from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_JUSTIFY, TA_LEFT
from reportlab.platypus import BaseDocTemplate, Frame, PageTemplate

OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/ai-vet-review/AI_in_Veterinary_Diagnostics_Review.pdf"

# ── Page layout ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT,
    pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=2.5*cm, rightMargin=2.5*cm,
    topMargin=2.5*cm, bottomMargin=2.5*cm,
    title="AI in Veterinary Diagnostics",
    author="[Author Name(s)]",
)

W, H = A4

# ── Styles ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
base = getSampleStyleSheet()

title_style = ParagraphStyle(
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section_style = ParagraphStyle(
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    leading=16,
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subsection_style = ParagraphStyle(
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body_style = ParagraphStyle(
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)
abstract_style = ParagraphStyle(
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    alignment=TA_JUSTIFY,
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abstract_heading = ParagraphStyle(
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# ── Content ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story = []

# Title
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Artificial Intelligence in Veterinary Diagnostics: Applications, Limitations, "
    "and Prospects for Low-Resource Settings",
    title_style
))

story.append(Paragraph("[Author Name(s)]", author_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "[Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Name, Pakistan]",
    affil_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Correspondence: [email@university.edu.pk]",
    affil_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Submitted to: Veterinary Sciences (MDPI) | Manuscript Type: Narrative Review",
    journal_style
))

story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1.5, color=colors.HexColor("#1a2a4a"), spaceAfter=10))

# Abstract box
story.append(Paragraph("Abstract", abstract_heading))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Artificial intelligence (AI) and its subfields — machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) — "
    "are rapidly transforming veterinary diagnostics. Approximately 60% of emerging infectious diseases "
    "in humans are zoonotic in origin, and conventional diagnostic tools often lack the speed, scalability, "
    "and precision required to address this growing burden. AI-powered systems have demonstrated the ability "
    "to detect musculoskeletal abnormalities in radiographs with greater than 90% accuracy, predict disease "
    "onset in farm animals two to three days before clinical signs appear, and forecast zoonotic outbreaks "
    "weeks in advance by integrating environmental and animal movement data. Beyond imaging, AI is "
    "reshaping digital pathology through whole slide image analysis and enabling telediagnosis in "
    "resource-limited settings. Despite these advances, widespread adoption remains constrained by "
    "fragmented datasets, algorithmic opacity, ethical concerns, and inequitable access to technology — "
    "challenges that are particularly acute in South Asian veterinary systems. Pakistan, home to one of "
    "the world's largest livestock populations (~185 million animals), stands to benefit substantially "
    "from mobile-based AI diagnostic platforms that can bypass traditional infrastructure gaps. This "
    "narrative review synthesises current evidence on AI applications across veterinary imaging, pathology, "
    "and disease surveillance, and critically examines prospects and barriers for adoption in low-resource "
    "settings such as Pakistan.",
    abstract_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "<b>Keywords:</b> artificial intelligence; machine learning; deep learning; veterinary diagnostics; "
    "diagnostic imaging; digital pathology; zoonotic disease surveillance; One Health; Pakistan; "
    "low-resource settings",
    keyword_style
))

story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=colors.HexColor("#aaaaaa"), spaceAfter=10))

# ── 1. INTRODUCTION ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("1. Introduction", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Veterinary medicine is entering a period of profound technological change. The convergence of "
    "large-scale digital data, affordable computing infrastructure, and sophisticated algorithmic "
    "frameworks has positioned artificial intelligence (AI) as one of the most consequential innovations "
    "in modern veterinary science. AI encompasses a broad spectrum of computational methods, with machine "
    "learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) representing the subfields most relevant to clinical diagnostics. "
    "Unlike traditional rule-based software, these systems learn patterns from data, enabling them to "
    "perform complex perceptual tasks — such as image interpretation, anomaly detection, and outcome "
    "prediction — at a level that increasingly matches or exceeds trained specialists in defined tasks.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The global demand for veterinary diagnostic services is expanding rapidly. An estimated 60% of all "
    "emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are zoonotic in origin, transmitted from animal "
    "reservoirs to human populations [1]. Climate change is accelerating the geographic spread of "
    "vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens, placing additional pressure on already strained diagnostic "
    "systems. In parallel, the global livestock population continues to grow to meet food demand, "
    "increasing the scale at which animal health monitoring must operate. Conventional diagnostic "
    "modalities — including manual radiographic interpretation, gross and histopathological examination, "
    "and serological assays — are time-intensive, require specialist training, and are difficult to "
    "scale across large animal populations or remote geographic areas.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "AI tools offer a compelling solution to these challenges. Early studies in veterinary diagnostic "
    "imaging have reported that ML-based systems can detect more than 90% of bone and joint abnormalities "
    "in radiographs, can identify cardiac and pulmonary pathology on thoracic images, and can stratify "
    "disease severity in ways that inform clinical decision-making [2,3]. In farm animal medicine, "
    "precision livestock technologies powered by AI can predict illness onset two to three days before "
    "the appearance of clinical signs, enabling pre-emptive intervention and reducing antimicrobial use [1]. "
    "In the field of epidemiology, AI-based surveillance models have been shown to forecast zoonotic "
    "disease outbreaks weeks in advance by analysing environmental variables, host movement data, and "
    "historical case records [1].",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Despite this promise, the global distribution of AI adoption in veterinary medicine is profoundly "
    "unequal. Most published work originates from high-income countries with established digital "
    "infrastructure, well-curated imaging databases, and specialist radiology services. In South Asia — "
    "and Pakistan specifically — veterinary diagnostics remain largely manual, centralised in urban "
    "referral centres, and inaccessible to the majority of livestock-keeping communities. Yet Pakistan's "
    "veterinary sector faces challenges of enormous scale: the country maintains approximately 185 million "
    "livestock, is endemic for multiple zoonotic and transboundary animal diseases, and faces a severe "
    "shortage of veterinary radiologists and pathologists outside major cities [4].",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "This review aims to: (i) summarise the state of evidence for AI applications across key veterinary "
    "diagnostic domains; (ii) describe the technical foundations of AI at a level accessible to veterinary "
    "clinicians; (iii) critically examine limitations and ethical considerations; and (iv) evaluate "
    "specific opportunities and barriers for AI adoption in low-resource settings, with particular "
    "reference to Pakistan's veterinary system.",
    body_style
))

