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MCQ Bank: Demography
Based on the presentation by Homa Chaudhary, BPKIHS
SECTION 1 — Definition & Introduction
Q1. The word "Demography" is derived from Greek words. What does "Demos" mean?
- A) Write
- B) Record
- C) People ✅
- D) Draw
Q2. Demography is defined as the scientific study of:
- A) Animal population and their migration
- B) Human population including size, composition, and distribution ✅
- C) Economic conditions of a country
- D) Environmental changes in an ecosystem
Q3. Which of the following is NOT one of the five demographic processes?
- A) Fertility
- B) Mortality
- C) Migration
- D) Industrialization ✅
Q4. The five demographic processes that determine size, composition, and distribution of population are:
- A) Fertility, Mortality, Marriage, Migration, and Social mobility ✅
- B) Fertility, Mortality, Urbanization, Migration, and Literacy
- C) Birth, Death, Marriage, Divorce, and Education
- D) Fertility, Morbidity, Marriage, Migration, and Economy
SECTION 2 — Demographic Trends in Nepal
Q5. Nepal's total population according to the 2022 Census is:
- A) 26,494,504
- B) 28,431,000
- C) 29,164,578 ✅
- D) 30,200,000
Q6. Nepal's total fertility rate (TFR) in 1980–85 was:
- A) 2.32 children per woman
- B) 3.45 children per woman
- C) 4.18 children per woman
- D) 5.62 children per woman ✅
Q7. Nepal's total fertility rate (TFR) as of 2022 is:
- A) 1.8 children per woman
- B) 2.1 children per woman ✅
- C) 2.5 children per woman
- D) 3.2 children per woman
Q8. Nepal's life expectancy at birth in 1980–85 was:
- A) 42.10 years
- B) 48.34 years ✅
- C) 55.20 years
- D) 60.00 years
Q9. As of 2022, life expectancy in Nepal is:
- A) 72.36 years in males and 68.61 years in females
- B) 68.61 years in males and 72.36 years in females ✅
- C) 70.00 years for both sexes equally
- D) 65.00 years in males and 67.00 years in females
SECTION 3 — Sources of Demographic Data
Q10. The three main sources of demographic data are:
- A) Census, Hospital records, Sample surveys
- B) Census, Registration, Sample surveys ✅
- C) Registration, Migration data, Hospital records
- D) Census, Vital statistics, Immigration records
Q11. According to the United Nations, which of the following best defines a census?
- A) A random sample of the population conducted every 5 years
- B) Registration of births and deaths throughout the year
- C) Total process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic, and social data of all persons in a country at a specific time ✅
- D) A survey of selected households for health information
Q12. In which year was the first Census conducted in Nepal (BS)?
- A) 1990 BS
- B) 1980 BS
- C) 1968 BS ✅
- D) 1950 BS
Q13. The 2022 Nepal National Census was conducted with which motto?
- A) "Population is Power"
- B) "My Census - My Participation" ✅
- C) "Count Every Person"
- D) "Nepal First, Population First"
Q14. The 2022 Nepal Census was the:
- A) Tenth census
- B) Eleventh census
- C) Twelfth census ✅
- D) Thirteenth census
Q15. Counting population at their usual/legal residence, regardless of where they are on the census date, is called:
- A) De facto method
- B) De jure method ✅
- C) Stratified sampling
- D) Random sampling
Q16. In the de facto method of census, the population is enumerated:
- A) At their usual place of residence
- B) Where they are found, regardless of usual residence ✅
- C) Based on their legal documents
- D) Through a mail-in questionnaire
Q17. Unlike census, registration of vital events is:
- A) Conducted every 10 years
- B) Based on sample surveys
- C) A continuous process throughout the year ✅
- D) Done only for births and marriages
Q18. Which of the following is an advantage of sample surveys over census in poorer countries?
- A) They cover the entire population
- B) They are conducted every 10 years
- C) Data quality is potentially better as well-trained interviewers can be used ✅
- D) They provide more legal data on vital events
Q19. Sample surveys use which sampling methods?
- A) Convenience and purposive sampling
- B) Random Sampling or Stratified Random Sampling ✅
- C) Systematic and cluster sampling only
- D) Snowball and quota sampling
SECTION 4 — Demographic Transition / Demographic Cycle
Q20. How many stages does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) have?
