Equipment and instruments 1 Computer with internet and printer 2 Spotlight (Shadowless ceiling fitted) 3 Needle holding Forceps(big-medium-small) 4 Dressing drums of Assorted size 5 Intravenous Stand 6 X-ray View Box(double) 7 Cheatle's Forceps 8 Mosquito forceps 9 Scissors straight (Tailor) 10 Scissors curved of different sizes 11 Stitch removal Scissors 12 Dissection forceps 13 Sinus Forceps 14 Probes-Assorted size 15 Pointed scissors 16 Gastric and Intestinal clamps (occlusive and crushing) 17 Abdominal Retractors 18 Tissue Forceps 19 Babcock's Forceps 20 Kocher's Forceps 21 Urethral Dilators 22 Rubber catheters of Assorted size 23 Metal Catheters 24 Suturing Needle (straight or curved) of Assorted size 25 Surgical Thread 26 Sponge holding forceps 27 Right Angle cholecystectomy Forceps 28 Stone holding forceps 29 Proctoscope with or without illuminator 30 Bougies (Megars) 31 Allies Forceps small 32 Allies Forceps big 33 Pile holding forceps 34 Artery Forceps small 35 Artery Forceps big 36 Artery Forceps Medium 37 Sigmoidoscope Rigid or flexible 38 Barron Pile's Gun 39 Laryngoscope Pediatric or Adult 40 Ambu Bag 41 Suction machine Electrical or Manual 42 Emergency light A 43 Skin grafting knife with handle 44 Surgical blades of different size 45 BP Handle of different size 46 Self-Retaining Retractor 47 Bone Drill Machine 48 Bone cutter 49 Giggly Saw 50 Scoop 51 Periosteum elevator 52 Maggler Forceps 53 Endotracheal Tubes of different sizes 54 High Pressure Autoclave 55 Fumigator 56 Refrigerator 57 Nitrous Oxide Cylinder 58 Hydrolic Operation Table 59 Anaesthesia Trolley or Boyle's Apparatus 60 Gabriel Syringe 61 Stretcher with trolley 62 Non mercury sphygmoman meter 63 Doyen's retractor 64 Green Armitage forceps 65 Sterilizer 66 Sim's speculum 67 Anterior vaginal wall retractor 68 Cusco's speculum 69 Uterine sound 70 Anterior Vaginal Wall retractor Make pdf all this instrument with their image there identification and there use with there sterilization
Reading File
Running Command
mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/surgical-instruments && ls /home/daytona/worksp…
IMG_20260706_215324.jpg
instrument with their image there identification and there use with there sterilization
Writing File
~/surgical-instruments/generate_pdf.py
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Surgical Instruments Reference PDF Generator
Generates a comprehensive PDF with instrument images, identification, uses, and sterilization.
"""
import os
import requests
import urllib.request
from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import A4
from reportlab.lib import colors
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet, ParagraphStyle
from reportlab.lib.units import cm, mm
from reportlab.platypus import (
SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, Table, TableStyle,
Image, HRFlowable, PageBreak, KeepTogether
)
from reportlab.lib.enums import TA_CENTER, TA_LEFT, TA_JUSTIFY
from reportlab.pdfbase import pdfmetrics
from io import BytesIO
from PIL import Image as PILImage
import time
OUTPUT_PATH = "/home/daytona/workspace/surgical-instruments/Surgical_Instruments_Reference.pdf"
IMG_DIR = "/home/daytona/workspace/surgical-instruments/images"
os.makedirs(IMG_DIR, exist_ok=True)
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────
# INSTRUMENT DATA
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────
INSTRUMENTS = [
{
"no": 1,
"name": "Computer with Internet and Printer",
"image_query": "computer workstation medical office",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Single_apple_imac_from_the_front_infinite.png/320px-Single_apple_imac_from_the_front_infinite.png",
"identification": "Electronic device comprising a monitor, CPU, keyboard, mouse, and printer. Used in a clinical/administrative setting.",
"uses": "Patient record management, report printing, internet-based clinical decision support, telemedicine, appointment scheduling, and printing investigation reports.",
"sterilization": "Not sterilized. Regular surface cleaning with 70% isopropyl alcohol wipes. Keep dust-free. Keyboard covers recommended in clinical areas."
