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🐶🐱 Complete Vaccination Guide — Dogs & Cats

(Including Pakistan Protocols & Brands)

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📌 PART 1: BASICS OF VACCINATION

• Prevents life-threatening infectious diseases
• Protects unvaccinated animals in the community (herd immunity)
• Required by law for some diseases (Rabies in many countries)
• Reduces treatment costs

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📌 PART 2: TYPES OF VACCINES

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📌 PART 3: CORE vs NON-CORE VACCINES

🐕 DOGS

🐱 CATS

Pakistan Note: In Pakistan, FeLV and FIV vaccines are rarely available. Core vaccines (FVRCP + Rabies for cats, DHPPi + Rabies for dogs) are the standard of practice.

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📌 PART 4: VACCINATION SCHEDULE — DOGS 🐕

Puppy Vaccination Schedule

Adult Dog Vaccination (After 1 Year)

Important Rule (WSAVA Guidelines): Do NOT revaccinate with core vaccines more frequently than every 3 years in healthy adult dogs after completing puppy series + 1-year booster. Rabies may require annual booster depending on local law.

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📌 PART 5: VACCINATION SCHEDULE — CATS 🐱

Kitten Vaccination Schedule

Adult Cat Vaccination (After 1 Year)

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📌 PART 6: WEIGHT & BODY CONDITION CONSIDERATIONS

Key Point: Unlike antibiotics or dewormers, vaccine dose is FIXED (1 dose = 1 full vial) regardless of body weight. This is because vaccines work by stimulating immune cells, not by pharmacokinetic dose-response.

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📌 PART 7: SPECIAL POPULATION PROTOCOLS

Pregnant Animals

• Do NOT use Modified Live Vaccines (MLV) during pregnancy — risk of fetal damage, abortion
• Killed/inactivated vaccines may be used if necessary (e.g., Rabies legally required)
• Best practice: vaccinate females before breeding

Immunocompromised Animals

• Avoid MLV vaccines
• Use killed vaccines only
• May need titer testing to confirm immunity

Stray/Unknown History Animals

• Start fresh schedule as if unvaccinated
• Give full puppy/kitten series regardless of apparent age

Senior Animals (> 7 years)

• Continue vaccination unless health status contraindicates
• Consider titer testing instead of automatic boosters
• Assess risk vs benefit in animals with chronic illness

Animals with Previous Vaccine Reaction

• Premedicate with antihistamine (Diphenhydramine) 30 minutes before
• Use killed vaccine if previously reacted to MLV
• Monitor for 30–60 minutes post-vaccination

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📌 PART 8: MATERNAL ANTIBODIES — VERY IMPORTANT

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📌 PART 9: VACCINE STORAGE & HANDLING

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📌 PART 10: ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

Pakistan Practice Note: Most vets give SC in the scruff. The leg-specific injection sites for cats (used to track Vaccine-Associated Sarcoma) are recommended but not yet widely practiced in Pakistan.

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📌 PART 11: VACCINE REACTIONS & SIDE EFFECTS

Mild (Normal — Resolve in 1–2 days)

• Mild fever
• Lethargy, reduced appetite
• Local swelling/pain at injection site

Moderate (Monitor Closely)

• Facial swelling, hives
• Vomiting
• Persistent lethargy > 24 hours

Severe — Anaphylaxis (Emergency!)

• Collapse, difficulty breathing
• Pale gums, rapid weak pulse
• Starts within minutes to 1 hour

1. Epinephrine (Adrenaline) 0.01 mg/kg IM or IV — FIRST LINE
2. IV fluids for shock
3. Dexamethasone IV
4. Diphenhydramine IM
5. Oxygen support

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📌 PART 12: TITER TESTING (Antibody Testing)

Pakistan Note: Titer testing is available in major cities (Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad) at specialized labs but not widely used in routine practice. Most vets still follow annual booster protocols.

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📌 PART 13: PAKISTAN-SPECIFIC PROTOCOLS

General Practice in Pakistan:

• Most private vets and pet clinics follow WSAVA (World Small Animal Veterinary Association) guidelines loosely
• Annual boosters are the most common practice (not the 3-year protocol recommended by WSAVA for core vaccines)
• Stray animal vaccination is done through government and NGO programs (mainly Rabies control)

Commonly Used Vaccine Brands in Pakistan 🇵🇰

For DOGS:

For CATS:

Availability Note: MSD (Nobivac) and Boehringer Ingelheim (Eurican/Purevax) brands are the most consistently available across Pakistan. Virbac and Zoetis are available in major cities. Import stock can vary — always check with your local veterinary supplier.

