Orris

INTRODUCTION [1] NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). (2024). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet, 403(10431), 1027-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2 (PMID: 38432237 - this is the primary source for the 8% to 20% overweight and 2% to 8% obesity statistics cited in your text) [2] GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators. (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 405(10481), 785-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6 (PMID: 40049185 - supports the five-decade global rise and pandemic framing) [3] World Health Organization. (2024). Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (Supports "global public health issue" framing and NCD linkage) COVID-19 and Childhood Obesity (paragraph 3) [4] Cena, H., Fiechtner, L., Vincenti, A., Magenes, V. C., De Giuseppe, R., & Manuelli, M. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic as risk factors for excessive weight gain in pediatrics: The role of changes in nutrition behavior. A narrative review. Nutrients, 13(12), 4255. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124255 (PMID: 34959805 - covers lockdowns, disrupted routines, unhealthy eating, and childhood weight gain risk) [5] Woo, S., Yang, H., Kim, Y., Lim, H., Song, H. J., & Park, K. H. (2022). Sedentary time and fast-food consumption associated with weight gain during COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 37(12), e103. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e103 (PMID: 35347907 - directly links lockdown sedentary behaviour and fast-food consumption to weight gain) Health Consequences and Comorbidities (paragraph 4) [6] Hampl, S. E., Hassink, S. G., Skinner, A. C., Armstrong, S. C., Barlow, S. E., Bolling, C. F., et al. (2023). Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 151(2), e2022060640. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060640 (PMID: 36622115 - covers insulin resistance, T2DM, dyslipidemia, hypertension, NAFLD, OSA, orthopaedic disorders, anxiety, depression, social stigma, and adult cardiometabolic risk) [7] Styne, D. M., Arslanian, S. A., Connor, E. L., Farooqi, I. S., Murad, M. H., Silverstein, J. H., & Wrotniak, B. H. (2017). Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(3), 709-757. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573 (PMID: 28359099 - covers the full spectrum of metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychosocial comorbidities and adult disease burden) Anthropometric Assessment Methods (paragraph 5) [8] Hampl, S. E., et al. (2023). [Same as [6] above - cite once, use for both paragraphs 4 and 5] (Supports BMI-for-age as primary screening tool and the guideline-based anthropometric framework) [9] Sun, J., Yang, R., Zhao, M., Bovet, P., & Xi, B. (2021). Tri-Ponderal Mass Index as a screening tool for identifying body fat and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 694681. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.694681 (PMID: 34744995 - the primary systematic review validating TMI as an adiposity and cardiometabolic risk screening tool alongside BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio) REFERENCE 1.1 [1] World Health Organization. (2024). Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight [2] Hampl, S. E., Hassink, S. G., Skinner, (2023). Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 151(2), e2022060640. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060640 [3] Styne, D. M., Arslanian, S. A., Connor, (2017). Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(3), 709-757. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573 [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Defining childhood weight status. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html [5] World Health Organization. (2006). WHO child growth standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154693X [6] Rubino, F., Cummings, D. E., Eckel, & the Lancet Commission on Clinical Obesity. (2025). Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 13(3), 221-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00316- Reference 1.2 1. World Health Organization. WHO guideline: assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. 2. Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, Armstrong SC, Barlow SE, Bolling CF, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022060640. doi:10.1542/peds.2022-060640. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts for Children and Adolescents With Severe Obesity. Atlanta (GA): CDC; 2022. 4. Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(2):251–265. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017. 5. World Health Organization. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: implementation plan. Geneva: WHO; 2017. 6. de Onis M, Branca F. Childhood stunting: a global perspective. Although focused on growth, this WHO framework supports interpretation of pediatric growth references. Matern Child Nutr. 2016;12(Suppl 1):12–26. (Use only if discussing growth interpretation; otherwise retain WHO growth reference.) 7. Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R, Powis J, Brinsden H, Gray M. World Obesity Atlas 2023. London: World Obesity Federation; 2023. 8. Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O'Malley G, Baur LA. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(5):351–365. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X. 9. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH, et al. Pediatric obesity—assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):709–757. Reference 1.3 10. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2025 [cited 2026 Jul 19]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight 11. GBD 2021 Adolescent and Adult BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children, adolescents, and adults, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050. Lancet. 2025. 11. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-based studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1027-1050. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2. REFERENCE 1.4 12. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): Report on the sixth round of data collection, 2022–2024. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2025. 13. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI): Republic of Moldova country report. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2025. 14. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2023–2027. Chisinau: Ministry of Health; 2023. 15. World Health Organization. The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. Geneva: WHO; 2023. 16. Prevalence of obesity among school-going children in India: a systematic review, meta-analysis and spatial analysis. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2025. 17. Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Childhood Obesity: Evaluation and Management. Mumbai: IAP; 2023. References 1.5 3. Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2024. 4. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. 5. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Children and adolescents: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(Suppl 1):S279–S299. 6. Ranjani H, Mehreen TS, Pradeepa R, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2024. 7. World Health Organization. WHO guideline for the prevention and management of childhood obesity. Geneva: WHO; 2025. 8. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1650–1656. 9. Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1876–1885. 10. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, et al. Pediatric obesity—assessment, treatment, and prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):709–757. 11. Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17(2):95–107. 12. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, et al. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):22–27. 13. World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2025. London: World Obesity Federation; 2025. References 1.6 1. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025 [cited 2026 Jul 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight 2. World Health Organization. A primary health care approach to obesity prevention and management in children and adolescents: policy brief. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. 3. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH, et al. Pediatric obesity—assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):709-757. 4. O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Diabetes. 2020;69(11):2325-2340. 5. Kühnen P. Genetic obesity: a rare cause of severe childhood obesity. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(34-35):564-574. 6. Stiglic N, Viner RM. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e023191. 7. Loos RJF. The genetics of adiposity. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2018;50:86-95. 8. Godfrey KM, Reynolds RM, Prescott SL, Nyirenda M, Jaddoe VWV, Eriksson JG, et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(1):53-64. 9. Wadhwa PD, Buss C, Entringer S, Swanson JM. Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms. Semin Reprod Med. 2009;27(5):358-368. 10. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(1):1-4. 11. Yang Y, et al. Gut microbiota: an important participant in childhood obesity. [Journal article]. 2024. PMID: 39733798. CAN YOU WRITE THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY INTO APA FORMAT . The editing of the bibliography will be done in strict compliance with (letters type, order of quotes, punctuation marks) the following model:  for articles the following things are mentioned: author’s name, title of the article, magazine name, year of appearance, volume, first and last page. Example: 1. Baranețchi I., Prisacari V. Factori de risc în infecțiile septico-purulente nosocomiale de profil traumatologie și ortopedie. Studiu descriptiv transversal. În: Moldovan Journal of Health Sciences. Revista de Științe ale Sănătății din Moldova. 2016, 2 (8), p.15-27. ISSN 2345-1467. 2. Casian D. A. Regarding an alternative treatment for varicose veins: ligation plus foam sclerotherapy. In: Dermatologic Surgery. 2012, 38(1), 146-147. ISSN 1524-4725. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02212.x (IF: 1,798). 3. Chung DR, Zang WS, Kim SB et al. Treatment of herpetitis B virus associated glomerulonephritis with recombinant human alpha-interferon. In: Am J Nephrol, 1997, 17:112-117. 4. Hotineanu V., Moraru V., Bujor P., Bujor S. Cholelithiasis – epidemiology, risk factors and etiopathogenic aspects: Up-to-Date. In: Jurnal de chirurgie, 2014, X, 2, p. 101-104. NSN 1584-9341.  for books the following things are mentioned: authors’ names, title of the book, publishing house, place of appearance, year of appearance, first and last page. Example: 5. Ciobanu Gh. Resuscitarea cardiorespiratorie și cerebrală. Volumul 1. Serghienco-Ciobanu, L. (red. șt.). Chișinău. Nova-Imprim; 2014. 6. Popovici I, Lupuleasa D. Tehnologie farmaceutică, Ed. Polirom, Iasi, 2001.  all the bibliographic sources included in the licentiate thesis must be in the final bibliographic list. For the sources downloaded from the internet, web page addresses will be noted. In the final bibliography, they must be at the end of the list: Example: 7. Jones ET, Miles C. Computing networking. 2nd edition. Derby, Bugle Press; 2002. Disponibil la: http:/www.imperial.ac.uk/library/digitallibrary [accesat la 10.06.2007]. Note: 1. Articles published online may not have the number of pages. 2. If some parts of the thesis were published or communicated during scientific events, the licentiate thesis/ graduation paper will incorporate a copy of the abstracts or scientific articles from the original documents (magazine, abstract book). These articles will be mandatorily cited in the Bibliography. 3. Indexed articles, academic books, official guides, and recognized databases are accepted as scientific sources. 4. Collaborative online encyclopedias and websites without scientific authority (Wikipedia, non-academic blogs) are not accepted as primary sources. THIS IS REGULATION AND EXAMPLE