- A) 3
- B) 4
- C) 5 ✅
- D) 6
Q21. The first stage of demographic transition is called:
- A) Early Expanding
- B) Late Expanding
- C) Low Stationary
- D) High Stationary ✅
Q22. In the First Stage (High Stationary) of demographic transition:
- A) High birth rate and low death rate
- B) Low birth rate and low death rate
- C) High birth rate and high death rate ✅
- D) Low birth rate and high death rate
Q23. Which of the following is a reason for HIGH BIRTH RATE in Stage 1 of the DTM?
- A) Access to family planning
- B) High level of urbanization
- C) Large family considered a necessity to augment low income ✅
- D) High literacy rate
Q24. In which demographic transition stage does the death rate decline while the birth rate remains unchanged?
- A) First stage
- B) Second stage ✅
- C) Third stage
- D) Fourth stage
Q25. Countries like Sub-Saharan Africa, Guatemala, Yemen, and Afghanistan are in which stage of DTM?
- A) First stage
- B) Second stage ✅
- C) Third stage
- D) Fourth stage
Q26. India is currently in which stage of the Demographic Transition Model?
- A) First stage
- B) Second stage
- C) Third stage ✅
- D) Fourth stage
Q27. Which stage of DTM is characterized by low birth rate AND low death rate (stationary population)?
- A) Second stage
- B) Third stage
- C) Fourth stage ✅
- D) Fifth stage
Q28. Zero population growth was first recorded in which country during 1980–85?
- A) Germany
- B) Sweden
- C) Austria ✅
- D) Denmark
Q29. In the Fifth Stage (Declining) of demographic transition:
- A) Birth rate equals death rate
- B) Birth rate is higher than death rate
- C) Birth rate is lower than death rate ✅
- D) Both birth and death rates are high
Q30. Which of the following countries are experiencing Stage 5 (Declining) of the DTM?
- A) India and Kenya
- B) Germany and Hungary ✅
- C) Bangladesh and Afghanistan
- D) Nepal and Bhutan
Q31. Which of the following is a DISADVANTAGE of the Demographic Transition Model?
- A) It enables comparisons between countries
- B) It predicts future population structure
- C) It ignores cultural and social factors ✅
- D) It is a universal concept applicable globally
Q32. The DTM does NOT account for:
- A) Changes in birth rate
- B) Changes in death rate
- C) The impact of migration ✅
- D) Total population size
SECTION 5 — Demographic Measurement Tools
Q33. Population static refers to:
- A) Study and measurement of population change over time
- B) Study and measurement of population characteristics at a given point of time ✅
- C) Study of birth and death rates only
- D) Study of migration patterns
Q34. The tools for measuring population static include all EXCEPT:
- A) Population composition
- B) Population distribution
- C) Life expectancy
- D) Crude death rate ✅
Q35. Age dependency ratio is defined as the ratio of persons in dependent age groups (under 15 and over 64) to those in:
- A) Age group 15–49
- B) Age group 18–60
- C) Age group 15–64 ✅
- D) Age group 20–64
Q36. Nepal's age dependency ratio (2021) is:
- A) 45.2
- B) 54.9 ✅
- C) 62.3
- D) 70.1
Q37. Sex ratio is usually defined as:
- A) Number of females per 100 males
- B) Number of males per 100 females ✅
- C) Number of males per 1000 population
- D) Ratio of births to deaths
Q38. A population pyramid with a broad base and tapering top is called:
- A) Stationary pyramid
- B) Constrictive pyramid
- C) Expansive pyramid ✅
- D) Regressive pyramid
Q39. Expansive population pyramids are typical of:
- A) Developed nations with high life expectancy
- B) Developing nations with high fertility rates and lower life expectancy ✅
- C) Countries with low birth rates
- D) Countries in Stage 4 of DTM
Q40. Which of the following countries has an expansive population pyramid?