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📌 PART 14: WSAVA RECOMMENDED PROTOCOL (International Standard)

Puppies/Kittens:

• Start at 6–8 weeks, repeat every 2–4 weeks until 16 weeks of age
• Give Rabies at 12–16 weeks
• Booster at 6–12 months (or 1 year after last puppy dose)

Adults:

• Core vaccines: every 3 years after 1-year booster confirmed (not annually)
• Non-core: based on lifestyle risk
• Rabies: follow local law (annually in Pakistan recommended due to high rabies burden)

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📌 PART 15: QUICK SUMMARY CHEAT SHEET

🐕 Dog Summary

6–8 weeks    → DHPPi (Dose 1)
10–12 weeks  → DHPPi (Dose 2) + Lepto (Dose 1 if needed)
14–16 weeks  → DHPPi (Dose 3) + Rabies (Dose 1)
1 Year       → DHPPi Booster + Rabies Booster
Every 1–3 years → Core boosters
Every year   → Rabies (Pakistan) + Lepto + Bordetella if needed

🐱 Cat Summary

6–8 weeks    → FVRCP (Dose 1)
10–12 weeks  → FVRCP (Dose 2)
14–16 weeks  → FVRCP (Dose 3) + Rabies (Dose 1)
1 Year       → FVRCP Booster + Rabies Booster
Every 1–3 years → Core boosters
Every year   → Rabies (Pakistan)

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⚠️ IMPORTANT REMINDERS FOR PAKISTAN

1. Rabies is endemic in Pakistan — annual Rabies vaccination is strongly recommended for ALL dogs and cats
2. Always deworm the animal 2 weeks before vaccination — parasite burden reduces immune response
3. Never vaccinate a sick animal — wait until fully recovered
4. Cold chain is critical — always buy vaccines from reliable suppliers who maintain refrigeration
5. Record keeping — maintain a vaccination card/booklet for each animal
6. Stray dogs — if bitten, seek human post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) immediately regardless of vaccination status of the dog

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🐾 COMPLETE VETERINARY WOUND MANAGEMENT GUIDE

For Dogs & Cats — From Assessment to Healing

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📚 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Wound Classification
2. Wound Healing — Phases & Biology
3. Initial Wound Assessment
4. Wound Cleaning & Irrigation
5. Debridement — All Types
6. Wound Closure — When & How
7. Dressings & Bandaging
8. Topical Agents & Medications
9. Systemic Medications (Antibiotics, Pain, Support)
10. MAGGOT WOUND MANAGEMENT — Complete Chapter
11. Special Wound Types
12. Wound Complications
13. Pakistan-Specific Practice & Products
14. Owner FAQ

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PART 1 — WOUND CLASSIFICATION

By Contamination Level:

By Tissue Depth:

By Wound Age:

• Acute wound — < 6–8 hours old
• Subacute — 6–24 hours
• Chronic wound — > 24–48 hours with infection/necrosis

By Cause:

• Bite wounds (puncture + crush + contamination)
• Laceration (sharp cut)
• Avulsion (skin torn away — degloving)
• Abrasion (road rash/friction)
• Burn wounds (thermal, chemical, electrical)
• Pressure/decubital ulcers
• Surgical wounds
• Myiasis (maggot wounds)
• Tumour breakdown wounds

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PART 2 — WOUND HEALING PHASES

Phase 1 — Hemostasis (0–12 hours)

• Vascular spasm → platelet plug → fibrin clot
• Clot provides scaffold for healing cells
• Vet action: Control bleeding, clean wound, preserve clot

Phase 2 — Inflammation (0–5 days)

• Neutrophils arrive first (24–48 hrs) → kill bacteria, clear debris
• Macrophages arrive (48–96 hrs) → phagocytosis + release growth factors (VEGF, TGF-β, PDGF)
• Signs: redness, swelling, warmth, pain — these are NORMAL
• Vet action: Do not suppress inflammation unless excessive; avoid inappropriate corticosteroids

Phase 3 — Proliferation (Day 3 – Week 3)

• Fibroblasts produce collagen (mainly Type III initially)
• Angiogenesis — new blood vessels form → pink/red granulation tissue
• Epithelialization — keratinocytes migrate from wound edges
• Wound contraction — myofibroblasts pull wound edges together
• Vet action: Support with moist wound environment, protect granulation tissue, proper nutrition

Phase 4 — Remodelling (Week 3 – 2 years)