Here is the full bibliography reformatted in strict compliance with the provided model (articles: author, title, journal, year, volume, pages; books: author, title, publisher, place, year; internet sources at the end):
BIBLIOGRAPHY
  1. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. In: The Lancet. 2024, 403(10431), p. 1027-1050. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2. PMID: 38432237.
  2. GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. In: The Lancet. 2025, 405(10481), p. 785-812. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6. PMID: 40049185.
  3. Cena H., Fiechtner L., Vincenti A., Magenes V.C., De Giuseppe R., Manuelli M. COVID-19 pandemic as risk factors for excessive weight gain in pediatrics: the role of changes in nutrition behavior. A narrative review. In: Nutrients. 2021, 13(12), p. 4255. doi: 10.3390/nu13124255. PMID: 34959805.
  4. Woo S., Yang H., Kim Y., Lim H., Song H.J., Park K.H. Sedentary time and fast-food consumption associated with weight gain during COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. In: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2022, 37(12), e103. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e103. PMID: 35347907.
  5. Hampl S.E., Hassink S.G., Skinner A.C., Armstrong S.C., Barlow S.E., Bolling C.F. et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. In: Pediatrics. 2023, 151(2), e2022060640. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-060640. PMID: 36622115.
  6. Styne D.M., Arslanian S.A., Connor E.L., Farooqi I.S., Murad M.H., Silverstein J.H., Wrotniak B.H. Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017, 102(3), p. 709-757. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2573. PMID: 28359099.
  7. Sun J., Yang R., Zhao M., Bovet P., Xi B. Tri-ponderal mass index as a screening tool for identifying body fat and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: a systematic review. In: Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021, 12, 694681. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.694681. PMID: 34744995.
  8. Kumar S., Kelly A.S. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2017, 92(2), p. 251-265. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017.
  9. Rubino F., Cummings D.E., Eckel R.H. et al.; the Lancet Commission on Clinical Obesity. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2025, 13(3), p. 221-262. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00316-0.
  10. de Onis M., Branca F. Childhood stunting: a global perspective. In: Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2016, 12(Suppl 1), p. 12-26.
  11. Berenson G.S., Srinivasan S.R., Bao W. et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. In: New England Journal of Medicine. 1998, 338, p. 1650-1656.
  12. Juonala M., Magnussen C.G., Berenson G.S. et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. In: New England Journal of Medicine. 2011, 365, p. 1876-1885.
  13. Simmonds M., Llewellyn A., Owen C.G., Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In: Obesity Reviews. 2016, 17(2), p. 95-107.
  14. Freedman D.S., Khan L.K., Serdula M.K. et al. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study. In: Pediatrics. 2005, 115(1), p. 22-27.
  15. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Children and adolescents: Standards of Care in Diabetes - 2025. In: Diabetes Care. 2025, 48(Suppl 1), p. S279-S299.
  16. Ranjani H., Mehreen T.S., Pradeepa R. et al. Prevalence of comorbidities among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In: Obesity Reviews. 2024.
  17. Jebeile H., Kelly A.S., O'Malley G., Baur L.A. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2022, 10(5), p. 351-365. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X.
  18. O'Rahilly S., Farooqi I.S. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. In: Diabetes. 2020, 69(11), p. 2325-2340.
  19. Kühnen P. Genetic obesity: a rare cause of severe childhood obesity. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2015, 112(34-35), p. 564-574.
  20. Stiglic N., Viner R.M. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. In: BMJ Open. 2019, 9(1), e023191.
  21. Loos R.J.F. The genetics of adiposity. In: Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2018, 50, p. 86-95.
  22. Godfrey K.M., Reynolds R.M., Prescott S.L., Nyirenda M., Jaddoe V.W.V., Eriksson J.G. et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2017, 5(1), p. 53-64.
  23. Wadhwa P.D., Buss C., Entringer S., Swanson J.M. Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms. In: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2009, 27(5), p. 358-368.
  24. Saltiel A.R., Olefsky J.M. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. In: Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2017, 127(1), p. 1-4.
  25. Yang Y. et al. Gut microbiota: an important participant in childhood obesity. 2024. PMID: 39733798.
  26. Kliegman R.M., St Geme J.W., Blum N.J., Shah S.S., Tasker R.C., Wilson K.M. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia; 2024.
  27. Lobstein T., Jackson-Leach R., Powis J., Brinsden H., Gray M. World Obesity Atlas 2023. World Obesity Federation, London; 2023.
  28. World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2025. World Obesity Federation, London; 2025.
  29. World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development. WHO Press, Geneva; 2006.
  30. World Health Organization. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: implementation plan. WHO, Geneva; 2017.
  31. World Health Organization. WHO guideline: assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition. WHO, Geneva; 2017.
  32. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2023-2027. Ministry of Health, Chisinau; 2023.
  33. Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Childhood Obesity: Evaluation and Management. IAP, Mumbai; 2023.
Internet sources:
  1. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. WHO, Geneva; 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight [accessed 19.07.2026].
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Defining childhood weight status. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta; 2022. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html [accessed 2022].
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts for Children and Adolescents with Severe Obesity. CDC, Atlanta; 2022. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov [accessed 2022].
  4. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): report on the sixth round of data collection, 2022-2024. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen; 2025. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int [accessed 2025].
  5. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI): Republic of Moldova country report. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen; 2025. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int [accessed 2025].
  6. World Health Organization. The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. WHO, Geneva; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2023].
  7. World Health Organization. A primary health care approach to obesity prevention and management in children and adolescents: policy brief. WHO, Geneva; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2023].
  8. World Health Organization. WHO guideline for the prevention and management of childhood obesity. WHO, Geneva; 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2025].
  9. Prevalence of obesity among school-going children in India: a systematic review, meta-analysis and spatial analysis. In: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2025. Available at: https://www.ijcm.org.in [accessed 2025].
Formatting notes applied:
  • All article entries follow the model: Author(s). Title. In: Journal Name. Year, Volume(Issue), p. first-last page. doi: / PMID.
  • "et al." is used after three or more authors when the original source truncated the list (following the provided example style "Kim SB et al.").
  • Books follow: Author(s). Title. Publisher, Place; Year.
  • Internet/online institutional sources are placed at the end with "Available at:" and access date where provided.
  • Duplicate sources across sections have been merged into a single entry.
  • Reference 1.3 item 11 appears twice in the original (GBD 2021 and NCD-RisC); both are retained as separate entries (items 2 and 1 above).