# ── 2. TECHNICAL FOUNDATIONS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("2. Technical Foundations: AI, ML, and Deep Learning", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Artificial intelligence is a broad term referring to computational systems that perform tasks "
    "typically requiring human intelligence, including perception, reasoning, and decision-making. "
    "Machine learning is a subfield of AI in which algorithms improve their performance by learning "
    "from data rather than being explicitly programmed with fixed rules. Deep learning, in turn, is a "
    "subfield of ML characterised by the use of multi-layered artificial neural networks — architectures "
    "loosely inspired by the structure of the biological brain — capable of learning hierarchical "
    "representations of complex data [5].",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The most widely applied DL architecture in veterinary imaging is the convolutional neural network "
    "(CNN). CNNs process image data through successive layers of filters that detect progressively "
    "abstract features: early layers identify edges and textures, while deeper layers recognise "
    "anatomical structures and pathological patterns. A critically important practical technique is "
    "transfer learning, in which a CNN pre-trained on a very large general image dataset (typically "
    "ImageNet, containing millions of photographs) is fine-tuned on a smaller, domain-specific dataset "
    "such as veterinary radiographs. Transfer learning substantially reduces the volume of labelled "
    "veterinary images required to train a functional model, making AI development feasible even when "
    "large proprietary datasets are unavailable [5].",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Model performance in veterinary AI studies is conventionally evaluated using metrics including "
    "sensitivity (the proportion of true positive cases correctly identified), specificity (the proportion "
    "of true negatives correctly identified), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve "
    "(AUC-ROC), and F1 score. Understanding these metrics is essential for clinicians evaluating published "
    "AI studies, as high overall accuracy can mask poor performance in clinically important subgroups, "
    "particularly when disease prevalence in the dataset is imbalanced [5].",
    body_style
))

# ── 3. AI IN DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING ──────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("3. AI in Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging", section_style))

story.append(Paragraph("3.1 Radiography", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Radiography remains the most accessible and widely used imaging modality in veterinary practice "
    "globally, making it the natural starting point for AI integration. Early reviews of the veterinary "
    "AI imaging literature identified fewer than 40 peer-reviewed publications using ML for imaging-associated "
    "tasks [2], but this number has grown substantially in the intervening years. ML models applied to "
    "conventional radiographs have demonstrated strong performance in detecting orthopaedic abnormalities, "
    "including hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and long-bone fractures in dogs and cats. One widely cited "
    "benchmark reported that AI systems could identify bone and joint pathology in radiographs with an "
    "accuracy exceeding 90% [1]. Detection of thoracic pathology — including cardiomegaly, pleural effusion, "
    "and pulmonary infiltrates — has also been reported with AUC-ROC values consistently above 0.85 in "
    "canine and feline cohorts [3,6].",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "A persistent challenge in veterinary radiographic AI is the paucity of large, standardised, "
    "labelled image datasets. Unlike human medical imaging, for which datasets containing millions of "
    "labelled radiographs are publicly available (e.g., NIH ChestX-ray14), veterinary equivalents are "
    "small, institution-specific, and rarely shared across research groups [2]. This limits model "
    "generalisability: a CNN trained on images from one hospital system may perform poorly when applied "
    "to images acquired with different equipment settings, patient populations, or labelling conventions.",
    body_style
))

story.append(Paragraph("3.2 Ultrasound", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Ultrasound is widely used in veterinary medicine for abdominal, cardiac, and reproductive "
    "assessment. AI integration in veterinary ultrasound has focused primarily on automated measurement "
    "tasks — such as cardiac chamber dimensions and ejection fraction estimation in dogs — and on "
    "image quality scoring to flag non-diagnostic frames in real-time acquisition. Echocardiographic "
    "AI tools have shown particular promise for screening for breed-specific cardiac disease, including "
    "dilated cardiomyopathy in Dobermanns and myxomatous mitral valve disease in Cavalier King Charles "
    "Spaniels, conditions for which early detection significantly alters clinical management [6]. "
    "The real-time nature of ultrasound acquisition presents both an opportunity — immediate AI feedback "
    "during the scan — and a challenge, as motion artefact and operator dependency introduce variability "
    "that is difficult to model.",
    body_style
))

story.append(Paragraph("3.3 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) generate volumetric datasets that "
    "are well-suited to AI analysis due to their high information density and the significant time "
    "burden associated with manual review. In veterinary medicine, CT-based AI models have been "
    "applied to segmentation of thoracic and abdominal structures, automated detection of pulmonary "
    "nodules, and characterisation of intervertebral disc disease in chondrodystrophic breeds — a "
    "high-priority clinical application given the frequency of spinal cord compression in Dachshunds "
    "and French Bulldogs [3,6]. MRI-based DL models have been used to grade brain tumour morphology "
    "and to detect intracranial lesions in dogs. A key advantage of CT and MRI AI applications is "
    "that volumetric segmentation tasks that would take a radiologist 30-60 minutes manually can "
    "often be automated in seconds, with a direct impact on clinical workflow efficiency.",
    body_style
))