• Type III collagen replaced by stronger Type I collagen
• Scar tissue matures, strengthens
• Final tensile strength = only 80% of original skin
• Vet action: Prevent disruption, manage hypertrophic scarring if needed

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PART 3 — INITIAL WOUND ASSESSMENT

The 6-Step Initial Assessment:

• Check ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)
• Treat shock before wound treatment
• IV fluids, oxygen if needed

• How old is the wound?
• What caused it? (bite, road, sharp object, burn)
• Has any home treatment been applied? (very common in Pakistan — kerosene, motor oil, dettol — all harmful)
• Vaccination status? (Rabies, Tetanus risk)
• Any systemic signs? (fever, depression, not eating)

• Temperature, Pulse, Respiration
• Evidence of internal injuries (rib fractures, pneumothorax in bite wounds)
• Lymph node assessment (regional lymphadenopathy = infection spreading)

• Size (length × width × depth in cm)
• Location (near joints, vital structures, face)
• Edges (sharp/clean vs ragged/avulsed)
• Depth (superficial vs deep structures involved)
• Tissue viability — color, warmth, bleeding response
• Dead tissue (necrosis, eschar, slough)
• Infection signs (purulent discharge, foul smell, surrounding cellulitis)
• Foreign bodies (glass, gravel, grass seeds, wood)
• Bone/tendon/joint involvement — probe carefully

• Measure and photograph every wound at presentation and at every revisit
• Record in clinical notes with a wound chart

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PART 4 — WOUND CLEANING & IRRIGATION

Step 1 — Hair Clipping

• Clip wide margins (5–10 cm beyond wound edge)
• Protect wound from clipped hair by filling with sterile KY jelly or wet gauze before clipping
• Use #40 blade around wound
• Failure to clip is a common error — hair harbors bacteria

Step 2 — Irrigation Solutions

⚠️ Pakistan Warning: Many owners and even some vets use undiluted Dettol, Savlon, or motor oil on wounds. These are HARMFUL — they destroy tissue and delay healing. Always educate.

Step 3 — Irrigation Technique

• Use 35 mL syringe + 18-gauge needle = ~8 PSI pressure
• This is the optimal pressure to dislodge bacteria without driving them deeper
• Irrigate copiously — rule of thumb: "Dilution is the solution to pollution"
• Volume: minimum 50–100 mL per cm² of wound area
• Irrigate all pockets and tunnels

• Cotton swabs directly on granulation tissue (disrupts healing cells)
• Dry gauze scrubbing (causes microtrauma)

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PART 5 — DEBRIDEMENT

Type 1 — Surgical/Sharp Debridement ✂️

• Most rapid, most effective
• Use scalpel, scissors, curette under sedation/anesthesia
• Remove all visibly necrotic tissue until bleeding, viable tissue is reached
• The "rule of bleeding" — debride until every edge bleeds
• Indications: Extensive necrosis, eschar, first wound treatment
• Staged debridement: For large wounds — do not remove too much in one session; return in 24–48 hrs

Type 2 — Enzymatic Debridement 🧪

• Apply collagenase or papain-urea-based ointments to dissolve dead tissue
• Selective — only breaks down non-viable tissue
• Slower than surgical
• Agents available in Pakistan:
  • Collagenase ointment (Iruxol Mono — Clostridium collagenase)
  • Papain-urea cream (less commonly available)

Type 3 — Autolytic Debridement 💧

• Body's own enzymes (in wound fluid) digest dead tissue under an occlusive moist dressing
• Slowest method
• Uses hydrocolloid, hydrogel dressings
• Good for wounds where surgical debridement is risky
• Not suitable for infected wounds — provides environment for bacteria too

Type 4 — Mechanical Debridement 🩹

• Wet-to-dry dressings: saline-moistened gauze applied wet, allowed to dry, then removed — pulls dead tissue with it
• Painful, non-selective (removes good tissue too)
• Largely replaced by better methods but still widely used in low-resource settings

Type 5 — Biologic Debridement (Maggot Therapy) 🐛

Debridement Decision Guide:

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PART 6 — WOUND CLOSURE

Primary Closure

• Close wound immediately or within 6–8 hours (golden period)
• Only for: clean wounds, surgical wounds, fresh lacerations with minimal contamination
• Use: sutures, staples, tissue glue

Delayed Primary Closure (DPC)

• Leave wound open, manage for 3–5 days, then close once infection-free and granulating
• Best for: contaminated wounds, bite wounds, wounds >8 hours old
• Closure with sutures once healthy granulation bed established