DID YOU GIVE ALL THE BIBLIOGRAPHY I ENTERED

Let me do a careful cross-check of every source you entered against what I produced.
SOURCES YOU PROVIDED vs. WHAT I INCLUDED:

INTRODUCTION

#SourceIncluded?
[1]NCD-RisC, Lancet 2024✅ Entry 1
[2]GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators, Lancet 2025✅ Entry 2
[3]WHO. Obesity and overweight fact sheet, 2024✅ Entry 34 (internet)
[4]Cena H. et al., Nutrients 2021✅ Entry 3
[5]Woo S. et al., J Korean Med Sci 2022✅ Entry 4
[6]Hampl S.E. et al., Pediatrics 2023✅ Entry 5
[7]Styne D.M. et al., JCEM 2017✅ Entry 6
[8]Hampl S.E. (same as [6])✅ merged into Entry 5
[9]Sun J. et al., Front Endocrinol 2021✅ Entry 7

REFERENCE 1.1

#SourceIncluded?
[1]WHO fact sheet 2024✅ Entry 34
[2]Hampl S.E. et al., Pediatrics 2023✅ Entry 5
[3]Styne D.M. et al., JCEM 2017✅ Entry 6
[4]CDC. Defining childhood weight status, 2022✅ Entry 35
[5]WHO child growth standards, 2006✅ Entry 29
[6]Rubino F. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2025✅ Entry 9

REFERENCE 1.2

#SourceIncluded?
1WHO guideline: assessing and managing children, 2017✅ Entry 31
2Hampl S.E. et al., Pediatrics 2023✅ Entry 5
3CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts, 2022✅ Entry 36
4Kumar S., Kelly A.S., Mayo Clin Proc 2017✅ Entry 8
5WHO Report Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity, 2017✅ Entry 30
6de Onis M., Branca F., Matern Child Nutr 2016✅ Entry 10
7Lobstein T. et al., World Obesity Atlas 2023✅ Entry 27
8Jebeile H. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022✅ Entry 17
9Styne D.M. et al., JCEM 2017✅ Entry 6

REFERENCE 1.3

#SourceIncluded?
10WHO fact sheet 2025✅ Entry 34
11GBD 2021 Adolescent and Adult BMI Collaborators, Lancet 2025✅ Entry 2
11 (duplicate)NCD-RisC, Lancet 2024✅ Entry 1

REFERENCE 1.4

#SourceIncluded?
12WHO COSI report sixth round 2022-2024✅ Entry 37
13WHO COSI Moldova country report, 2025✅ Entry 38
14Ministry of Health Moldova, NCD Programme 2023-2027✅ Entry 32
15WHO double burden of malnutrition policy brief, 2023✅ Entry 39
16Prevalence of obesity among school-going children in India, IJCM 2025✅ Entry 42
17Indian Academy of Pediatrics CPG 2023✅ Entry 33

REFERENCES 1.5

#SourceIncluded?
3Kliegman R.M. et al., Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 22nd ed., 2024✅ Entry 26
4WHO Obesity and overweight, 2024✅ Entry 34
5ADA, Children and adolescents: Standards of Care 2025✅ Entry 15
6Ranjani H. et al., Obes Rev 2024✅ Entry 16
7WHO guideline for prevention and management of childhood obesity, 2025✅ Entry 41
8Berenson G.S. et al., NEJM 1998✅ Entry 11
9Juonala M. et al., NEJM 2011✅ Entry 12
10Styne D.M. et al., JCEM 2017✅ Entry 6
11Simmonds M. et al., Obes Rev 2016✅ Entry 13
12Freedman D.S. et al., Pediatrics 2005✅ Entry 14
13World Obesity Atlas 2025✅ Entry 28

REFERENCES 1.6

#SourceIncluded?
1WHO fact sheet 2025✅ Entry 34
2WHO primary health care approach, policy brief 2023✅ Entry 40
3Styne D.M. et al., JCEM 2017✅ Entry 6
4O'Rahilly S., Farooqi I.S., Diabetes 2020✅ Entry 18
5Kühnen P., Dtsch Arztebl Int 2015✅ Entry 19
6Stiglic N., Viner R.M., BMJ Open 2019✅ Entry 20
7Loos R.J.F., Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018✅ Entry 21
8Godfrey K.M. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017✅ Entry 22
9Wadhwa P.D. et al., Semin Reprod Med 2009✅ Entry 23
10Saltiel A.R., Olefsky J.M., J Clin Invest 2017✅ Entry 24
11Yang Y. et al., 2024, PMID: 39733798✅ Entry 25
VERDICT: All sources you entered are accounted for. Every unique source appears exactly once in the formatted bibliography, duplicates across sections have been correctly merged, and internet/institutional sources are placed at the end as required. No source was omitted.

IF YOU WRITE THE APA STYLE THEN THAT BIBLIOGRAPHY CONVERT INTO VANCOUVER AND GIVE THE OLD NUMBER AND NEW NUMBER TO GIVE CITATIONS TOO

Important clarification first:
The format I produced in the previous response was NOT standard APA. It was the custom institutional model specified in your regulations (author, title, journal, year, volume, pages - following the Romanian/Moldovan licențiate thesis style shown in your examples). That format uses "In:" before journal names, which is specific to that regulation model.
Vancouver style is different - it uses numbered references, abbreviated journal names, and a specific punctuation pattern.
Here is the full bibliography converted to Vancouver style, with a cross-reference table showing old number → new Vancouver number:

VANCOUVER BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1027-1050.
2. GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2025;405(10481):785-812.
3. Cena H, Fiechtner L, Vincenti A, Magenes VC, De Giuseppe R, Manuelli M. COVID-19 pandemic as risk factors for excessive weight gain in pediatrics: the role of changes in nutrition behavior. A narrative review. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4255.
4. Woo S, Yang H, Kim Y, Lim H, Song HJ, Park KH. Sedentary time and fast-food consumption associated with weight gain during COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. J Korean Med Sci. 2022;37(12):e103.
5. Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, Armstrong SC, Barlow SE, Bolling CF, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022060640.
6. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH, Wrotniak BH. Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):709-757.
7. Sun J, Yang R, Zhao M, Bovet P, Xi B. Tri-ponderal mass index as a screening tool for identifying body fat and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:694681.
8. Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(2):251-265.
9. Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, et al.; the Lancet Commission on Clinical Obesity. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13(3):221-262.
10. de Onis M, Branca F. Childhood stunting: a global perspective. Matern Child Nutr. 2016;12(Suppl 1):12-26.
11. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP 3rd, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(23):1650-1656.
12. Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, Venn A, Burns TL, Sabin MA, et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(20):1876-1885.
13. Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17(2):95-107.
14. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):22-27.
15. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Children and adolescents: Standards of Care in Diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(Suppl 1):S279-S299.
16. Ranjani H, Mehreen TS, Pradeepa R, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2024. [Epub ahead of print]
17. Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O'Malley G, Baur LA. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(5):351-365.
18. O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Diabetes. 2020;69(11):2325-2340.
19. Kühnen P. Genetic obesity: a rare cause of severe childhood obesity. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(34-35):564-574.
20. Stiglic N, Viner RM. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e023191.
21. Loos RJF. The genetics of adiposity. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2018;50:86-95.
22. Godfrey KM, Reynolds RM, Prescott SL, Nyirenda M, Jaddoe VWV, Eriksson JG, et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(1):53-64.
23. Wadhwa PD, Buss C, Entringer S, Swanson JM. Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms. Semin Reprod Med. 2009;27(5):358-368.
24. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(1):1-4.
25. Yang Y, et al. Gut microbiota: an important participant in childhood obesity. 2024. PMID: 39733798.
26. Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2024.
27. Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R, Powis J, Brinsden H, Gray M. World Obesity Atlas 2023. London: World Obesity Federation; 2023.
28. World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2025. London: World Obesity Federation; 2025.
29. World Health Organization. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development. Geneva: WHO Press; 2006.
30. World Health Organization. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: Implementation Plan. Geneva: WHO; 2017.
31. World Health Organization. WHO Guideline: Assessing and Managing Children at Primary Health-Care Facilities to Prevent Overweight and Obesity in the Context of the Double Burden of Malnutrition. Geneva: WHO; 2017.
32. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2023-2027. Chisinau: Ministry of Health; 2023.
33. Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Childhood Obesity: Evaluation and Management. Mumbai: IAP; 2023.
34. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2025 [cited 2026 Jul 19]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Defining Childhood Weight Status [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): CDC; 2022 [cited 2022]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts for Children and Adolescents with Severe Obesity [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): CDC; 2022. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov
37. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): Report on the Sixth Round of Data Collection, 2022-2024 [Internet]. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2025. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int
38. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): Republic of Moldova Country Report [Internet]. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2025. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int
39. World Health Organization. The Double Burden of Malnutrition: Policy Brief [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int
40. World Health Organization. A Primary Health Care Approach to Obesity Prevention and Management in Children and Adolescents: Policy Brief [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int
41. World Health Organization. WHO Guideline for the Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2025. Available from: https://www.who.int
42. Prevalence of obesity among school-going children in India: a systematic review, meta-analysis and spatial analysis [Internet]. Indian J Community Med. 2025. Available from: https://www.ijcm.org.in

CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE: Old Number → Vancouver Number

Old No. (prev. response)Source (short title)Vancouver No.
1NCD-RisC, Lancet 20241
2GBD 2021, Lancet 20252
3Cena H. et al., Nutrients 20213
4Woo S. et al., J Korean Med Sci 20224
5Hampl SE et al., Pediatrics 20235
6Styne DM et al., JCEM 20176
7Sun J et al., Front Endocrinol 20217
8Kumar S, Kelly AS, Mayo Clin Proc 20178
9Rubino F et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 20259
10de Onis M, Branca F, Matern Child Nutr 201610
11Berenson GS et al., NEJM 199811
12Juonala M et al., NEJM 201112
13Simmonds M et al., Obes Rev 201613
14Freedman DS et al., Pediatrics 200514
15ADA Standards of Care 202515
16Ranjani H et al., Obes Rev 202416
17Jebeile H et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 202217
18O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS, Diabetes 202018
19Kühnen P, Dtsch Arztebl Int 201519
20Stiglic N, Viner RM, BMJ Open 201920
21Loos RJF, Curr Opin Genet Dev 201821
22Godfrey KM et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 201722
23Wadhwa PD et al., Semin Reprod Med 200923
24Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM, J Clin Invest 201724
25Yang Y et al., 2024, PMID 3973379825
26Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 22nd ed.26
27World Obesity Atlas 202327
28World Obesity Atlas 202528
29WHO Child Growth Standards, 200629
30WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity, 201730
31WHO guideline assessing/managing children, 201731
32Ministry of Health Moldova, NCD 2023-202732
33IAP Clinical Practice Guidelines 202333
34WHO fact sheet (internet)34
35CDC defining childhood weight status (internet)35
36CDC Extended BMI charts (internet)36
37WHO COSI sixth round report (internet)37
38WHO COSI Moldova country report (internet)38
39WHO double burden of malnutrition (internet)39
40WHO primary health care approach (internet)40
41WHO guideline prevention childhood obesity (internet)41
42India obesity schoolchildren IJCM 2025 (internet)42
Note: Since the previous bibliography was already numbered 1-42 and no reordering was needed, all old numbers map directly to the same Vancouver numbers. If you are inserting these citations into your thesis text in order of first appearance, Vancouver numbering would shift - in that case, share your thesis text and I can renumber them in citation-order sequence as Vancouver requires.

BIBLIOGRAPHY NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. In: The Lancet. 2024, 403(10431), p. 1027-1050. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2. PMID: 38432237. GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. In: The Lancet. 2025, 405(10481), p. 785-812. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6. PMID: 40049185. Cena H., Fiechtner L., Vincenti A., Magenes V.C., De Giuseppe R., Manuelli M. COVID-19 pandemic as risk factors for excessive weight gain in pediatrics: the role of changes in nutrition behavior. A narrative review. In: Nutrients. 2021, 13(12), p. 4255. doi: 10.3390/nu13124255. PMID: 34959805. Woo S., Yang H., Kim Y., Lim H., Song H.J., Park K.H. Sedentary time and fast-food consumption associated with weight gain during COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. In: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2022, 37(12), e103. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e103. PMID: 35347907. Hampl S.E., Hassink S.G., Skinner A.C., Armstrong S.C., Barlow S.E., Bolling C.F. et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. In: Pediatrics. 2023, 151(2), e2022060640. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-060640. PMID: 36622115. Styne D.M., Arslanian S.A., Connor E.L., Farooqi I.S., Murad M.H., Silverstein J.H., Wrotniak B.H. Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017, 102(3), p. 709-757. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2573. PMID: 28359099. Sun J., Yang R., Zhao M., Bovet P., Xi B. Tri-ponderal mass index as a screening tool for identifying body fat and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: a systematic review. In: Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021, 12, 694681. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.694681. PMID: 34744995. Kumar S., Kelly A.S. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2017, 92(2), p. 251-265. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017. Rubino F., Cummings D.E., Eckel R.H. et al.; the Lancet Commission on Clinical Obesity. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2025, 13(3), p. 221-262. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00316-0. de Onis M., Branca F. Childhood stunting: a global perspective. In: Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2016, 12(Suppl 1), p. 12-26. Berenson G.S., Srinivasan S.R., Bao W. et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. In: New England Journal of Medicine. 1998, 338, p. 1650-1656. Juonala M., Magnussen C.G., Berenson G.S. et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. In: New England Journal of Medicine. 2011, 365, p. 1876-1885. Simmonds M., Llewellyn A., Owen C.G., Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In: Obesity Reviews. 2016, 17(2), p. 95-107. Freedman D.S., Khan L.K., Serdula M.K. et al. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study. In: Pediatrics. 2005, 115(1), p. 22-27. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Children and adolescents: Standards of Care in Diabetes - 2025. In: Diabetes Care. 2025, 48(Suppl 1), p. S279-S299. Ranjani H., Mehreen T.S., Pradeepa R. et al. Prevalence of comorbidities among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In: Obesity Reviews. 2024. Jebeile H., Kelly A.S., O'Malley G., Baur L.A. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2022, 10(5), p. 351-365. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X. O'Rahilly S., Farooqi I.S. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. In: Diabetes. 2020, 69(11), p. 2325-2340. Kühnen P. Genetic obesity: a rare cause of severe childhood obesity. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2015, 112(34-35), p. 564-574. Stiglic N., Viner R.M. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. In: BMJ Open. 2019, 9(1), e023191. Loos R.J.F. The genetics of adiposity. In: Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2018, 50, p. 86-95. Godfrey K.M., Reynolds R.M., Prescott S.L., Nyirenda M., Jaddoe V.W.V., Eriksson J.G. et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2017, 5(1), p. 53-64. Wadhwa P.D., Buss C., Entringer S., Swanson J.M. Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms. In: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2009, 27(5), p. 358-368. Saltiel A.R., Olefsky J.M. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. In: Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2017, 127(1), p. 1-4. Yang Y. et al. Gut microbiota: an important participant in childhood obesity. 2024. PMID: 39733798. Kliegman R.M., St Geme J.W., Blum N.J., Shah S.S., Tasker R.C., Wilson K.M. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia; 2024. Lobstein T., Jackson-Leach R., Powis J., Brinsden H., Gray M. World Obesity Atlas 2023. World Obesity Federation, London; 2023. World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2025. World Obesity Federation, London; 2025. World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development. WHO Press, Geneva; 2006. World Health Organization. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: implementation plan. WHO, Geneva; 2017. World Health Organization. WHO guideline: assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition. WHO, Geneva; 2017. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2023-2027. Ministry of Health, Chisinau; 2023. Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Childhood Obesity: Evaluation and Management. IAP, Mumbai; 2023. Internet sources: World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. WHO, Geneva; 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight [accessed 19.07.2026]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Defining childhood weight status. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta; 2022. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html [accessed 2022]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts for Children and Adolescents with Severe Obesity. CDC, Atlanta; 2022. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov [accessed 2022]. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): report on the sixth round of data collection, 2022-2024. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen; 2025. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int [accessed 2025]. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI): Republic of Moldova country report. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen; 2025. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int [accessed 2025]. World Health Organization. The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. WHO, Geneva; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2023]. World Health Organization. A primary health care approach to obesity prevention and management in children and adolescents: policy brief. WHO, Geneva; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2023]. World Health Organization. WHO guideline for the prevention and management of childhood obesity. WHO, Geneva; 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2025]. Prevalence of obesity among school-going children in India: a systematic review, meta-analysis and spatial analysis. In: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2025. Available at: https://www.ijcm.org.in [accessed 2025]. CAN YOU MAKE IT IN THE ALPHABETICAL ORDER

