Summary : This figure presents two echocardiographic images assessing mitral valve stenosis, including mitral valve area (MVA), pressure half-time (PHT), and mean gradient (MG). photo: # Top Panel : • Echocardiographic image (likely parasternal short-axis view) of the mitral valve. • The mitral valve orifice is outlined with yellow dots. • On-image text: "MVA 1.6 cm²" indicating mitral valve area measurement. • Additional ultrasound machine interface text and settings visible on the right. # Bottom Panel : • Doppler echocardiography tracing showing transmitral flow velocity over time. • Yellow dots trace the E-wave deceleration slope. • On-image text: "PHT 128 ms" (pressure half-time) and "MG 6 mmHg" (mean gradient). • Additional ultrasound machine interface text and settings visible on the right. # Technical Details : • No scale bar or magnification specified. • Modality: 2D echocardiography (top), pulsed-wave Doppler (bottom). • Colour palette: grayscale for anatomical image, pink/red for Doppler tracing, yellow for annotation. • On-image UI elements: measurement values, machine settings, patient data (partially visible). # Spatial Relationships : • Top panel focuses on the mitral valve orifice in cross-section. • Bottom panel displays time-velocity Doppler tracing, with measurements annotated. # Analysis : • The mitral valve area (MVA) is reduced (1.6 cm²), consistent with mitral stenosis. • Pressure half-time (PHT) is 128 ms and mean gradient (MG) is 6 mmHg, supporting the diagnosis and quantification of mitral stenosis severity. • The figure visually demonstrates both anatomical narrowing and haemodynamic consequences.

This diagnostic image demonstrates the quantification of the Mitral Valve Area (MVA) using three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) planimetry. The central 3D volumetric rendering displays a cropped 'en face' view of the mitral valve apparatus. An irregularly shaped, dark central orifice representing the mitral opening is manually traced with a dotted white line for planimetric measurement. The clinical significance of this procedure is to assess the severity of mitral stenosis, particularly in cases of degenerative calcification where 2D imaging may be less accurate. The top right of the display indicates a calculated MVA of 0.993 cm². Technical parameters on the left show the use of an X8-2t transducer, a frequency of 38Hz, and a depth of 9.1cm in 'Live 3D' mode. An electrocardiogram (ECG) trace at the bottom indicates the measurement timing within the cardiac cycle at a heart rate of 62 bpm. This image is a key educational example of advanced cardiac imaging used for structural heart disease assessment and intervention planning.

This 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) image provides a surgical or 'en-face' view of the mitral valve (MV) in a patient with Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD). Panel A demonstrates the classic 'fishmouth' or 'buttonhole' appearance of the mitral valve orifice, a hallmark of severe mitral stenosis. The visual shows significant thickening of the valvular leaflets and commissural fusion, which restricts normal diastolic opening. Adjacent to the mitral valve, the left atrial appendage (LAAE) is clearly visible. Panel B illustrates the clinical application of 3D planimetry to quantify the severity of the stenosis. A dotted line traces the restricted mitral valve area (MVA), with a measured value of 0.741 cm², indicating severe mitral stenosis (typically defined as <1.0 cm²). The aortic valve (AV) is also visualized in Panel B, providing anatomical context for the spatial relationship between the valves. This diagnostic image is used in cardiology to assess valvular morphology and plan interventions such as balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement.

Summary : This figure presents two echocardiographic images assessing mitral valve stenosis, including planimetry and Doppler measurements, with key values for mitral valve area (MVA), pressure half-time (PHT), and mean gradient (MG) annotated. photo: # Top Panel : Mitral Valve Planimetry • Black-and-white echocardiographic image showing a cross-sectional view of the mitral valve. • Yellow annotation: "MVA 0.87 cm²" indicating the mitral valve area measured by planimetry. • The mitral valve orifice is outlined with yellow dashed lines. • Standard ultrasound interface elements (depth scale, probe orientation, grayscale bar) visible. • Green ECG trace at the bottom of the image. # Bottom Panel : Doppler Assessment • Spectral Doppler tracing of mitral inflow velocities. • Yellow annotations: "PHT 226 ms" (pressure half-time) and "MG 18mmHg" (mean gradient). • Doppler envelope outlined with yellow dashed lines and arrows. • Standard ultrasound interface elements (velocity scale, colour bar, measurement table) visible. • Multiple cardiac cycles shown, with velocity peaks and troughs. # Technical Details : • Adult echocardiography modality. • Measurements: MVA (cm²), PHT (ms), MG (mmHg). • Image orientation and probe position indicated by icons. • No scale bar, but standard echocardiographic depth and velocity scales present. # Analysis : • The mitral valve area (0.87 cm²) is below the normal threshold, indicating significant mitral stenosis. • Pressure half-time (226 ms) and mean gradient (18 mmHg) are elevated, supporting the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant mitral stenosis. • Both planimetry and Doppler methods are used to quantify severity, with consistent findings across modalities.