Secondary Intention Healing

• Let the wound heal by itself — granulation, contraction, epithelialization
• Best for: heavily infected wounds, large avulsions, wounds with missing tissue
• Requires regular dressing changes and monitoring
• Common in degloving injuries

Reconstruction Options (after granulation)

• Skin grafts (full thickness or split thickness)
• Skin flaps (advancement, rotation, transposition)
• Refer to specialist for large defects

Suture Materials for Wound Closure:

Suture Patterns:

• Simple interrupted — most common, good for contaminated wounds (each suture independent)
• Cruciate/horizontal mattress — for tension relief
• Ford interlocking — long wounds, even tension
• Walking sutures — eliminate dead space in deep wounds
• Near-far-far-near — high tension wounds

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PART 7 — DRESSINGS & BANDAGING

Functions of a Dressing:

1. Maintain moist wound environment (promotes cell migration)
2. Absorb excess exudate
3. Provide physical protection
4. Prevent contamination
5. Deliver topical medications
6. Manage pain

Three-Layer Bandage System (Classic Veterinary):

Contact Layer — Choose by Wound Stage:

Dressing Types & Uses:

Bandage Change Frequency:

Bandaging Errors to Avoid:

• Too tight → compromises circulation → pressure necrosis
• Too loose → movement, contamination, friction
• Not padding bony prominences (elbows, hocks) → pressure sores
• Leaving wet/soaked bandages too long → maceration, bacterial growth
• Using adhesive tape directly on skin long-term → contact dermatitis

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PART 8 — TOPICAL AGENTS

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PART 9 — SYSTEMIC MEDICATIONS

Antibiotics:

Rule: Healthy clean wounds do NOT routinely need systemic antibiotics. Use when: infected wounds, bite wounds, deep wounds with bone/joint involvement, immunocompromised animals.

Pain Management:

⚠️ Never use Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) in cats — fatal hepatotoxicity. Aspirin also toxic in cats.

Nutritional Support:

• Wound healing is metabolically demanding
• Increase protein intake 25–50% above normal maintenance
• Key nutrients: Vitamin C, Zinc, Vitamin E, Arginine, Omega-3 fatty acids
• Malnourished animals: stabilize nutrition BEFORE aggressive wound management
• Enteral nutrition via feeding tube if animal not eating

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🐛 PART 10 — MAGGOT WOUND MANAGEMENT

Complete & Detailed Chapter

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10.1 What Is Myiasis?

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10.2 Types of Myiasis

Pakistan Context: The most common type in Pakistani dogs/cats is wound myiasis and blowfly strike, caused by Lucilia sericata (the same species used in therapeutic maggot debridement!), Calliphora, and Wohlfahrtia species.

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10.3 Lifecycle of the Fly (Important for Treatment Timing)

Adult Fly
    ↓  (attracted to wound/soiled hair by smell)
Egg Laying on Wound
    ↓  (12–24 hours to hatch in warm weather)
1st Instar Larva (L1) — tiny, surface-feeding
    ↓  (24–48 hours)
2nd Instar Larva (L2) — more active, begin deeper invasion
    ↓  (48–72 hours)
3rd Instar Larva (L3) — largest, most destructive, feed on viable tissue
    ↓  (leave wound to pupate in soil)
Pupa in soil (7–14 days)
    ↓
Adult Fly emerges → cycle repeats

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10.4 How Maggots Damage Tissue

1. Mechanical damage — rasping mouthparts tear tissue
2. Enzymatic damage — secrete collagenase, serine proteases, trypsin-like enzymes → dissolve tissue
3. Ammonia production — larval excretions raise local pH → tissue liquefaction
4. Liquefied tissue "pools" attract more flies → exponential infestation

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10.5 Clinical Signs of Myiasis

• Constant licking/biting at wound area
• Visible small white rice-grain-like larvae in wound
• Wound smells strongly (characteristic foul odor)
• Wet, matted fur around the wound
• Wound appears larger/deeper than expected

• Large pockets/tunnels of necrotic liquefied tissue under skin
• Hundreds to thousands of larvae present
• Surrounding skin may appear normal but be undermined
• Systemic signs: fever, septicemia, anorexia, depression
• In severe cases: toxemia from larval secretions → collapse

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10.6 Maggot Wound Treatment — Step-by-Step Protocol