Here is the full bibliography sorted in strict alphabetical order by first author's surname (or organisation name where no personal author exists). Internet sources remain at the end, also alphabetised. Numbers are reassigned accordingly.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Children and adolescents: Standards of Care in Diabetes - 2025. In: Diabetes Care. 2025, 48(Suppl 1), p. S279-S299.
2. Berenson G.S., Srinivasan S.R., Bao W. et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. In: New England Journal of Medicine. 1998, 338, p. 1650-1656.
3. Cena H., Fiechtner L., Vincenti A., Magenes V.C., De Giuseppe R., Manuelli M. COVID-19 pandemic as risk factors for excessive weight gain in pediatrics: the role of changes in nutrition behavior. A narrative review. In: Nutrients. 2021, 13(12), p. 4255. doi: 10.3390/nu13124255. PMID: 34959805.
4. de Onis M., Branca F. Childhood stunting: a global perspective. In: Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2016, 12(Suppl 1), p. 12-26.
5. Freedman D.S., Khan L.K., Serdula M.K. et al. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study. In: Pediatrics. 2005, 115(1), p. 22-27.
6. GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. In: The Lancet. 2025, 405(10481), p. 785-812. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6. PMID: 40049185.
7. Godfrey K.M., Reynolds R.M., Prescott S.L., Nyirenda M., Jaddoe V.W.V., Eriksson J.G. et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2017, 5(1), p. 53-64.
8. Hampl S.E., Hassink S.G., Skinner A.C., Armstrong S.C., Barlow S.E., Bolling C.F. et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. In: Pediatrics. 2023, 151(2), e2022060640. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-060640. PMID: 36622115.
9. Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Childhood Obesity: Evaluation and Management. IAP, Mumbai; 2023.
10. Jebeile H., Kelly A.S., O'Malley G., Baur L.A. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2022, 10(5), p. 351-365. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X.
11. Juonala M., Magnussen C.G., Berenson G.S. et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. In: New England Journal of Medicine. 2011, 365, p. 1876-1885.
12. Kliegman R.M., St Geme J.W., Blum N.J., Shah S.S., Tasker R.C., Wilson K.M. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia; 2024.
13. Kühnen P. Genetic obesity: a rare cause of severe childhood obesity. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2015, 112(34-35), p. 564-574.
14. Kumar S., Kelly A.S. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2017, 92(2), p. 251-265. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017.
15. Lobstein T., Jackson-Leach R., Powis J., Brinsden H., Gray M. World Obesity Atlas 2023. World Obesity Federation, London; 2023.
16. Loos R.J.F. The genetics of adiposity. In: Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2018, 50, p. 86-95.
17. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2023-2027. Ministry of Health, Chisinau; 2023.
18. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. In: The Lancet. 2024, 403(10431), p. 1027-1050. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2. PMID: 38432237.
19. O'Rahilly S., Farooqi I.S. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. In: Diabetes. 2020, 69(11), p. 2325-2340.
20. Ranjani H., Mehreen T.S., Pradeepa R. et al. Prevalence of comorbidities among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In: Obesity Reviews. 2024.
21. Rubino F., Cummings D.E., Eckel R.H. et al.; the Lancet Commission on Clinical Obesity. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2025, 13(3), p. 221-262. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00316-0.
22. Saltiel A.R., Olefsky J.M. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. In: Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2017, 127(1), p. 1-4.
23. Simmonds M., Llewellyn A., Owen C.G., Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In: Obesity Reviews. 2016, 17(2), p. 95-107.
24. Stiglic N., Viner R.M. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. In: BMJ Open. 2019, 9(1), e023191.
25. Styne D.M., Arslanian S.A., Connor E.L., Farooqi I.S., Murad M.H., Silverstein J.H., Wrotniak B.H. Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017, 102(3), p. 709-757. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2573. PMID: 28359099.
26. Sun J., Yang R., Zhao M., Bovet P., Xi B. Tri-ponderal mass index as a screening tool for identifying body fat and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: a systematic review. In: Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021, 12, 694681. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.694681. PMID: 34744995.
27. Wadhwa P.D., Buss C., Entringer S., Swanson J.M. Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms. In: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2009, 27(5), p. 358-368.
28. Woo S., Yang H., Kim Y., Lim H., Song H.J., Park K.H. Sedentary time and fast-food consumption associated with weight gain during COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. In: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2022, 37(12), e103. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e103. PMID: 35347907.
29. World Health Organization. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: implementation plan. WHO, Geneva; 2017.
30. World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development. WHO Press, Geneva; 2006.
31. World Health Organization. WHO guideline: assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition. WHO, Geneva; 2017.
32. World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2025. World Obesity Federation, London; 2025.
33. Yang Y. et al. Gut microbiota: an important participant in childhood obesity. 2024. PMID: 39733798.
Internet sources:
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts for Children and Adolescents with Severe Obesity. CDC, Atlanta; 2022. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov [accessed 2022].
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Defining childhood weight status. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta; 2022. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html [accessed 2022].
36. Prevalence of obesity among school-going children in India: a systematic review, meta-analysis and spatial analysis. In: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2025. Available at: https://www.ijcm.org.in [accessed 2025].
37. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. WHO, Geneva; 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight [accessed 19.07.2026].
38. World Health Organization. A primary health care approach to obesity prevention and management in children and adolescents: policy brief. WHO, Geneva; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2023].
39. World Health Organization. The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. WHO, Geneva; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2023].
40. World Health Organization. WHO guideline for the prevention and management of childhood obesity. WHO, Geneva; 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2025].
41. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI): Republic of Moldova country report. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen; 2025. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int [accessed 2025].
42. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): report on the sixth round of data collection, 2022-2024. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen; 2025. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int [accessed 2025].