# ── 4. DIGITAL PATHOLOGY ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("4. AI in Veterinary Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The introduction of whole slide imaging (WSI) technology — digital scanners capable of producing "
    "high-resolution images of entire histological sections — has created the technical foundation for "
    "AI integration in veterinary pathology. This transition from analogue microscopy to digital "
    "workflows has been termed the 'digital revolution in veterinary pathology' [7], and it is "
    "progressively reshaping how diagnostic laboratories operate.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "DL algorithms applied to WSI have demonstrated the ability to classify tumour types in canine "
    "and feline biopsy specimens, grade neoplastic tissue, and quantify mitotic index — a key "
    "prognostic parameter in veterinary oncology — with accuracy comparable to board-certified "
    "pathologists in defined tasks [7]. Automated cell counting, which is highly labour-intensive "
    "when performed manually, can be completed in seconds by trained CNN models. In haematology, "
    "ML-based differential leucocyte counting and identification of morphological abnormalities in "
    "blood smears is an active area of development, with commercial tools already available for "
    "human clinical laboratories that are being adapted for veterinary use.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "For veterinary systems in low- and middle-income countries, a particularly relevant application "
    "of digital pathology is telediagnosis — the transmission of digital slide images over "
    "telecommunications networks for remote interpretation by a specialist. Where a histopathology "
    "service does not exist locally, telediagnosis enables rural practitioners to access expert "
    "second opinions that would otherwise require the physical transfer of samples over long "
    "distances, often with significant delays and sample degradation [7]. The integration of "
    "AI-assisted pre-screening into telediagnosis workflows — flagging cases as likely benign or "
    "requiring urgent specialist review — has the potential to substantially reduce turnaround "
    "times and the specialist workload associated with large-scale screening programmes.",
    body_style
))

# ── 5. DISEASE SURVEILLANCE ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("5. AI in Disease Surveillance and Outbreak Prediction", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Beyond individual-animal diagnostics, AI is increasingly applied to population-level disease "
    "surveillance and predictive epidemiology. In precision livestock farming, sensor-integrated "
    "AI platforms monitor individual animal behaviour, body temperature, rumination patterns, "
    "gait, and feed intake in real time. By learning the baseline signature of healthy animals, "
    "these systems can detect deviations consistent with early-stage disease — including bovine "
    "respiratory disease, mastitis, and metabolic disorders — two to three days before clinical "
    "signs become apparent to farm personnel [1]. The economic and welfare implications are "
    "significant: earlier intervention reduces treatment costs, decreases antimicrobial use, "
    "and lowers mortality rates.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "At the epidemiological scale, AI models integrating climate variables, land-use data, "
    "host population density, and historical case records have been used to generate spatiotemporal "
    "risk maps for zoonotic diseases including avian influenza, Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo "
    "haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and foot-and-mouth disease. These models can generate outbreak "
    "forecasts weeks in advance, providing an early warning window that is rarely achievable with "
    "traditional passive surveillance systems [1]. The application of natural language processing "
    "(NLP) to mine data from news reports, social media, and electronic health records for "
    "disease signals — a technique known as event-based surveillance — further expands the "
    "data inputs available to AI-based monitoring systems.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The COVID-19 pandemic reinforced the strategic importance of early animal-human disease "
    "interface surveillance, and has catalysed investment in AI-based One Health monitoring "
    "platforms globally. Systems such as EMPRES-i (FAO), HealthMap, and ProMED now incorporate "
    "machine learning components to prioritise disease signals and forecast transmission risk. "
    "Integrating Pakistan's national animal disease reporting system (NADRS) with such platforms "
    "represents a concrete near-term opportunity for improved national biosurveillance.",
    body_style
))

# ── 6. CHALLENGES ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("6. Challenges and Limitations", section_style))

story.append(Paragraph("6.1 Data Scarcity and Quality", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The performance of any AI system is fundamentally determined by the quality and quantity of "
    "data on which it is trained. Veterinary medicine faces a chronic shortage of large, "
    "standardised, publicly available labelled datasets across all diagnostic domains. Imaging "
    "data is often fragmented across institutions, stored in incompatible formats, and lacks "
    "consistent labelling by specialist clinicians. The problem is compounded in developing "
    "countries, where electronic record-keeping and digital imaging systems are not yet "
    "universally adopted, limiting the retrospective data that could seed AI development [2,3].",
    body_style
))

story.append(Paragraph("6.2 Algorithmic Opacity and Explainability", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Deep learning models are often characterised as 'black boxes' — they can produce highly "
    "accurate outputs without providing an interpretable explanation of how a decision was "
    "reached. This opacity is a significant barrier to clinical adoption, as veterinarians "
    "and regulatory bodies require that diagnostic tools be interpretable and accountable. "
    "Techniques such as gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) can visualise "
    "which regions of an image drove a CNN's prediction, improving transparency, but "
    "explainability remains an active area of research rather than a solved problem [6].",
    body_style
))

story.append(Paragraph("6.3 Ethical Considerations", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The deployment of AI in veterinary diagnostics raises ethical questions regarding "
    "accountability (who bears responsibility for an AI-assisted misdiagnosis?), consent "
    "(how should animal owners be informed about AI involvement in their pet's care?), "
    "and the deskilling of veterinary professionals who rely on AI outputs without "
    "developing or maintaining the underlying clinical competencies. There is broad "
    "consensus in the literature that AI should function as a decision-support tool — "
    "augmenting rather than replacing clinical expertise — and that robust human oversight "
    "must be maintained, particularly in high-stakes diagnostic scenarios [6].",
    body_style
))

story.append(Paragraph("6.4 Inequitable Access", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Commercial AI diagnostic tools currently available for veterinary use are priced "
    "for high-income market contexts and require digital imaging infrastructure, reliable "
    "internet connectivity, and ongoing technical support that are not universally "
    "available. This creates a risk that AI will widen rather than narrow the global "
    "gap in veterinary diagnostic capability. Addressing this requires deliberate policy "
    "action: open-source AI models, subsidised hardware programmes, and regulatory "
    "frameworks that incentivise low-cost market entry in underserved regions [1].",
    body_style
))

