Define cyclic AMP, write the structure and significance of the cyclic AMP. Make sure that the language is compatible to the understanding of student and the teacher. It is easy in language, having 15 marks, so some diagrams through which we can easily recall it. Some flow charts can also be helpful for this. And there are some five questions, short answers. So I would like to ask from you. The first is just discuss the biochemical role in the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B2 and B6. Another question is discuss the biochemical role of coenzyme from B1 and folic acid. Fifth question is discuss the biochemical role and deficiency of symptoms of vitamin B12.
What's Included
PART 1 — Cyclic AMP (15 Marks)
- Definition — simple, student-friendly language
- Chemical structure with labeled diagram (adenine + ribose + cyclic phosphate bridging 3' and 5')
- Production flowchart — hormone → GPCR → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP → PKA → cell response → PDE destroys cAMP
- PKA activation diagram — R₂C₂ complex, how 4 cAMP molecules release the catalytic subunits
- Significance table — 5 key roles: signal amplification, metabolic control (glucagon/adrenaline/TSH/ADH), gene expression (CREB), ion channels, drug/disease connections (cholera, caffeine, asthma inhalers, antiplatelets)
PART 2 — Short Answer Questions
| Q | Topic | Covered |
|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | FMN/FAD roles, electron transport, deficiency (ariboflavinosis) — angular stomatitis, cheilosis, corneal vascularization |
| Q1 | Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) | PLP roles — transamination, decarboxylation (dopamine, GABA, serotonin), heme synthesis; deficiency — neuropathy, microcytic anemia, convulsions |
| Q2 | Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) | TPP coenzyme — pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-KG dehydrogenase, transketolase; beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff |
| Q2 | Folic Acid | THF coenzyme — 1-carbon transfer, purine synthesis, TMP synthesis, homocysteine remethylation; megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects |
| Q5 | Vitamin B12 | Methylcobalamin (methionine synthase + folate trap) + Ado-B12 (methylmalonyl-CoA mutase); absorption pathway; pernicious anemia; subacute combined degeneration — distinguished from folate deficiency by elevated MMA |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kvw-DQ0I1k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HbYx5vRWOM ans them according to language of the sir in easy and scoring marks easy to learn for pharm d 1 st year student some flow chart cycles and additional points to impress the teachee university level only solve 15 maeks question
cholesterol biosynthesis ketone bodies formation lipid metabolism
What's Included + Scoring Guide
Q1 — Cholesterol Biosynthesis + Role (15 marks)
| Section | Marks Weightage |
|---|---|
| Introduction + site | 1 mark |
| 4-stage overview flowchart | 2 marks |
| Stage 1: HMG CoA formation (thiolase + HMG CoA synthase) | 2 marks |
| Stage 2: Mevalonate — rate-limiting step, HMG CoA Reductase | 2 marks |
| Stage 3: Mevalonate → Squalene (IPP, DMAPP, GPP, FPP) | 3 marks |
| Stage 4: Squalene → Lanosterol → Cholesterol | 2 marks |
| Regulation (SREBP, statins, hormones) | 2 marks |
| Role of cholesterol (6 roles) | 3 marks |
Q2 — Ketone Bodies: Formation + Importance (15 marks)
| Section | Marks Weightage |
|---|---|
| Definition + 3 ketone bodies with structures | 2 marks |
| Site of formation vs utilization | 1 mark |
| Conditions causing ketosis (flowchart) | 2 marks |
| Ketogenesis pathway (steps 1–4) with enzymes | 4 marks |
| Ketolysis in peripheral tissues | 2 marks |
| Importance (5 points) | 2 marks |
| Clinical — DKA flowchart | 2 marks |