Hi I am going to have end posting exam in surgery department and model qns are in photo .can you give me probable qns that can be asked in my exam ?

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I have enough from the library + my knowledge to give you a thorough, well-structured answer. Here is your probable question bank based on the pattern from both model papers:

Probable Questions - General Medicine End Posting Exam

(Based on 2023 Batch Phase 3 Part 1 model papers)

ESSAY / LONG CASE (10 marks) - Most Probable Scenarios

The papers consistently use a clinical vignette format for the essay. Based on both papers (mitral stenosis cases), here are the most probable essay scenarios:

Probable Essay Question 1 - MITRAL STENOSIS (HIGHEST PRIORITY - appeared in BOTH papers)

A 30-year-old female presents with progressive breathlessness, palpitations, and occasional hemoptysis. She gives history of recurrent sore throat in childhood. On examination: Pulse 96/min irregular, BP 110/70 mmHg, apex beat not palpable, loud S1, opening snap, mid-diastolic murmur at apex.

Subparts to prepare:

a) Most probable diagnosis and differential diagnosis (3 marks)

Diagnosis: Mitral Stenosis (Rheumatic)
Differentials: Mitral regurgitation, left atrial myxoma, Austin Flint murmur of AR, tricuspid stenosis

b) CVS examination findings expected (4 marks)

Inspection: Mitral facies (malar flush), visible apex absent
Palpation: Tapping apex beat (palpable S1), parasternal heave (RV hypertrophy), diastolic thrill at apex
Percussion: Cardiac dullness may be shifted
Auscultation: Loud S1, opening snap (OS), low-pitched mid-diastolic rumble with presystolic accentuation (in sinus rhythm) at apex in left lateral decubitus; Graham Steell murmur if pulmonary hypertension present

c) Investigations (2 marks)

ECG: P mitrale (bifid P), AF, RVH
CXR: Straightening of left heart border, double right heart border (LA enlargement), Kerley B lines, upper lobe diversion
Echo (2D + Doppler): valve area, gradient, MVA by PHT, assess subvalvular apparatus (Wilkins score)
Cardiac catheterization if discrepancy

d) Reasons for recent worsening (1 mark)

Onset of Atrial Fibrillation (most common cause of acute decompensation in MS)
Pregnancy, intercurrent infection, infective endocarditis, anemia, hyperthyroidism

Probable Essay Question 2 - CARDIAC FAILURE / DYSPNEA WORKUP

A 55-year-old male presents with breathlessness on exertion for 6 months, now at rest, bilateral leg swelling, and orthopnea. On examination: JVP raised, pedal edema, bibasal crepts.

Subparts:

a) Causes of acute/chronic dyspnea
b) Diagnosis and reasoning
c) Clinical signs correlating to pathophysiology
d) Palpatory and auscultatory findings

Probable Essay Question 3 - PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS / LUNG CONSOLIDATION

A 35-year-old presents with fever, weight loss, night sweats, and productive cough for 2 months. Examination shows dullness, bronchial breathing, and increased tactile vocal fremitus in right upper zone.

a) Diagnosis and differentials
b) Clinical findings in right upper lobe consolidation vs. left upper lobe adsorption collapse
c) Investigations
d) Management

SHORT ESSAYS (6 marks each) - High Probability Topics

These topics appeared directly or by pattern in both papers:

1. Clinical Examination Features of Chronic Liver Disease ⭐⭐⭐

Must prepare - appeared in Paper 1 directly

Hands: Leukonychia, clubbing, palmar erythema, Dupuytren's contracture, asterixis (flapping tremor)
Face/Eyes: Jaundice (scleral icterus), parotid enlargement, fetor hepaticus, spider naevi (> 5 on upper body), xanthelasma
Chest/Abdomen: Gynecomastia, sparse body hair, caput medusae, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly (or small liver in cirrhosis), shifting dullness (ascites), testicular atrophy
Neurological: Encephalopathy grading

2. Clinical Diagnosis of Chronic Liver Disease ⭐⭐⭐

(appeared in Paper 2 as short essay)

Child-Pugh score (Bilirubin, Albumin, PT/INR, Ascites, Encephalopathy)
MELD score
Investigations: LFT, USG abdomen, Upper GI endoscopy, liver biopsy