# ── 7. PAKISTAN ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph(
    "7. Prospects for AI Adoption in Pakistan's Veterinary Sector", section_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Pakistan presents one of the most compelling cases for AI-assisted veterinary diagnostics "
    "in the developing world. The country's livestock sector is a pillar of its agricultural "
    "economy, contributing approximately 60.5% of the total agriculture value added and "
    "supporting the livelihoods of around 35 million rural households. Pakistan holds an "
    "estimated 51.5 million cattle, 44.7 million buffalo, 31.2 million sheep, 78.5 million "
    "goats, and nearly 1.1 million camels — numbers that demand a diagnostic infrastructure "
    "of corresponding scale [4].",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The current diagnostic landscape is characterised by a significant urban-rural divide. "
    "Advanced imaging services — CT, MRI, and digital radiography — are concentrated in "
    "university veterinary hospitals and a small number of referral centres in Lahore, "
    "Karachi, Faisalabad, and Peshawar. Histopathology services are similarly centralised, "
    "with sample transit times of several days from remote areas common. Livestock owners "
    "in rural Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and KPK provinces have effectively no access to "
    "specialist veterinary diagnostics beyond basic clinical examination and limited point-of-care "
    "serology. The shortage of veterinary radiologists and pathologists — a global phenomenon "
    "that is particularly acute in Pakistan — further constrains capacity.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Several converging factors make AI adoption increasingly viable in Pakistan's context. "
    "Smartphone penetration in Pakistan has exceeded 40% of the population and continues to "
    "grow, including in rural areas. Mobile-based AI diagnostic platforms — such as those "
    "using smartphone camera attachments for fundoscopy, dermatology, or wound assessment — "
    "have been successfully deployed in comparable low-resource settings in sub-Saharan "
    "Africa and South Asia for human medicine, and the model is transferable to veterinary "
    "applications. Point-of-care AI tools that can analyse field-acquired images without "
    "requiring internet connectivity (edge AI) represent a particularly promising direction "
    "for remote livestock management.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Pakistan is endemic for multiple diseases that are priority targets for AI-based "
    "surveillance: Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD, multiple serotypes), Lumpy Skin Disease, "
    "Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever, Brucellosis, and Theileriosis each cause substantial "
    "annual losses and have established spatiotemporal distribution patterns amenable to "
    "predictive modelling. Integration of Pakistan's NADRS data with regional AI-based "
    "early warning systems (such as EMPRES-i) would significantly improve outbreak "
    "response lead times.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The primary barriers to AI adoption in Pakistan's veterinary system include: (i) absence "
    "of large, digitised veterinary diagnostic datasets for model training; (ii) limited "
    "AI literacy among veterinary graduates and faculty; (iii) lack of a regulatory framework "
    "for AI-based diagnostic tools; (iv) cost of digital imaging infrastructure; and "
    "(v) restricted collaboration between veterinary institutions and computer science departments. "
    "Addressing these barriers will require coordinated investment by the Higher Education "
    "Commission (HEC), provincial livestock departments, and international development "
    "partners. Introducing AI literacy components into the DVM curriculum and establishing "
    "veterinary imaging databases at university teaching hospitals are achievable short-term "
    "steps that would build the foundation for domestic AI development.",
    body_style
))

# ── 8. CONCLUSION ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("8. Conclusions", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Artificial intelligence is transitioning from an experimental novelty to a clinical "
    "reality in veterinary diagnostics. Across imaging modalities — radiography, ultrasound, "
    "CT, and MRI — AI systems have demonstrated diagnostic performance competitive with "
    "trained specialists in defined tasks, with the potential to extend specialist-level "
    "diagnostic capacity to settings where such expertise is otherwise unavailable. In "
    "digital pathology, whole slide imaging and AI-assisted analysis are streamlining "
    "histopathological workflows and enabling telediagnosis across geographic barriers. "
    "In disease surveillance, predictive AI models offer a fundamentally new paradigm "
    "for zoonotic outbreak anticipation, with direct implications for One Health strategies.",
    body_style
))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The adoption of these technologies is not, however, automatic or equitable. It requires "
    "deliberate investment in data infrastructure, workforce training, ethical governance, "
    "and regulatory frameworks. For Pakistan — a country with massive livestock holdings, "
    "a heavy zoonotic disease burden, and a growing cohort of DVM graduates equipped with "
    "scientific literacy — the opportunity to leapfrog traditional diagnostic infrastructure "
    "through AI is real and actionable. Achieving this will require veterinary institutions, "
    "government bodies, and the international research community to work together to ensure "
    "that the benefits of AI reach the farmers, animals, and communities that need them most.",
    body_style
))

# ── REFERENCES ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("References", section_style))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=colors.HexColor("#aaaaaa"), spaceAfter=6))

refs = [
    "[1] Ehsanullah, Maqbool B, Arshad MI, Abourashed NM, Gul ST. Role of artificial intelligence "
    "in veterinary anatomical diagnostics and zoonotic disease monitoring. Ann Anat. 2026;Feb:152756. "
    "doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152756. PMID: 41317804.",

    "[2] Hennessey E, DiFazio M, Hennessey R, Cassel N. Artificial intelligence in veterinary "
    "diagnostic imaging: A literature review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2022;63(S1):476-488. "
    "doi:10.1111/vru.13163. PMID: 36468206.",

    "[3] Burti S, Banzato T, Coghlan S, Wodzinski M, Bendazzoli M, Zotti A. Artificial intelligence "
    "in veterinary diagnostic imaging: Perspectives and limitations. Res Vet Sci. 2024;175:105317. "
    "doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105317. PMID: 38843690.",

    "[4] Ali Khan E, Rizwan M, Wang Y. Challenges and future prospects of Pakistan's animal industry: "
    "Economic potential, emerging trends, and strategic directions. Vet Sci. 2025;12(8):753. "
    "PMID: 40872684.",

    "[5] Pereira AI, Franco-Goncalo P, Leite P, Ribeiro A, Alves-Pimenta MS, Colaco B. Artificial "
    "intelligence in veterinary imaging: An overview. Vet Sci. 2023;10(5):320. "
    "doi:10.3390/vetsci10050320. PMC10223052. PMID: 37235403.",

    "[6] Hespel AM, Zhang Y, Basran PS. Artificial intelligence 101 for veterinary diagnostic "
    "imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2022;63(S1):462-475. doi:10.1111/vru.13162. PMID: 36514230.",