OLD NUMBER → NEW ALPHABETICAL NUMBER

Old No.Short titleNew No.
1NCD-RisC, Lancet 202418
2GBD 2021, Lancet 20256
3Cena H. et al., Nutrients 20213
4Woo S. et al., J Korean Med Sci 202228
5Hampl SE et al., Pediatrics 20238
6Styne DM et al., JCEM 201725
7Sun J. et al., Front Endocrinol 202126
8Kumar S., Kelly AS, Mayo Clin Proc 201714
9Rubino F. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 202521
10de Onis M., Branca F., Matern Child Nutr 20164
11Berenson GS et al., NEJM 19982
12Juonala M. et al., NEJM 201111
13Simmonds M. et al., Obes Rev 201623
14Freedman DS et al., Pediatrics 20055
15ADA Standards of Care 20251
16Ranjani H. et al., Obes Rev 202420
17Jebeile H. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 202210
18O'Rahilly S., Farooqi IS, Diabetes 202019
19Kühnen P., Dtsch Arztebl Int 201513
20Stiglic N., Viner RM, BMJ Open 201924
21Loos RJF, Curr Opin Genet Dev 201816
22Godfrey KM et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 20177
23Wadhwa PD et al., Semin Reprod Med 200927
24Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM, J Clin Invest 201722
25Yang Y. et al., 202433
26Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 22nd ed.12
27World Obesity Atlas 202315
28World Obesity Atlas 202532
29WHO Child Growth Standards, 200630
30WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity, 201729
31WHO guideline assessing/managing children, 201731
32Ministry of Health Moldova, NCD 2023-202717
33IAP Clinical Practice Guidelines 20239
34WHO fact sheet (internet)37
35CDC defining childhood weight status (internet)35
36CDC Extended BMI charts (internet)34
37WHO COSI sixth round report (internet)42
38WHO COSI Moldova country report (internet)41
39WHO double burden of malnutrition (internet)39
40WHO primary health care approach (internet)38
41WHO guideline prevention childhood obesity (internet)40
42India obesity schoolchildren IJCM 2025 (internet)36

INTRODUCTION [1] NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). (2024). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet, 403(10431), 1027-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2 (PMID: 38432237 - this is the primary source for the 8% to 20% overweight and 2% to 8% obesity statistics cited in your text) [2] GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators. (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 405(10481), 785-812. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6 (PMID: 40049185 - supports the five-decade global rise and pandemic framing) [3] World Health Organization. (2024). Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (Supports "global public health issue" framing and NCD linkage) COVID-19 and Childhood Obesity (paragraph 3) [4] Cena, H., Fiechtner, L., Vincenti, A., Magenes, V. C., De Giuseppe, R., & Manuelli, M. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic as risk factors for excessive weight gain in pediatrics: The role of changes in nutrition behavior. A narrative review. Nutrients, 13(12), 4255. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124255 (PMID: 34959805 - covers lockdowns, disrupted routines, unhealthy eating, and childhood weight gain risk) [5] Woo, S., Yang, H., Kim, Y., Lim, H., Song, H. J., & Park, K. H. (2022). Sedentary time and fast-food consumption associated with weight gain during COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 37(12), e103. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e103 (PMID: 35347907 - directly links lockdown sedentary behaviour and fast-food consumption to weight gain) Health Consequences and Comorbidities (paragraph 4) [6] Hampl, S. E., Hassink, S. G., Skinner, A. C., Armstrong, S. C., Barlow, S. E., Bolling, C. F., et al. (2023). Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 151(2), e2022060640. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060640 (PMID: 36622115 - covers insulin resistance, T2DM, dyslipidemia, hypertension, NAFLD, OSA, orthopaedic disorders, anxiety, depression, social stigma, and adult cardiometabolic risk) [7] Styne, D. M., Arslanian, S. A., Connor, E. L., Farooqi, I. S., Murad, M. H., Silverstein, J. H., & Wrotniak, B. H. (2017). Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(3), 709-757. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573 (PMID: 28359099 - covers the full spectrum of metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychosocial comorbidities and adult disease burden) Anthropometric Assessment Methods (paragraph 5) [8] Hampl, S. E., et al. (2023). [Same as [6] above - cite once, use for both paragraphs 4 and 5] (Supports BMI-for-age as primary screening tool and the guideline-based anthropometric framework) [9] Sun, J., Yang, R., Zhao, M., Bovet, P., & Xi, B. (2021). Tri-Ponderal Mass Index as a screening tool for identifying body fat and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 694681. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.694681 (PMID: 34744995 - the primary systematic review validating TMI as an adiposity and cardiometabolic risk screening tool alongside BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio) REFERENCE 1.1 [1] World Health Organization. (2024). Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight [2] Hampl, S. E., Hassink, S. G., Skinner, (2023). Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics, 151(2), e2022060640. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-060640 [3] Styne, D. M., Arslanian, S. A., Connor, (2017). Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(3), 709-757. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573 [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Defining childhood weight status. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html [5] World Health Organization. (2006). WHO child growth standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. WHO Press. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154693X [6] Rubino, F., Cummings, D. E., Eckel, & the Lancet Commission on Clinical Obesity. (2025). Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 13(3), 221-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00316- Reference 1.2 1. World Health Organization. WHO guideline: assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. 2. Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, Armstrong SC, Barlow SE, Bolling CF, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022060640. doi:10.1542/peds.2022-060640. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts for Children and Adolescents With Severe Obesity. Atlanta (GA): CDC; 2022. 4. Kumar S, Kelly AS. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(2):251–265. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017. 5. World Health Organization. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: implementation plan. Geneva: WHO; 2017. 6. de Onis M, Branca F. Childhood stunting: a global perspective. Although focused on growth, this WHO framework supports interpretation of pediatric growth references. Matern Child Nutr. 2016;12(Suppl 1):12–26. (Use only if discussing growth interpretation; otherwise retain WHO growth reference.) 7. Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R, Powis J, Brinsden H, Gray M. World Obesity Atlas 2023. London: World Obesity Federation; 2023. 8. Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O'Malley G, Baur LA. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(5):351–365. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X. 9. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH, et al. Pediatric obesity—assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):709–757. Reference 1.3 10. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2025 [cited 2026 Jul 19]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight 11. GBD 2021 Adolescent and Adult BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children, adolescents, and adults, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050. Lancet. 2025. 11. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-based studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1027-1050. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2. REFERENCE 1.4 12. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): Report on the sixth round of data collection, 2022–2024. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2025. 13. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI): Republic of Moldova country report. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2025. 14. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2023–2027. Chisinau: Ministry of Health; 2023. 15. World Health Organization. The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. Geneva: WHO; 2023. 16. Prevalence of obesity among school-going children in India: a systematic review, meta-analysis and spatial analysis. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2025. 17. Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Childhood Obesity: Evaluation and Management. Mumbai: IAP; 2023. References 1.5 3. Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2024. 4. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. 5. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Children and adolescents: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(Suppl 1):S279–S299. 6. Ranjani H, Mehreen TS, Pradeepa R, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2024. 7. World Health Organization. WHO guideline for the prevention and management of childhood obesity. Geneva: WHO; 2025. 8. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1650–1656. 9. Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1876–1885. 10. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, et al. Pediatric obesity—assessment, treatment, and prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):709–757. 11. Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17(2):95–107. 12. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, et al. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):22–27. 13. World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2025. London: World Obesity Federation; 2025. References 1.6 1. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025 [cited 2026 Jul 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight 2. World Health Organization. A primary health care approach to obesity prevention and management in children and adolescents: policy brief. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. 3. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH, et al. Pediatric obesity—assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3):709-757. 4. O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Diabetes. 2020;69(11):2325-2340. 5. Kühnen P. Genetic obesity: a rare cause of severe childhood obesity. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(34-35):564-574. 6. Stiglic N, Viner RM. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e023191. 7. Loos RJF. The genetics of adiposity. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2018;50:86-95. 8. Godfrey KM, Reynolds RM, Prescott SL, Nyirenda M, Jaddoe VWV, Eriksson JG, et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(1):53-64. 9. Wadhwa PD, Buss C, Entringer S, Swanson JM. Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms. Semin Reprod Med. 2009;27(5):358-368. 10. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(1):1-4. 11. Yang Y, et al. Gut microbiota: an important participant in childhood obesity. [Journal article]. 2024. PMID: 39733798. for citation can you help me this list number and the final list number

Here is the complete citation cross-reference table. For every source number used in each section of your thesis, you can look up the corresponding final alphabetical bibliography number to use in your text.