- A) Japan
- B) Germany
- C) Afghanistan ✅
- D) USA
Q41. A constrictive population pyramid has:
- A) A broad base and tapering top
- B) Equal distribution across all age groups
- C) Smaller percentages in younger age cohorts, often inverted ✅
- D) A rectangular shape
Q42. Constrictive population pyramids are characteristic of:
- A) Developing nations
- B) Countries with high birth rates
- C) Developed countries like Italy, Germany, Japan ✅
- D) Countries in Stage 2 of DTM
Q43. A stationary population pyramid is characterized by:
- A) Broad base and narrow top
- B) Inverted shape
- C) Rectangular shape with somewhat equal percentages across age groups ✅
- D) Very narrow top and very broad base
Q44. Which countries have stationary population pyramids?
- A) Afghanistan and Kenya
- B) USA, Sweden, and Netherlands ✅
- C) Bangladesh and India
- D) Germany and Hungary
Q45. Demographically, family size means:
- A) Total number of members in a family
- B) Total number of children the mother has borne at a given point of time ✅
- C) Number of earning members in a family
- D) Average household size in a community
Q46. Population dynamic refers to:
- A) Population characteristics at a fixed point in time
- B) Study and measurement of population change and components of change over time ✅
- C) The distribution of population in a geographical area
- D) The age-sex composition of the population
Q47. Crude rate is based on:
- A) Total annual population
- B) Mid-year population ✅
- C) Census population
- D) Specific age group population
Q48. The formula for Crude Rate is:
- A) No. of events / total population × 100
- B) No. of events in an area during a year / estimated mid-year population × 1000 ✅
- C) No. of events / specific population × 10,000
- D) Mid-year population / No. of events × 1000
SECTION 6 — Demographic Processes: Fertility
Q49. Fertility refers to:
- A) Physiological capability of producing a live-born child
- B) Childbearing performance of a woman, couple, or population ✅
- C) Number of pregnancies in a year
- D) Total number of deliveries in a hospital
Q50. The physiological capability of producing a live-born child is called:
- A) Fertility
- B) Fecundity ✅
- C) Natality
- D) Parity
Q51. The formula for Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is:
- A) No. of live births / mid-year female population (15–49) × 1000
- B) No. of live births / estimated mid-year total population × 1000 ✅
- C) No. of live births / total female population × 100
- D) No. of births including stillbirths / mid-year population × 1000
Q52. Which of the following is NOT included in the Crude Birth Rate calculation?
- A) Live births
- B) Premature births
- C) Stillbirths ✅
- D) Births at term
Q53. General Fertility Rate (GFR) is the number of live births per 1000 women aged:
- A) 10–44 years
- B) 15–49 years ✅
- C) 15–44 years
- D) 20–45 years
Q54. Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) is a measurement of fertility for:
- A) Total female population
- B) A specified age group of females of childbearing age ✅
- C) All women above the age of 15
- D) Women who have already given birth
Q55. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) represents:
- A) Total number of live births in a year
- B) Average number of children a woman would have if she passed through her reproductive years at current age-specific rates ✅
- C) Number of live births per 1000 mid-year population
- D) Number of pregnancies per 1000 women
Q56. TFR is computed by:
- A) Adding CBR + GFR + ASFR
- B) Summing age-specific fertility rates for all ages (multiplied by 5 if 5-year age groups are used) ✅
- C) Dividing total births by mid-year female population
- D) Multiplying GFR by number of age groups
Q57. Fertility starts to significantly decline in most women after the age of:
- A) 25
- B) 30
- C) 35 ✅
- D) 40
Q58. Exposure to which of the following can reduce fertility in both men and women?
- A) Regular exercise
- B) Balanced diet
- C) Pesticides, metals, high temperatures, chemicals, and radiation ✅
- D) Low physical activity
SECTION 7 — Demographic Processes: Mortality
Q59. Mortality refers to:
- A) The birth rate in a population
- B) The relative frequency of deaths in a population ✅
- C) The number of hospitalizations in a year
- D) Migration patterns in a population
Q60. Crude Death Rate (CDR) is defined as:
- A) Number of deaths per 1000 live births
- B) Number of deaths per 100,000 population
- C) Number of deaths per 1000 estimated mid-year population in a year in a defined area ✅
- D) Number of deaths per 1000 women aged 15–49
Q61. Age-Specific Death Rate (ASDR) formula uses:
- A) Total deaths / total population × 1000
- B) Total deaths in a specified age group / mid-year population in the same age group × 1000 ✅
- C) Total deaths / mid-year female population × 1000
- D) Deaths in a specified group / total deaths × 100
Q62. Case Fatality Rate (CFR) refers to:
- A) Deaths per 1000 live births
- B) Percentage of deaths due to a particular disease among those diagnosed with it ✅
- C) Deaths per 100,000 mid-year population
- D) Total deaths in a defined area per year
Q63. The formula for CFR is:
- A) Deaths due to a disease / mid-year population × 100,000
- B) Deaths due to a disease / total deaths × 100
- C) Total deaths due to a disease in a period / total cases of same disease in same period × 100 ✅
- D) Total cases of disease / total deaths × 1000
Q64. Perinatal Mortality Rate covers the period:
- A) From birth to 28 days of life
- B) From 28th week of pregnancy to 7 days after delivery ✅
- C) From birth to 1 year of life
- D) From 20th week of pregnancy to 28 days after delivery
Q65. Which of the following factors contributes to DECLINING death rates?
