletText="\\u2610"','bulletText="o"') s = s.replace('Spacer(1,4))\n return out','Spacer(1,6))\n return out') s = s.replace('Spacer(1,5)','Spacer(1,7)') s = s.replace('("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.5),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.5)','("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2.2),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),2.2)') open('build.py','w').write(s) EOF python build.py && python -c " from pypdf import PdfReader print(len(PdfReader('output/Scrotal_Swelling_History_Cheat_Sheet.pdf').pages)) import pdfplumber with pdfplumber.open('output/Scrotal_Swelling_History_Cheat_Sheet.pdf') as p: p.pages[0].to_image(resolution=110).save('output/preview.png')"

Reading File

Running Command

cd /tmp/workspace/scrotal-cheatsheet && sed -i 's/colWidths=\[colw\*0.2, colw\*0.8\]/colWidths=[colw*0.26, colw*0.74]/' build.py && python build.py && python -c " from pypdf import PdfReader print(len(PdfReader('output/Scrotal_Swelling_History_Cheat_Sheet.pdf').pages)) import pdfplumber with pdfplumber.open('output/Scrotal_Swelling_History_Cheat_Sheet.pdf') as p: p.pages[0].crop((0,100,300,400)).to_image(resolution=200).save('output/zoom.png')"

Reading File

Running Command

cd /tmp/workspace/scrotal-cheatsheet && ls output && python -c " import pdfplumber with pdfplumber.open('output/Scrotal_Swelling_History_Cheat_Sheet.pdf') as p: pg=p.pages[0] pg.crop((0,60,300,300)).to_image(resolution=200).save('output/zoom.png') pg.to_image(resolution=110).save('output/preview.png') print('done')"

Reading File

Running Command

cd /tmp/workspace/scrotal-cheatsheet && python - << 'EOF' s = open('build.py').read() s = s.replace("from reportlab.platypus import", "from reportlab.graphics.shapes import Drawing, Rect\nfrom reportlab.platypus import",1) s = s.replace("def sec(title", '''bn = ParagraphStyle("bn", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=9, leading=11.4) def box(): d = Drawing(8, 10); d.add(Rect(0.5, 2, 6.5, 6.5, strokeColor=NAVY, strokeWidth=0.8, fillColor=None)); return d def item(txt, st=None): t = Table([[box(), Paragraph(txt, st or bn)]], colWidths=[11, colw-11]) t.setStyle(TableStyle([("LEFTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),0),("RIGHTPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),0),("TOPPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),0),("BOTTOMPADDING",(0,0),(-1,-1),1.2),("VALIGN",(0,0),(-1,-1),"TOP")])) return t def sec(title''',1) s = s.replace('out.append(Paragraph(it, style, bulletText="o"))','out.append(item(it))') open('build.py','w').write(s) EOF python build.py && python -c " from pypdf import PdfReader print(len(PdfReader('output/Scrotal_Swelling_History_Cheat_Sheet.pdf').pages)) import pdfplumber with pdfplumber.open('output/Scrotal_Swelling_History_Cheat_Sheet.pdf') as p: p.pages[0].to_image(resolution=110).save('output/preview2.png')"

Reading File

Your one-page A4 cheat sheet is ready:

Scrotal Swelling History Cheat Sheet

PDF Document · PDF

I checked the rendered page and it fits on one page.

Left column (tick-box checklist):

Opening
Presenting complaint
Systems screen
PMH, drugs and family history
Social and sexual history
ICE and close

Right column (quick reference):

A red-flag box for torsion, Fournier gangrene and strangulated hernia.
A table of history clues and the diagnosis each suggests.
Age patterns, based on Rosen's causes of acute scrotal swelling and the S Das age associations.
A comparison of testicular torsion, appendix torsion and epididymitis, based on Rosen's Table 85.9.
Four OSCE tips.

The sources are cited in the footer: S Das, A Manual on Clinical Surgery (p. 621), and Rosen's Emergency Medicine (Ch. 85). I can make a matching examination cheat sheet if you want one.

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