    "[7] Ancheta K, Le Calvez S, Williams J. The digital revolution in veterinary pathology. "
    "J Comp Pathol. 2024;214:1-10. doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.08.001. PMID: 39241697.",

    "[8] Farhab M, Aziz MW, Shaukat A. Review of toxoplasmosis: What we still need to do. "
    "Vet Sci. 2025;12(8). PMID: 40872723.",

    "[9] Rehman S, Ullah S, Kholik K, et al. A detailed review of bovine brucellosis. "
    "Open Vet J. 2025;15(4). PMID: 40453865.",

    "[10] Munir F, Shakoor A, Fuehrer HP. Coxiella burnetii in Pakistan: a meta-analysis. "
    "BMC Vet Res. 2025;21(1):1-12. PMID: 41413540.",
]

for r in refs:
    story.append(Paragraph(r, ref_style))

# ── Build ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF generated: {OUTPUT}")

from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.platypus import (
    SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer,
    HRFlowable, PageBreak
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_JUSTIFY

OUTPUT = "/tmp/workspace/ai-vet-review/AI_in_Veterinary_Diagnostics_Review_v2.pdf"

doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
    OUTPUT, pagesize=A4,
    leftMargin=2.5*cm, rightMargin=2.5*cm,
    topMargin=2.5*cm, bottomMargin=2.5*cm,
    title="AI in Veterinary Diagnostics – Expanded References",
    author="[Author Name(s)]",
)

# ── Styles ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
title_style = ParagraphStyle("T", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=15, leading=20,
    alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=8, textColor=colors.HexColor("#1a2a4a"))
author_style = ParagraphStyle("A", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=11, leading=14,
    alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=3, textColor=colors.HexColor("#333333"))
affil_style = ParagraphStyle("Af", fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=9, leading=12,
    alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=3, textColor=colors.HexColor("#555555"))
journal_style = ParagraphStyle("J", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=9, leading=12,
    alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=14, textColor=colors.HexColor("#777777"))
section_style = ParagraphStyle("S", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=12, leading=16,
    spaceBefore=14, spaceAfter=5, textColor=colors.HexColor("#1a2a4a"))
subsection_style = ParagraphStyle("SS", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=10.5, leading=14,
    spaceBefore=10, spaceAfter=4, textColor=colors.HexColor("#2c4a7a"))
body_style = ParagraphStyle("B", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=10, leading=15,
    alignment=TA_JUSTIFY, spaceAfter=6)
abstract_style = ParagraphStyle("Ab", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=9.5, leading=14,
    alignment=TA_JUSTIFY, leftIndent=10, rightIndent=10, spaceAfter=5,
    textColor=colors.HexColor("#222222"))
abstract_heading = ParagraphStyle("AbH", fontName="Helvetica-Bold", fontSize=10, leading=14,
    leftIndent=10, spaceBefore=8, spaceAfter=4, textColor=colors.HexColor("#1a2a4a"))
keyword_style = ParagraphStyle("K", fontName="Helvetica-Oblique", fontSize=9.5, leading=13,
    leftIndent=10, spaceAfter=14)
ref_style = ParagraphStyle("R", fontName="Helvetica", fontSize=8.5, leading=13,
    alignment=TA_JUSTIFY, leftIndent=18, firstLineIndent=-18, spaceAfter=4)

story = []

# ── Title block ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Artificial Intelligence in Veterinary Diagnostics: Applications, Limitations, "
    "and Prospects for Low-Resource Settings",
    title_style))
story.append(Paragraph("[Author Name(s)]", author_style))
story.append(Paragraph("[Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Name, Pakistan]", affil_style))
story.append(Paragraph("Correspondence: [email@university.edu.pk]", affil_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Submitted to: Veterinary Sciences (MDPI) | Manuscript Type: Narrative Review",
    journal_style))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1.5, color=colors.HexColor("#1a2a4a"), spaceAfter=10))

# ── Abstract ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("Abstract", abstract_heading))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Artificial intelligence (AI) and its subfields — machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) — "
    "are rapidly transforming veterinary diagnostics. Approximately 60% of all emerging infectious "
    "diseases in humans are zoonotic in origin, and conventional diagnostic tools often lack the speed, "
    "scalability, and precision required to address this growing burden. AI-powered systems have "
    "demonstrated the ability to detect musculoskeletal abnormalities in radiographs with greater than "
    "90% accuracy, predict disease onset in farm animals two to three days before clinical signs appear, "
    "and forecast zoonotic outbreaks weeks in advance by integrating environmental and animal movement "
    "data. Beyond imaging, AI is reshaping digital pathology through whole slide image (WSI) analysis "
    "and enabling telediagnosis in resource-limited settings. Despite these advances, widespread adoption "
    "remains constrained by fragmented datasets, algorithmic opacity, ethical concerns, and inequitable "
    "access — challenges that are particularly acute in South Asian veterinary systems. Pakistan, home "
    "to one of the world's largest livestock populations (~185 million animals), stands to benefit "
    "substantially from mobile-based AI diagnostic platforms. This narrative review synthesises current "
    "evidence across veterinary imaging, pathology, precision livestock farming, and disease surveillance, "
    "and critically examines prospects and barriers for AI adoption in low-resource settings, with "
    "particular reference to Pakistan.",
    abstract_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "<b>Keywords:</b> artificial intelligence; machine learning; deep learning; veterinary diagnostics; "
    "diagnostic imaging; digital pathology; precision livestock farming; zoonotic surveillance; "
    "One Health; Pakistan; low-resource settings",
    keyword_style))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=colors.HexColor("#aaaaaa"), spaceAfter=10))