STEP 1 — Sedation/Anesthesia

• Maggot removal is painful and distressing
• Always sedate or anesthetize the animal
• Suggested protocol:
  • Dog: Butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg IM + Midazolam 0.2 mg/kg IM (light sedation)
  • Cat: Ketamine 5 mg/kg IM + Midazolam 0.2 mg/kg IM
  • Anesthesia preferred for extensive wounds

STEP 2 — Clip, Clip, Clip

• Clip ALL hair in and around the wound very generously — extend 10–15 cm
• This exposes the full extent of the wound and all entry points
• You will almost always find the wound is BIGGER than initially apparent

STEP 3 — Kill/Immobilize the Maggots

Recommended modern approach: Apply Ivermectin 1% pour-on solution topically to the wound → wait 5–10 minutes → maggots become sluggish or die → much easier to remove.

STEP 4 — Manual Removal of Maggots

• Use forceps (thumb forceps or hemostatic forceps)
• Remove each maggot INDIVIDUALLY — do not squeeze (can burst and release toxic contents)
• Use curved forceps to explore tunnels and pockets
• Flush with saline forcefully to flush out hidden maggots
• Count maggots removed — helps track completeness
• Always probe tunnels — use a gloved finger or blunt probe
• Repeat irrigation + forceps removal until NO maggots visible

STEP 5 — Wound Debridement

• After maggot removal, aggressively debride all necrotic/liquefied tissue
• The tissue will be soft, gray/black, and avascular
• Use scalpel and scissors
• Reveal fresh bleeding tissue at wound edges
• Explore all tunnels — open them up fully (do not leave blind pockets)
• Flush again after debridement: minimum 500 mL saline for large wounds

STEP 6 — Wound Lavage

• Chlorhexidine 0.05% solution — thorough lavage of entire wound
• Rinse with saline after chlorhexidine
• Ensure all larval secretions (ammonia, enzymes) are washed away

STEP 7 — Assess the Wound

• Measure wound size (length, width, depth)
• Check if important structures exposed (bone, tendon, joint)
• Assess tissue viability — remaining tissue should bleed
• Check for fistulas/communication with body cavities

STEP 8 — Topical Treatment

STEP 9 — Bandaging

• Contact layer: non-adherent silver dressing or SSD-soaked gauze
• Secondary layer: adequate padding (the wound will produce LOTS of exudate)
• Tertiary layer: cohesive bandage (Vetrap)
• Change dressing daily for first 3–5 days minimum
• Inspect for new larvae at EVERY dressing change — re-infestation is common

STEP 10 — Systemic Treatment

⚠️ Ivermectin in Collies and related breeds (MDR1/ABCB1 mutation): Use with caution — these breeds are sensitive to ivermectin. Avoid or use at very low dose with monitoring. ⚠️ Ivermectin in cats: Use at 0.1–0.2 mg/kg SC — do NOT use ivermectin topical products intended for large animals — concentration differences can cause toxicity.

STEP 11 — Follow-up Schedule

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10.7 Therapeutic Maggot Debridement (MDT)

1. Maggots secrete proteolytic enzymes that selectively dissolve dead/necrotic tissue
2. Produce allantoin and calcium carbonate → raise wound pH → antimicrobial effect
3. Physical movement of maggots stimulates wound bed
4. Secretions inhibit biofilms (including MRSA!)
5. Promote granulation tissue formation

• Chronic non-healing wounds
• Diabetic foot-like ulcers
• Pressure ulcers
• Venous stasis ulcers
• Osteomyelitis with soft tissue involvement
• MRSA-infected wounds
• Wounds failing to respond to conventional treatment

• Wounds communicating with body cavity (fistulas)
• Acute life-threatening infection requiring immediate surgery
• Ischemic wounds (poor perfusion — maggots may debride viable but ischemic tissue)
• Allergy to fly larvae, soy protein, or brewer's yeast
• Coagulopathy (maggots can cause significant bleeding)
• Exposed major blood vessels in wound

1. Apply 5–8 maggots per cm² of wound area
2. Contain in cage dressing (nylon mesh/gauze) — maggots must stay in wound but have air
3. Leave for 48–72 hours
4. Remove maggot dressing — count maggots to confirm all removed
5. Assess wound — repeat if necessary

Pakistan Practice Note: Formal therapeutic MDT with sterile laboratory-raised maggots is NOT currently practiced in Pakistan veterinary medicine. The focus is entirely on removing myiasis maggots. MDT is practiced in some European and American wound care centers.

