1. Anatomy - शरीर की संरचना (gross anatomy, histology, embryology)
2. Physiology - शरीर के कार्य और प्रक्रियाएं (including biochemistry at some universities)
3. Biochemistry - शरीर की रासायनिक प्रक्रियाएं

Note: MCI (अब NMC - National Medical Commission) के regulations के अनुसार यही 3 subjects mandatory हैं। कुछ universities Anatomy को अलग-अलग papers में divide करती हैं (जैसे Paper 1: General + Upper Limb, Paper 2: Lower Limb + Abdomen + Thorax आदि), लेकिन core subjects 3 ही रहते हैं।

🎓 1st MBBS Detailed Syllabus (NMC CBME 2024)

📘 1. ANATOMY (620 Hours)

Gross Anatomy

• Upper Limb - bones, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, joints
• Lower Limb - hip, knee, ankle, foot ki structure
• Thorax - heart, lungs, mediastinum, diaphragm
• Abdomen & Pelvis - liver, kidney, GIT, reproductive organs
• Head & Neck - brain coverings, cranial nerves, face, larynx
• Back - vertebral column, spinal cord

Histology (Microscopic Anatomy)

• Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)
• Nervous tissue
• Organ-specific histology (skin, liver, kidney, etc.)

Embryology

• Fertilization & early development (cleavage, blastocyst)
• Germ layer formation (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
• Development of organ systems
• Placenta & fetal membranes
• Congenital anomalies

Neuroanatomy

• Brain - cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
• Spinal cord structure & tracts
• Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
• Autonomic nervous system

Osteology

• All bones of the body
• Surface markings, ossification centers

Practical

• Cadaver dissection (main component)
• Histology slides
• Bone identification
• Surface anatomy

📗 2. PHYSIOLOGY (445 Hours)

General Physiology

• Cell structure & function
• Transport across membranes
• Resting membrane potential & action potential

Blood & Hematopoiesis

• Blood composition (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets)
• Hemoglobin, Hemostasis & coagulation
• Blood groups (ABO, Rh system)
• Immunity basics

Cardiovascular System

• Cardiac muscle properties
• Cardiac cycle, Heart sounds
• ECG (electrocardiogram)
• Blood pressure regulation
• Circulation - coronary, pulmonary, systemic

Respiratory System

• Mechanics of breathing
• Lung volumes & capacities (spirometry)
• Gas exchange & transport
• Regulation of respiration

Digestive System

• Secretions (saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice)
• Digestion & absorption
• Motility - peristalsis

Nervous System

• Neurons & synaptic transmission
• Sensory & motor pathways
• Reflex arcs
• Higher functions - memory, sleep, speech
• Special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell)

Endocrine System

• Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal glands
• Pancreas (insulin & glucagon)
• Reproductive hormones

Renal Physiology

• Glomerular filtration (GFR)
• Tubular reabsorption & secretion
• Concentration of urine
• Acid-base balance

Reproductive Physiology

• Male & female reproductive physiology
• Menstrual cycle
• Pregnancy & lactation

Muscle Physiology

• Types of muscle contraction
• Neuromuscular junction

Practical

• Hematology experiments (blood counts, ESR, Hb estimation)
• Cardiovascular experiments (BP, pulse)
• Respiratory experiments (spirometry)
• Amphibian experiments (frog)

📙 3. BIOCHEMISTRY (249 Hours)

Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates - structure, classification, functions
• Proteins - amino acids, peptide bonds, protein structure (1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)
• Lipids - fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol
• Nucleic Acids - DNA & RNA structure

Enzymes

• Classification & nomenclature
• Enzyme kinetics (Km, Vmax, Michaelis-Menten)
• Enzyme inhibition
• Clinical significance (diagnostic enzymes)

Metabolism (Main Topic)

• Carbohydrate Metabolism - Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, HMP shunt
• Lipid Metabolism - Beta oxidation, Ketone bodies, Lipogenesis, Lipoprotein metabolism
• Protein Metabolism - Transamination, Deamination, Urea cycle
• Integration of Metabolism - Starvation, Diabetes, Obesity

Molecular Biology

• DNA replication, Transcription, Translation (Central Dogma)
• Gene expression & regulation
• Mutations & DNA repair
• Genetic code
• Recombinant DNA technology & PCR
• Gene therapy basics

Vitamins & Minerals

• Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
• Water-soluble vitamins (B complex, C)
• Deficiency diseases
• Essential minerals (Iron, Calcium, Zinc, Iodine)

Clinical Biochemistry

• Liver function tests (LFTs)
• Kidney function tests (KFTs)
• Diabetes markers (glucose, HbA1c)
• Lipid profile
• Thyroid function tests

Nutrition

• Balanced diet, BMI, Malnutrition
• Proteins Energy Malnutrition (PEM) - Kwashiorkor, Marasmus

Practical

• Qualitative tests for biomolecules
• Urine analysis
• Blood glucose estimation
• Colorimetry

🔷 Additional Components (NMC CBME 2024)

📝 Examination Pattern

Passing criteria: Theory aur Practical mein alag-alag minimum 40% chahiye, aur theory + practical combined mein 50% - NMC CBME guidelines ke anusaar.

📚 Recommended Books