# ── 1. INTRODUCTION ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("1. Introduction", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Veterinary medicine is entering a period of profound technological change. The convergence of "
    "large-scale digital data, affordable computing infrastructure, and sophisticated algorithmic "
    "frameworks has positioned artificial intelligence (AI) as one of the most consequential innovations "
    "in modern veterinary science [1,2]. AI encompasses a broad spectrum of computational methods, with "
    "machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) representing the subfields most relevant to clinical "
    "diagnostics. Unlike traditional rule-based software, these systems learn patterns from data, enabling "
    "them to perform complex perceptual tasks — image interpretation, anomaly detection, and outcome "
    "prediction — at a level that increasingly matches trained specialists in defined tasks [3,4].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The global demand for veterinary diagnostic services is expanding rapidly. An estimated 60% of all "
    "emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are zoonotic in origin [1,5]. Climate change is "
    "accelerating the geographic spread of vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens [6], placing additional "
    "pressure on already strained diagnostic systems. In parallel, the global livestock population "
    "continues to grow to meet food demand, increasing the scale at which animal health monitoring must "
    "operate. Conventional diagnostic modalities — including manual radiographic interpretation, gross "
    "and histopathological examination, and serological assays — are time-intensive, require specialist "
    "training, and are difficult to scale across large animal populations or remote geographic areas [7].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "AI tools offer compelling solutions to these challenges. Studies in veterinary diagnostic imaging "
    "report that ML-based systems can detect over 90% of bone and joint abnormalities in radiographs, "
    "identify cardiac and pulmonary pathology, and stratify disease severity in ways that inform "
    "clinical decision-making [1,3,8]. In farm animal medicine, precision livestock technologies "
    "powered by AI can predict illness onset two to three days before clinical signs appear, enabling "
    "pre-emptive intervention and reducing antimicrobial use [9,10,11]. At the epidemiological scale, "
    "AI-based surveillance models forecast zoonotic disease outbreaks weeks in advance [1,12].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Despite this promise, the global distribution of AI adoption in veterinary medicine is profoundly "
    "unequal. Most published work originates from high-income countries with established digital "
    "infrastructure and large imaging databases. Pakistan's veterinary sector faces challenges of "
    "enormous scale: the country maintains approximately 185 million livestock [13], is endemic for "
    "multiple zoonotic and transboundary animal diseases, and faces a severe shortage of veterinary "
    "radiologists and pathologists outside major cities. This review addresses all these dimensions.",
    body_style))

# ── 2. TECHNICAL FOUNDATIONS ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("2. Technical Foundations: AI, ML, and Deep Learning", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Artificial intelligence is a broad term referring to computational systems that perform tasks "
    "typically requiring human intelligence. Machine learning is a subfield in which algorithms "
    "improve performance by learning from data rather than explicit rules. Deep learning uses "
    "multi-layered artificial neural networks to learn hierarchical data representations [4,15].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The most widely applied DL architecture in veterinary imaging is the convolutional neural network "
    "(CNN). CNNs process image data through successive filter layers detecting progressively abstract "
    "features: early layers identify edges and textures; deeper layers recognise anatomical structures "
    "and pathological patterns. Transfer learning — fine-tuning a CNN pre-trained on a large general "
    "image dataset (e.g., ImageNet) for a domain-specific task — substantially reduces the labelled "
    "veterinary images required for a functional model [4,15]. Model performance is evaluated using "
    "sensitivity, specificity, AUC-ROC, and F1 score; understanding these metrics is essential "
    "for clinicians evaluating published AI studies [3,4].",
    body_style))

# ── 3. AI IN DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING ──────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("3. AI in Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging", section_style))

story.append(Paragraph("3.1 Radiography", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Radiography remains the most accessible imaging modality in veterinary practice globally, making "
    "it the natural starting point for AI integration. Early reviews identified fewer than 40 "
    "peer-reviewed publications using ML for vet imaging tasks [3], a number that has since grown "
    "substantially. ML models applied to conventional radiographs have demonstrated strong performance "
    "in detecting orthopaedic abnormalities including hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and long-bone "
    "fractures, with accuracy exceeding 90% for bone and joint pathology [1,3]. Detection of thoracic "
    "pathology — cardiomegaly, pleural effusion, and pulmonary infiltrates — has been reported with "
    "AUC-ROC values consistently above 0.85 in canine and feline cohorts [6,8,16,17].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "A recent multi-centre study comparing AI software to veterinary radiologists for canine and feline "
    "radiographic interpretation reported high agreement rates for detection of cardiomegaly and "
    "pulmonary patterns, with commercially available CNN-based tools performing comparably to "
    "specialists in standardised test sets [18]. AI systems have also been deployed for radiograph "
    "quality control — automatically classifying image collimation and exposure adequacy — a "
    "clinically useful preprocessing step that reduces diagnostic error [19,20]. Dental radiography "
    "AI tools for periodontal and endodontic lesion detection in small animals are an emerging "
    "application with strong commercial interest [21].",
    body_style))

story.append(Paragraph("3.2 Ultrasound", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Ultrasound is widely used for abdominal, cardiac, and reproductive assessment. AI integration "
    "has focused on automated measurement tasks — cardiac chamber dimensions, ejection fraction "
    "estimation — and real-time image quality scoring. A 2026 study demonstrated that a CNN-based "
    "tool could detect confirmed heart failure in dogs and cats from thoracic radiographs with "
    "sensitivity and specificity suitable for clinical screening applications [22]. "
    "AI-based evaluation of mitral regurgitation severity using digital stethoscope recordings "
    "in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease has also been reported, showcasing non-imaging "
    "sensor integration [23]. ML models applied to ultrasound and optical imaging data have "
    "demonstrated ability to diagnose veterinary cancer non-invasively, classifying canine and "
    "feline neoplasms with high accuracy across multiple tumour types [24,25].",
    body_style))

story.append(Paragraph("3.3 CT and MRI", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "CT and MRI generate volumetric datasets well-suited to AI analysis. AI models have been applied "
    "to segmentation of thoracic and abdominal structures, detection of pulmonary nodules, and "
    "characterisation of intervertebral disc disease in chondrodystrophic breeds [6,8]. MRI-based "
    "DL models have been applied to intracranial lesion detection and brain tumour grading in dogs. "
    "A key clinical advantage is speed: volumetric segmentation tasks that take a radiologist "
    "30-60 minutes manually can be automated in seconds, directly impacting workflow efficiency [3,6].",
    body_style))

story.append(Paragraph("3.4 Gastrointestinal Parasite Detection", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "AI is also being applied outside classical imaging. The Vetscan Imagyst system, evaluated in "
    "a multi-centre study, uses automated microscopy combined with ML algorithms to detect "
    "gastrointestinal parasites in dog and cat faecal samples, demonstrating performance comparable "
    "to trained laboratory staff [26]. This application is particularly relevant for high-volume "
    "clinical settings and resource-limited laboratories.",
    body_style))