3. Cor Pulmonale ⭐⭐⭐

Appeared in Paper 1 directly

Definition: RV hypertrophy/failure due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung disease (NOT left heart disease)
Causes: COPD (most common), pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary embolism, kyphoscoliosis, OSA
Clinical features: Breathlessness, cyanosis, elevated JVP with prominent 'a' wave (if in sinus rhythm), parasternal heave, loud P2, TR murmur, edema
ECG: P pulmonale, RVH, RBBB
CXR: Prominent pulmonary arteries, RV enlargement
Management: Treat underlying cause, O2, diuretics, phlebotomy if polycythemia

4. Rheumatic Fever - Jones Criteria ⭐⭐⭐

Appeared in Paper 1 directly

Major criteria (SPACE):

S - Sydenham's chorea
P - Pancarditis (carditis)
A - Arthritis (migratory polyarthritis)
C - Chorea (subcutaneous nodules)
E - Erythema marginatum

Minor criteria:

Fever, raised ESR/CRP, prolonged PR interval, arthralgia (if arthritis not used as major)

Evidence of preceding streptococcal infection: Elevated ASO titre, positive throat culture, recent scarlet fever

Diagnosis: 2 major OR 1 major + 2 minor + evidence of preceding streptococcal infection

5. Clinical Features of Right-Sided Pleural Effusion ⭐⭐⭐

Appeared in Paper 1 directly

Symptoms: Breathlessness (proportional to size), pleuritic chest pain (if exudative), dry cough
Inspection: Reduced chest movement on right side, fullness of intercostal spaces
Palpation: Reduced TVF on right side, trachea shifted to LEFT (in massive effusion), mediastinal shift
Percussion: Stony dull note
Auscultation: Absent breath sounds; at upper border - bronchial breathing (Skodaic resonance), aegophony ("e" to "a" change)
Grocco's triangle on left side

6. LMN Type Weakness of Both Upper and Lower Limbs ⭐⭐

Appeared in Paper 2

Clinical evaluation approach:

Differential diagnosis: Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), CIDP, motor neuron disease, peripheral neuropathy (diabetes, B12 deficiency, heavy metals)
Clinical features of LMN lesion: Flaccidity, wasting, fasciculations, hyporeflexia/areflexia, no Babinski
Pattern recognition: Ascending weakness in GBS, glove-and-stocking in polyneuropathy
Investigations: NCS/EMG, CSF analysis (albuminocytological dissociation in GBS), serum B12, FBS

7. Edema - Evaluation ⭐⭐

(appeared in Paper 2)

Causes by mechanism:

Low oncotic pressure: Nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, malnutrition
Increased hydrostatic pressure: CCF, venous obstruction, DVT
Increased capillary permeability: Allergy, inflammation
Lymphatic obstruction: Filariasis, malignancy

Clinical approach:

Bilateral vs. unilateral; pitting vs. non-pitting
Distribution: Dependent (cardiac), periorbital (renal), facial (hypothyroid)

SHORT ANSWERS (2 marks each) - High Probability Topics

Based on both papers, prepare 2-3 line answers for:

Topic	Key Points
JVP - Normal waveform	'a' wave (atrial contraction), 'c' wave (tricuspid closure), 'x' descent, 'v' wave (venous filling), 'y' descent
S3 (Third Heart Sound)	Low-pitched, early diastolic, at apex; due to rapid ventricular filling; heard in heart failure, MR, VSD; physiological in young/pregnancy
SAAG (Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient)	SAAG = Serum albumin - Ascites albumin; SAAG ≥ 1.1 = portal hypertension; SAAG < 1.1 = non-portal (TB, malignancy)
Babinski Sign / Plantar Response	Extensor plantar = UMN lesion; stroke dorsum of foot lateral side; normal response = flexion of hallux
Flapping Tremor (Asterixis)	Liver failure, CO2 narcosis, uremia; test with wrists extended - irregular flaps due to inability to maintain posture
Generalized Lymphadenopathy	Causes: infection (TB, EBV, HIV), lymphoma, leukemia, SLE, sarcoidosis; approach: size, consistency, tenderness, fixity
Lateral Medullary Syndrome (Wallenberg)	PICA/vertebral artery occlusion; ipsilateral face pain/temp loss + cerebellar signs + Horner's; contralateral body pain/temp loss; dysphagia, hoarseness
Aphasia vs Dysarthria	Aphasia = language processing disorder (cortical, dominant hemisphere); Dysarthria = motor speech disorder (articulation), language intact
Syncope - Evaluation	Transient LOC due to global cerebral hypoperfusion; causes: vasovagal, cardiac, orthostatic; ECG mandatory
Jaundice - Evaluation	Pre-hepatic / hepatic / post-hepatic; LFT pattern, USG abdomen, serum bilirubin (direct vs indirect)