- A) Absence of medical facilities
- B) Malnutrition
- C) Expansion of public health programs and immunization campaigns ✅
- D) Lack of education
SECTION 8 — Demographic Processes: Migration
Q66. Migration is defined as:
- A) Movement of people from rural to urban areas only
- B) Permanent departure from a country
- C) Movement of people from one place to another within the country or outside ✅
- D) Temporary displacement due to natural disaster
Q67. Which of the following correctly describes immigration?
- A) Permanent departure of people from a country
- B) Temporary movement of people within a country
- C) Migration of people into a new country for permanent residence ✅
- D) Internal movement from rural to urban areas
Q68. Emigration is defined as:
- A) Movement into a country for permanent residence
- B) Internal migration between states
- C) Permanent departure of people from a country ✅
- D) Seasonal migration for employment
Q69. Net Migration Rate (NMR) formula is:
- A) Immigrants + Emigrants / mid-year population × 1000
- B) Immigrants - Emigrants / mid-year population × 1000 ✅
- C) Immigrants / mid-year population × 1000
- D) Emigrants / mid-year population × 1000
Q70. Unlike birth and death, which of the following is unique about migration?
- A) It only affects younger populations
- B) It can occur several times or never in a person's life ✅
- C) It only involves international movement
- D) It is a biological process
Q71. Which of the following is an ECONOMIC factor affecting migration?
- A) Political disputes and war
- B) Ecological changes
- C) Brain drain and higher wages in other areas ✅
- D) Religious conflicts
Q72. The migration that occurs between countries is called:
- A) Internal migration
- B) Rural-urban migration
- C) International migration ✅
- D) Seasonal migration
QUICK REFERENCE ANSWER KEY
| Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans | Q | Ans |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C | 19 | B | 37 | B | 55 | B |
| 2 | B | 20 | C | 38 | C | 56 | B |
| 3 | D | 21 | D | 39 | B | 57 | C |
| 4 | A | 22 | C | 40 | C | 58 | C |
| 5 | C | 23 | C | 41 | C | 59 | B |
| 6 | D | 24 | B | 42 | C | 60 | C |
| 7 | B | 25 | B | 43 | C | 61 | B |
| 8 | B | 26 | C | 44 | B | 62 | B |
| 9 | B | 27 | C | 45 | B | 63 | C |
| 10 | B | 28 | C | 46 | B | 64 | B |
| 11 | C | 29 | C | 47 | B | 65 | C |
| 12 | C | 30 | B | 48 | B | 66 | C |
| 13 | B | 31 | C | 49 | B | 67 | C |
| 14 | C | 32 | C | 50 | B | 68 | C |
| 15 | B | 33 | B | 51 | B | 69 | B |
| 16 | B | 34 | D | 52 | C | 70 | B |
| 17 | C | 35 | C | 53 | B | 71 | C |
| 18 | C | 36 | B | 54 | B | 72 | C |
Total: 72 MCQs covering all major topics from the presentation:
- Definition & etymology of demography
- Nepal's demographic trends (TFR, life expectancy, population)
- Sources of demographic data (census, registration, surveys)
- Demographic transition model — all 5 stages
- Population pyramids (expansive, constrictive, stationary)
- Measurement tools (rates, ratios, dependency ratio)
- Fertility measures (CBR, GFR, ASFR, TFR)
- Mortality measures (CDR, ASDR, CFR, PMR)
- Migration types and rates
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