# ── 4. DIGITAL PATHOLOGY ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("4. AI in Veterinary Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Whole slide imaging (WSI) technology has created the technical foundation for AI in veterinary "
    "pathology, and the field has been termed a 'digital revolution' [7,27]. DL algorithms applied "
    "to WSI have demonstrated ability to classify tumour types in canine and feline biopsy specimens "
    "and grade neoplastic tissue. A landmark study achieved automated diagnosis of seven canine skin "
    "tumours using ML on H&E-stained whole slides [28]. Computer-assisted mitotic count — a key "
    "prognostic parameter in veterinary oncology — using DL has been shown to improve "
    "interobserver reproducibility and reduce counting errors compared to manual methods [29].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Histological classification of canine and feline lymphoma using modular DL and advanced image "
    "processing has been reported, enabling consistent subtype classification that traditionally "
    "requires immunohistochemistry [30]. In toxicological pathology, deep learning-based staging of "
    "spermatogenesis in primate testes demonstrates AI's breadth in research pathology contexts [31]. "
    "For lower-income veterinary systems, telediagnosis via WSI transmission is a practical near-term "
    "application, allowing rural practitioners to access specialist histopathological second opinions "
    "without physical sample transfer [7,27].",
    body_style))

# ── 5. DISEASE SURVEILLANCE ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("5. AI in Precision Livestock Farming and Disease Surveillance", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "In precision livestock farming, sensor-integrated AI platforms monitor individual animal "
    "behaviour, body temperature, rumination, gait, and feed intake in real time. Deep learning "
    "applied to tri-axial accelerometer data from dairy cows can identify subtle behavioural "
    "deviations predictive of forthcoming disease [32]. Early detection of bovine respiratory "
    "disease in pre-weaned calves using sensor-based feeding, movement, and social behavioural data "
    "has been reported up to several days before clinical diagnosis [33]. Machine learning algorithms "
    "for lameness detection in dairy cattle — using multimodal physiological, behavioural, blood "
    "biochemical, and milk composition parameters — have achieved high sensitivity in field "
    "conditions [34,35].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "AI-assisted multilabel classification for bovine disease detection, including work from "
    "Pakistani researchers, has demonstrated that combining clinical and sensor data improves "
    "diagnostic accuracy over single-parameter models [36]. A comprehensive review of precision "
    "livestock farming applications outlines current challenges and opportunities including "
    "digital twin frameworks and real-time data integration [37,38]. Sound-based monitoring "
    "of pig health using AI has emerged as a low-cost alternative to wearable sensor systems, "
    "with cough and distress vocalisations serving as early disease signals [39].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "At the epidemiological scale, AI models integrating climate variables, land-use data, host "
    "population density, and historical case records generate spatiotemporal risk maps for "
    "zoonotic diseases including avian influenza, CCHF, and foot-and-mouth disease [1,5,12]. "
    "Explainable AI frameworks applied to One Health surveillance represent the frontier of "
    "this field, combining prediction with interpretability for policymakers [40]. ML-based "
    "prediction of zoonotic transmission potential and host associations for novel viruses "
    "enables proactive rather than reactive public health responses [41]. "
    "Application of ML to Lyme disease surveillance in a One Health framework demonstrates "
    "how combined animal, human, and environmental data streams can improve risk mapping [42].",
    body_style))

# ── 6. CHALLENGES ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("6. Challenges and Limitations", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph("6.1 Data Scarcity and Quality", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The performance of any AI system is fundamentally determined by the quality and quantity of "
    "training data. Veterinary medicine faces a chronic shortage of large, standardised, labelled "
    "datasets across all diagnostic domains [3,4]. Imaging data is often fragmented, stored in "
    "incompatible formats, and lacks consistent specialist labelling. In developing countries, "
    "incomplete adoption of electronic record-keeping limits retrospective data availability "
    "for model development [2,3].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph("6.2 Algorithmic Opacity and Explainability", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Deep learning models are often 'black boxes' — they produce accurate outputs without "
    "interpretable explanations. Grad-CAM and similar techniques improve transparency [6,40], "
    "but explainability remains an active research problem. Explainable AI (XAI) is "
    "particularly important in One Health surveillance contexts, where predictions must be "
    "communicated to policymakers and the public [40].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph("6.3 Ethical Considerations", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "AI deployment in veterinary diagnostics raises questions regarding accountability for "
    "AI-assisted misdiagnosis, owner consent, and the risk of deskilling veterinary "
    "professionals. Broad consensus holds that AI should function as decision-support "
    "rather than replacement for clinical expertise, and that human oversight must be "
    "maintained in high-stakes scenarios [6,43].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph("6.4 Inequitable Access", subsection_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Commercial AI diagnostic tools are priced for high-income markets and require digital "
    "imaging infrastructure not universally available. This risks widening the global "
    "gap in veterinary diagnostic capability. Open-source models, subsidised hardware "
    "programmes, and regulatory incentives for low-cost market entry are required [1,44].",
    body_style))