CITATION CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE

INTRODUCTION

Section citationSourceFinal bibliography no.
[1]NCD-RisC, Lancet 202418
[2]GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators, Lancet 20256
[3]WHO Obesity and overweight fact sheet37
[4]Cena H. et al., Nutrients 20213
[5]Woo S. et al., J Korean Med Sci 202228
[6]Hampl SE et al., Pediatrics 20238
[7]Styne DM et al., JCEM 201725
[8]Hampl SE et al. (same as [6])8
[9]Sun J. et al., Front Endocrinol 202126

REFERENCE 1.1

Section citationSourceFinal bibliography no.
[1]WHO fact sheet37
[2]Hampl SE et al., Pediatrics 20238
[3]Styne DM et al., JCEM 201725
[4]CDC. Defining childhood weight status35
[5]WHO child growth standards, 200630
[6]Rubino F. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 202521

REFERENCE 1.2

Section citationSourceFinal bibliography no.
1WHO guideline: assessing and managing children, 201731
2Hampl SE et al., Pediatrics 20238
3CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts34
4Kumar S., Kelly AS, Mayo Clin Proc 201714
5WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity, 201729
6de Onis M., Branca F., Matern Child Nutr 20164
7Lobstein T. et al., World Obesity Atlas 202315
8Jebeile H. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 202210
9Styne DM et al., JCEM 201725

REFERENCE 1.3

Section citationSourceFinal bibliography no.
10WHO fact sheet 202537
11 (first)GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators, Lancet 20256
11 (second)NCD-RisC, Lancet 202418

REFERENCE 1.4

Section citationSourceFinal bibliography no.
12WHO COSI sixth round report, 2022-202442
13WHO COSI Moldova country report, 202541
14Ministry of Health Moldova, NCD Programme 2023-202717
15WHO double burden of malnutrition, 202339
16Prevalence of obesity school-going children India, IJCM 202536
17Indian Academy of Pediatrics CPG 20239

REFERENCES 1.5

Section citationSourceFinal bibliography no.
3Kliegman RM et al., Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 22nd ed.12
4WHO Obesity and overweight, 202437
5ADA Standards of Care in Diabetes 20251
6Ranjani H. et al., Obes Rev 202420
7WHO guideline prevention and management childhood obesity, 202540
8Berenson GS et al., NEJM 19982
9Juonala M. et al., NEJM 201111
10Styne DM et al., JCEM 201725
11Simmonds M. et al., Obes Rev 201623
12Freedman DS et al., Pediatrics 20055
13World Obesity Atlas 202532

REFERENCES 1.6

Section citationSourceFinal bibliography no.
1WHO fact sheet 202537
2WHO primary health care approach, policy brief 202338
3Styne DM et al., JCEM 201725
4O'Rahilly S., Farooqi IS, Diabetes 202019
5Kühnen P., Dtsch Arztebl Int 201513
6Stiglic N., Viner RM, BMJ Open 201924
7Loos RJF, Curr Opin Genet Dev 201816
8Godfrey KM et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 20177
9Wadhwa PD et al., Semin Reprod Med 200927
10Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM, J Clin Invest 201722
11Yang Y. et al., 2024, PMID 3973379833

QUICK LOOKUP: FINAL BIBLIOGRAPHY AT A GLANCE

Final no.Short title
1ADA Standards of Care 2025
2Berenson GS et al., NEJM 1998
3Cena H. et al., Nutrients 2021
4de Onis M., Branca F., Matern Child Nutr 2016
5Freedman DS et al., Pediatrics 2005
6GBD 2021, Lancet 2025
7Godfrey KM et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017
8Hampl SE et al., Pediatrics 2023
9Indian Academy of Pediatrics CPG 2023
10Jebeile H. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022
11Juonala M. et al., NEJM 2011
12Kliegman RM et al., Nelson Textbook 2024
13Kühnen P., Dtsch Arztebl Int 2015
14Kumar S., Kelly AS, Mayo Clin Proc 2017
15Lobstein T. et al., World Obesity Atlas 2023
16Loos RJF, Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018
17Ministry of Health Moldova, NCD 2023-2027
18NCD-RisC, Lancet 2024
19O'Rahilly S., Farooqi IS, Diabetes 2020
20Ranjani H. et al., Obes Rev 2024
21Rubino F. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2025
22Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM, J Clin Invest 2017
23Simmonds M. et al., Obes Rev 2016
24Stiglic N., Viner RM, BMJ Open 2019
25Styne DM et al., JCEM 2017
26Sun J. et al., Front Endocrinol 2021
27Wadhwa PD et al., Semin Reprod Med 2009
28Woo S. et al., J Korean Med Sci 2022
29WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity, 2017
30WHO Child Growth Standards, 2006
31WHO guideline assessing/managing children, 2017
32World Obesity Atlas 2025
33Yang Y. et al., 2024, PMID 39733798
34CDC Extended BMI charts (internet)
35CDC defining childhood weight status (internet)
36India obesity schoolchildren IJCM 2025 (internet)
37WHO fact sheet (internet)
38WHO primary health care approach (internet)
39WHO double burden of malnutrition (internet)
40WHO guideline prevention childhood obesity (internet)
41WHO COSI Moldova country report (internet)
42WHO COSI sixth round report (internet)
How to use this in your thesis text: Wherever you previously wrote, for example, citation [1] from the Introduction, replace it with [18]. Wherever you wrote [6] from Reference 1.2, replace it with [8], and so on, using the tables above as your guide.

last order like fist letter a the b list and the uploaded list

You want to see the final alphabetical bibliography with both the uploaded/section number AND the final number shown together for each entry. Here it is:

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(Alphabetical order — Format: Final No. | Uploaded citation numbers that map to this entry)
1. (ADA) | Ref.1.5 → [5] American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Children and adolescents: Standards of Care in Diabetes - 2025. In: Diabetes Care. 2025, 48(Suppl 1), p. S279-S299.
2. (Berenson) | Ref.1.5 → [8] Berenson G.S., Srinivasan S.R., Bao W. et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. In: New England Journal of Medicine. 1998, 338, p. 1650-1656.
3. (Cena) | Intro → [4] Cena H., Fiechtner L., Vincenti A., Magenes V.C., De Giuseppe R., Manuelli M. COVID-19 pandemic as risk factors for excessive weight gain in pediatrics: the role of changes in nutrition behavior. A narrative review. In: Nutrients. 2021, 13(12), p. 4255. doi: 10.3390/nu13124255. PMID: 34959805.
4. (de Onis) | Ref.1.2 → [6] de Onis M., Branca F. Childhood stunting: a global perspective. In: Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2016, 12(Suppl 1), p. 12-26.
5. (Freedman) | Ref.1.5 → [12] Freedman D.S., Khan L.K., Serdula M.K. et al. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study. In: Pediatrics. 2005, 115(1), p. 22-27.
6. (GBD 2021) | Intro → [2]; Ref.1.3 → [11 first] GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. In: The Lancet. 2025, 405(10481), p. 785-812. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6. PMID: 40049185.
7. (Godfrey) | Ref.1.6 → [8] Godfrey K.M., Reynolds R.M., Prescott S.L., Nyirenda M., Jaddoe V.W.V., Eriksson J.G. et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2017, 5(1), p. 53-64.
8. (Hampl) | Intro → [6], [8]; Ref.1.1 → [2]; Ref.1.2 → [2] Hampl S.E., Hassink S.G., Skinner A.C., Armstrong S.C., Barlow S.E., Bolling C.F. et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. In: Pediatrics. 2023, 151(2), e2022060640. doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-060640. PMID: 36622115.
9. (IAP) | Ref.1.4 → [17] Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Childhood Obesity: Evaluation and Management. IAP, Mumbai; 2023.
10. (Jebeile) | Ref.1.2 → [8] Jebeile H., Kelly A.S., O'Malley G., Baur L.A. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2022, 10(5), p. 351-365. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00047-X.
11. (Juonala) | Ref.1.5 → [9] Juonala M., Magnussen C.G., Berenson G.S. et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. In: New England Journal of Medicine. 2011, 365, p. 1876-1885.
12. (Kliegman) | Ref.1.5 → [3] Kliegman R.M., St Geme J.W., Blum N.J., Shah S.S., Tasker R.C., Wilson K.M. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Elsevier, Philadelphia; 2024.
13. (Kühnen) | Ref.1.6 → [5] Kühnen P. Genetic obesity: a rare cause of severe childhood obesity. In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2015, 112(34-35), p. 564-574.
14. (Kumar) | Ref.1.2 → [4] Kumar S., Kelly A.S. Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2017, 92(2), p. 251-265. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017.
15. (Lobstein) | Ref.1.2 → [7] Lobstein T., Jackson-Leach R., Powis J., Brinsden H., Gray M. World Obesity Atlas 2023. World Obesity Federation, London; 2023.
16. (Loos) | Ref.1.6 → [7] Loos R.J.F. The genetics of adiposity. In: Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2018, 50, p. 86-95.
17. (Ministry of Health Moldova) | Ref.1.4 → [14] Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova. National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2023-2027. Ministry of Health, Chisinau; 2023.
18. (NCD-RisC) | Intro → [1]; Ref.1.3 → [11 second] NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. In: The Lancet. 2024, 403(10431), p. 1027-1050. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2. PMID: 38432237.
19. (O'Rahilly) | Ref.1.6 → [4] O'Rahilly S., Farooqi I.S. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. In: Diabetes. 2020, 69(11), p. 2325-2340.
20. (Ranjani) | Ref.1.5 → [6] Ranjani H., Mehreen T.S., Pradeepa R. et al. Prevalence of comorbidities among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In: Obesity Reviews. 2024.
21. (Rubino) | Ref.1.1 → [6] Rubino F., Cummings D.E., Eckel R.H. et al.; the Lancet Commission on Clinical Obesity. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. In: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2025, 13(3), p. 221-262. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00316-0.
22. (Saltiel) | Ref.1.6 → [10] Saltiel A.R., Olefsky J.M. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. In: Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2017, 127(1), p. 1-4.
23. (Simmonds) | Ref.1.5 → [11] Simmonds M., Llewellyn A., Owen C.G., Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In: Obesity Reviews. 2016, 17(2), p. 95-107.
24. (Stiglic) | Ref.1.6 → [6] Stiglic N., Viner R.M. Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews. In: BMJ Open. 2019, 9(1), e023191.
25. (Styne) | Intro → [7]; Ref.1.1 → [3]; Ref.1.2 → [9]; Ref.1.5 → [10]; Ref.1.6 → [3] Styne D.M., Arslanian S.A., Connor E.L., Farooqi I.S., Murad M.H., Silverstein J.H., Wrotniak B.H. Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. In: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2017, 102(3), p. 709-757. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-2573. PMID: 28359099.
26. (Sun) | Intro → [9] Sun J., Yang R., Zhao M., Bovet P., Xi B. Tri-ponderal mass index as a screening tool for identifying body fat and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: a systematic review. In: Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021, 12, 694681. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.694681. PMID: 34744995.
27. (Wadhwa) | Ref.1.6 → [9] Wadhwa P.D., Buss C., Entringer S., Swanson J.M. Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms. In: Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 2009, 27(5), p. 358-368.
28. (Woo) | Intro → [5] Woo S., Yang H., Kim Y., Lim H., Song H.J., Park K.H. Sedentary time and fast-food consumption associated with weight gain during COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. In: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2022, 37(12), e103. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e103. PMID: 35347907.
29. (WHO - Commission Ending Childhood Obesity) | Ref.1.2 → [5] World Health Organization. Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: implementation plan. WHO, Geneva; 2017.
30. (WHO - Child Growth Standards) | Ref.1.1 → [5] World Health Organization. WHO child growth standards: length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: methods and development. WHO Press, Geneva; 2006.
31. (WHO - Guideline assessing/managing children) | Ref.1.2 → [1] World Health Organization. WHO guideline: assessing and managing children at primary health-care facilities to prevent overweight and obesity in the context of the double burden of malnutrition. WHO, Geneva; 2017.
32. (World Obesity Federation 2025) | Ref.1.5 → [13] World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2025. World Obesity Federation, London; 2025.
33. (Yang) | Ref.1.6 → [11] Yang Y. et al. Gut microbiota: an important participant in childhood obesity. 2024. PMID: 39733798.
Internet sources:
34. (CDC Extended BMI) | Ref.1.2 → [3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Extended BMI-for-Age Growth Charts for Children and Adolescents with Severe Obesity. CDC, Atlanta; 2022. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov [accessed 2022].
35. (CDC Defining weight status) | Ref.1.1 → [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Defining childhood weight status. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta; 2022. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html [accessed 2022].
36. (India obesity IJCM) | Ref.1.4 → [16] Prevalence of obesity among school-going children in India: a systematic review, meta-analysis and spatial analysis. In: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2025. Available at: https://www.ijcm.org.in [accessed 2025].
37. (WHO fact sheet) | Intro → [3]; Ref.1.1 → [1]; Ref.1.3 → [10]; Ref.1.5 → [4]; Ref.1.6 → [1] World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. WHO, Geneva; 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight [accessed 19.07.2026].
38. (WHO - Primary health care approach) | Ref.1.6 → [2] World Health Organization. A primary health care approach to obesity prevention and management in children and adolescents: policy brief. WHO, Geneva; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2023].
39. (WHO - Double burden) | Ref.1.4 → [15] World Health Organization. The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. WHO, Geneva; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2023].
40. (WHO - Guideline prevention/management) | Ref.1.5 → [7] World Health Organization. WHO guideline for the prevention and management of childhood obesity. WHO, Geneva; 2025. Available at: https://www.who.int [accessed 2025].
41. (WHO COSI Moldova) | Ref.1.4 → [13] World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI): Republic of Moldova country report. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen; 2025. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int [accessed 2025].
42. (WHO COSI sixth round) | Ref.1.4 → [12] World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI): report on the sixth round of data collection, 2022-2024. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen; 2025. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int [accessed 2025].
How to read each entry:
  • The bold number at the start = the final bibliography number to use in your thesis text
  • The italic note in parentheses = the section and original number from your uploaded lists that maps to this entry
  • For example, entry 8 (Hampl) was cited as [6] and [8] in the Introduction, as [2] in Ref.1.1, and as [2] in Ref.1.2 - all replaced by [8] throughout your thesis.
This is a shared conversation. Sign in to Orris to start your own chat.