PATTERN ANALYSIS - What to Expect

Based on analyzing both model papers, your exam will most likely have:

Essay (10 marks): A cardiac case - likely mitral stenosis again OR a variation with aortic stenosis/regurgitation with subparts on diagnosis, CVS findings, investigation, and complications
Short essays (4-6 marks): Pick 4 from this list:
- Consolidation vs. collapse clinical findings
- Clinical diagnosis of CLD
- LMN weakness evaluation
- Cor pulmonale
- Rheumatic fever criteria
Short answers (2 marks): JVP waveform (draw and label), S3, SAAG, Babinski sign, one of the neurological syndromes

Top 5 Must-Prepare Topics (Highest Repeat Probability)

Mitral Stenosis - CVS findings, investigations, AF as complication
Chronic Liver Disease - clinical signs head to toe
Rheumatic Fever - Jones criteria (major + minor + strep evidence)
Cor Pulmonale - definition, causes, ECG/CXR changes
Pleural Effusion - clinical examination findings (consolidation vs. effusion differentiation)

Good luck with your exam! These topics have a very high likelihood of appearing given the direct repeat pattern across both model papers.

Can you give probable questions apart from the one I provided

Asking for Preferences

Finding Sources

That covers a broad set of fresh questions across all major systems tested in Phase 3 Part 1 Medicine. A few things to keep in mind:

Aortic Regurgitation is the single most likely "new" essay topic - it pairs perfectly with the mitral stenosis cases in your model papers and tests the same format (peripheral signs + CVS exam + investigations + complications)
UMN vs LMN comparison table and Ischemic stroke management are the highest priority new short essays in the neurology section
For short answers, Osler's nodes vs Janeway lesions, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, and Wernicke's vs Broca's aphasia are extremely common 2-mark setters at this level

If you want me to give a detailed model answer for any specific topic above, just ask!

Create a study guide PDF for all probable topics

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Your study guide PDF is ready! Here's the download link:

Medicine EndPosting StudyGuide

PDF Document · PDF

Here's what's inside the 68KB, fully formatted study guide:

Section	Topics Covered
Section 1 - Cardiology	Mitral Stenosis, Aortic Regurgitation (all named eponyms), Aortic Stenosis, CCF (LHF vs RHF table), Infective Endocarditis (Duke criteria), Cor Pulmonale, Rheumatic Fever (Jones criteria)
Section 2 - Respiratory	Pulmonary TB (NTEP regimen), COPD (Pink puffer vs Blue bloater), Pleural Effusion + Light's criteria, Consolidation vs Collapse comparison table, Pneumothorax
Section 3 - Neurology	UMN vs LMN table, Ischemic Stroke (vascular territories + management), Lateral Medullary Syndrome, GBS, Aphasia types table, Meningitis CSF table
Section 4 - GI/Hepatology	CLD head-to-toe signs + Child-Pugh score, Jaundice 3-type comparison table, Ascites + SAAG, Hepatic Encephalopathy grading
Section 5 - Endocrine/Renal	Hypothyroidism, Diabetic Nephropathy stages, Nephrotic vs Nephritic, Hypertensive Emergency
Section 6 - Clinical Signs	14 short-answer topics: JVP, S3, SAAG, Babinski, Flapping tremor, Clubbing, Pulsus paradoxus, Osler's vs Janeway, GCS, Kernig's & Brudzinski's, Cheyne-Stokes, Trousseau's & Chvostek's, Cyanosis types, Virchow's triad
Exam Strategy	Priority matrix, essay answer framework, marks-scoring tips

Can you give pdf here

The PDF is already available for download via the link I provided. Click this link to download it directly:

Medicine EndPosting StudyGuide
PDF Document · PDF

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Can you make and compile answers for these questions along with probable questions than can be asked in end posting exams in kuhs

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