# ── 7. PAKISTAN ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("7. Prospects for AI Adoption in Pakistan's Veterinary Sector", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Pakistan presents one of the most compelling cases for AI-assisted veterinary diagnostics "
    "in the developing world. The livestock sector contributes approximately 60.5% of total "
    "agriculture value added and supports around 35 million rural households [13]. Pakistan "
    "holds an estimated 51.5 million cattle, 44.7 million buffalo, 31.2 million sheep, "
    "78.5 million goats, and ~1.1 million camels [13]. The country is simultaneously endemic "
    "for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Lumpy Skin Disease, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever, "
    "Brucellosis, and Theileriosis — each a priority target for AI-based surveillance.",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "The current diagnostic landscape is characterised by a significant urban-rural divide. "
    "Advanced imaging services are concentrated in university veterinary hospitals and a small "
    "number of referral centres in Lahore, Karachi, Faisalabad, and Peshawar. Histopathology "
    "services are similarly centralised. Livestock owners in rural Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, "
    "and KPK have effectively no access to specialist diagnostics beyond basic clinical "
    "examination. The shortage of veterinary radiologists and pathologists — a global "
    "phenomenon particularly acute in Pakistan — further constrains capacity.",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Several factors make AI adoption increasingly viable. Smartphone penetration in Pakistan "
    "exceeds 40% of the population and continues to grow in rural areas. Mobile-based AI "
    "diagnostic platforms deployed in comparable low-resource settings in sub-Saharan Africa "
    "and South Asia for human medicine are transferable to veterinary applications. Point-of-care "
    "AI tools analysing field-acquired images without internet connectivity (edge AI) represent "
    "a particularly promising direction for remote livestock management.",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Primary barriers to AI adoption include: (i) absence of large, digitised veterinary "
    "diagnostic datasets; (ii) limited AI literacy among veterinary graduates and faculty; "
    "(iii) lack of a regulatory framework for AI-based diagnostic tools; (iv) cost of digital "
    "imaging infrastructure; and (v) restricted collaboration between veterinary institutions "
    "and computer science departments. Introducing AI literacy into the DVM curriculum and "
    "establishing veterinary imaging databases at university teaching hospitals are achievable "
    "short-term steps [13,44].",
    body_style))

# ── 8. CONCLUSION ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(Paragraph("8. Conclusions", section_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "Artificial intelligence is transitioning from an experimental novelty to a clinical "
    "reality in veterinary diagnostics. Across imaging modalities, AI has demonstrated "
    "diagnostic performance competitive with trained specialists in defined tasks [3,6,8,16-22]. "
    "In digital pathology, WSI and AI-assisted analysis are streamlining histopathological "
    "workflows and enabling telediagnosis across geographic barriers [7,27-31]. In precision "
    "livestock farming, predictive AI models offer pre-symptomatic disease detection and "
    "reduced antimicrobial use [9-11,32-38]. In disease surveillance, AI provides a "
    "fundamentally new paradigm for zoonotic outbreak anticipation [1,5,12,40-42].",
    body_style))
story.append(Paragraph(
    "For Pakistan — a country with massive livestock holdings, a heavy zoonotic disease burden, "
    "and a growing cohort of DVM graduates — the opportunity to leapfrog traditional diagnostic "
    "infrastructure through AI is real and actionable. Achieving this will require veterinary "
    "institutions, government bodies, and the international research community to work together "
    "to ensure that the benefits of AI reach the farmers, animals, and communities that need "
    "them most [1,13,44].",
    body_style))

# ── REFERENCES ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
story.append(PageBreak())
story.append(Paragraph("References", section_style))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=0.5, color=colors.HexColor("#aaaaaa"), spaceAfter=6))

ALL_REFS = [
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    "[2] Hennessey E, DiFazio M, Hennessey R, Cassel N. Artificial intelligence in veterinary "
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    "[4] Pereira AI, Franco-Goncalo P, Leite P, Ribeiro A, Alves-Pimenta MS, Colaco B. Artificial "
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    "[5] Pandit PS, Anthony SJ, Goldstein T, et al. Predicting the potential for zoonotic transmission "
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    "[6] Hespel AM, Zhang Y, Basran PS. Artificial intelligence 101 for veterinary diagnostic "
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    "[7] Ancheta K, Le Calvez S, Williams J. The digital revolution in veterinary pathology. "
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    "[8] Pereira AI, Franco-Goncalo P, Leite P, Colaco B. Artificial intelligence in veterinary "
    "imaging: an overview of applications by body system. Vet Sci. 2023;10(5):320. PMID: 37235403.",

    "[9] Bushby EV, Thomas M, Vazquez-Diosdado JA, et al. Early detection of bovine respiratory "
    "disease in pre-weaned dairy calves using sensor-based feeding, movement, and social behavioural "
    "data. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):9710. PMID: 38679647.",

    "[10] Dervic E, Matzhold C, Egger-Danner C, et al. Improving lameness detection in cows: "
    "A machine learning algorithm application. J Dairy Sci. 2024;107(12):10849-10861. "
    "PMID: 39343224.",

    "[11] Dzermeikaite K, Kristolaityte J, Grige S, et al. Creation of machine learning models trained "
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    "the identification of lameness in dairy cows. Biosensors. 2025;15(11). PMID: 41294733.",

    "[12] Cao Y, Lancaster E, Lee J, et al. Integrating explainable AI and One Health: a new "
    "frontier in combating infectious diseases. EBioMedicine. 2026;Apr:105632. PMID: 41825221.",

    "[13] Ali Khan E, Rizwan M, Wang Y. Challenges and future prospects of Pakistan's animal industry: "
    "economic potential, emerging trends, and strategic directions. Vet Sci. 2025;12(8):753. "
    "PMID: 40872684.",

    "[14] Farhab M, Aziz MW, Shaukat A. Review of toxoplasmosis: what we still need to do. "
    "Vet Sci. 2025;12(8). PMID: 40872723.",

    "[15] Siva Kiran RR, Dhamodhar P. The role of artificial intelligence and machine learning "
    "in advancing animal biotechnology: a review. Arch Razi Inst. 2025;Aug. PMID: 42058254.",

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]

for r in ALL_REFS:
    story.append(Paragraph(r, ref_style))

doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF generated: {OUTPUT}")
print(f"Total references: {len(ALL_REFS)}")