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10.8 Why Myiasis is So Common in Pakistan

1. Hot humid climate — ideal for fly breeding (May–September)
2. High stray/semi-stray dog population — wounds go unnoticed
3. Delayed presentation to vet — wounds are already established
4. Poor fly control in environment
5. Owners often apply home remedies first (kerosene, motor oil, turmeric) — these don't kill larvae and may worsen tissue damage
6. Wounds left bandage-free — re-exposure to flies
7. Poor nutrition → slow healing → wounds stay open longer → more risk

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10.9 Pakistan Field Protocol for Maggot Wounds (What Most Vets Actually Do)

🇵🇰 Negasunt Powder is widely used in Pakistan and is very effective for killing maggots directly in the wound. It is an organophosphate-based insecticide. Use carefully — avoid inhalation, excessive wound absorption, and use in very small/sick animals.

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PART 11 — SPECIAL WOUND TYPES

1. Bite Wounds

• Danger: Puncture appearance on surface but massive deep tissue damage (crush + shear force)
• Rule: If you see tooth punctures, ALWAYS explore surgically — you will find much more damage underneath
• Cats bite dogs/cats: Pasteurella multocida + anaerobes → abscess in 3–5 days
• Always culture bite wound infections
• Treatment: Lavage, open and explore, delayed primary closure, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate

2. Dog Fight Wounds

• Often multiple puncture wounds
• Internal injuries possible (rib fracture, pneumothorax, internal bleeding)
• Treat systematically — do not focus only on visible wounds
• Watch for degloving of skin after extensive bite wounds

3. Road Accident / Degloving Injuries

• Large areas of skin avulsed from underlying tissue
• Most common in dogs hit by vehicles
• Manage in stages — do not rush to reconstruct
• Open wound management → granulation → skin graft or flap
• Watch for Traumatic Myiasis if wound left open

4. Burn Wounds

• 1st degree: Superficial — epidermis only — red, painful. No blistering
• 2nd degree (partial): Dermis involved — blisters, very painful
• 2nd degree (full): Full dermis — dry, leathery, less painful (nerve damage)
• 3rd degree: All layers — charred, no pain

• Cool immediately with room-temperature water (NOT ice — causes vasoconstriction)
• Silver Sulfadiazine cream — gold standard for burn dressings
• IV fluids — burns cause massive fluid loss (Parkland formula adapted for vet use)
• Antibiotics prophylactically for major burns
• High protein nutrition

5. Pressure/Decubital Ulcers

• In recumbent patients (paralyzed, post-surgical, fracture patients)
• Common over bony prominences: elbow, hip, hock, sternum
• Prevention is everything — turn patient every 2–4 hours, padded bedding
• Treatment: debridement, moist wound management, relieve pressure

6. Abscess

• Collection of pus in tissue — common especially in cats (bite wounds)
• Drainage is essential — incise, flush, leave open (do NOT close an abscess)
• Most cat abscesses heal well with drainage + Amoxicillin-Clavulanate
• Warm compress 3× daily accelerates drainage

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PART 12 — WOUND COMPLICATIONS

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PART 13 — PAKISTAN WOUND MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

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PART 14 — OWNER FAQ (Common Questions)

Yes. Bring the animal immediately. Maggots can cause life-threatening infection in 24–48 hours if untreated. Do not try home remedies.

No. These chemicals damage healthy tissue, delay healing, and can be absorbed through the wound causing poisoning. Come to the vet.

Depends on size. Small-moderate wounds: 2–4 weeks. Large/deep wounds: 4–10 weeks. Regular dressing changes and follow-ups are essential.

Sometimes yes — for very deep wounds, large tissue loss, or wounds involving bone or joints. Your vet will assess.

The foul smell is from larval secretions and bacterial infection. After cleaning and treatment, the smell should reduce significantly within 2–3 days.

Keep the wound covered with a bandage at all times. Change bandage daily. Prevent flies from accessing the wound. Keep the animal indoors or in a fly-free area during treatment.

This could be furuncular myiasis (Cuterebra bot fly) or an abscess. Bring the animal in — do NOT squeeze the lump as it may rupture the larva under the skin.

In very rare circumstances wound myiasis can occur in humans, but normal domestic contact with a pet carrying myiasis does NOT transmit larvae to people. Basic hygiene (wash hands after handling) is sufficient.

Do not give any medication without vet advice. If there is significant delay, clean the wound gently with clean water only and cover loosely with clean cloth. That's it.

Initially every 1–2 days for maggot wounds. Your vet will tell you when the interval can increase as the wound improves.

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✅ QUICK REFERENCE SUMMARY TABLE

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