},
{
"no": 2,
"name": "Spotlight (Shadowless Ceiling Fitted)",
"image_query": "shadowless operating light ceiling surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Shadowless_lamp.jpg/320px-Shadowless_lamp.jpg",
"identification": "Large ceiling-mounted surgical light with multiple lamp heads arranged in a cluster to eliminate shadows on the operative field. Fitted with sterile handle covers.",
"uses": "Provides intense, shadow-free illumination of the surgical field during operations. Adjustable intensity and positioning.",
"sterilization": "Handle covers are autoclaved before use. The lamp body is wiped with hospital-grade disinfectant (e.g., 1% hypochlorite or 70% alcohol) between procedures."
},
{
"no": 3,
"name": "Needle Holding Forceps (Big, Medium, Small)",
"image_query": "needle holder forceps surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nadelhalter.jpg/320px-Nadelhalter.jpg",
"identification": "Scissor-shaped instrument with short, cross-hatched jaws and a ratchet locking mechanism. Available in three sizes. Jaws hold suture needle firmly.",
"uses": "Gripping and directing suture needles during wound closure and anastomosis. Larger sizes for deep tissues; smaller for superficial/delicate suturing.",
"sterilization": "Autoclaving (steam sterilization) at 134°C for 3 minutes or 121°C for 15 minutes. Can also be cold-sterilized in 2% glutaraldehyde for 20 minutes (high-level disinfection)."
},
{
"no": 4,
"name": "Dressing Drums (Assorted Sizes)",
"image_query": "dressing drum sterilization surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Dressing_drums.jpg/320px-Dressing_drums.jpg",
"identification": "Cylindrical metal containers with perforated sides and a sliding band to open/close the perforations. Available in small, medium, and large sizes.",
"uses": "Storing and sterilizing dressings, gauze, swabs, cotton balls, and surgical linen. Perforations allow steam penetration during autoclaving.",
"sterilization": "Autoclaved with perforations open. After sterilization, slide band closed to maintain sterility. Drums are re-sterilized every 24–48 hours or when opened."
},
{
"no": 5,
"name": "Intravenous (IV) Stand",
"image_query": "intravenous IV stand pole hospital",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Drip_stand.jpg/320px-Drip_stand.jpg",
"identification": "A tall, adjustable stainless steel or chrome-plated pole with hooks at the top and a wheeled base for mobility.",
"uses": "Holding IV fluid bags, blood transfusion sets, and infusion pumps. The height is adjustable to maintain correct fluid flow by gravity.",
"sterilization": "Not sterilized by heat. Cleaned and disinfected with 70% alcohol or 1% sodium hypochlorite solution between patient uses. Inspect hooks regularly for rust."
},
{
"no": 6,
"name": "X-Ray View Box (Double)",
"image_query": "x-ray view box illuminator radiology",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/X-ray_viewbox.jpg/320px-X-ray_viewbox.jpg",
"identification": "Wall-mounted or portable illuminated panels (two panels side by side) with uniform fluorescent backlighting for viewing radiographs.",
"uses": "Viewing and interpreting plain X-ray films, comparing bilateral radiographs simultaneously, pre-operative planning.",
"sterilization": "Not sterilized. Clean the surface with 70% isopropyl alcohol. Avoid moisture ingress. Routinely clean clips and surface."
},
{
"no": 7,
"name": "Cheatle's Forceps",
"image_query": "Cheatle forceps sterilization non-touch",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cheatle_forceps.jpg/320px-Cheatle_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Long, angled, non-locking forceps with a ring handle and curved jaws. Stored in a jar of antiseptic solution (traditionally carbolic acid, now Cidex/chlorhexidine).",
"uses": "Transferring sterile instruments, dressings, and equipment from sterile containers without contaminating them. Non-touch technique in sterile field.",
"sterilization": "Boiled or autoclaved daily. Stored in Savlon or 2% chlorhexidine solution in a Cheatle jar. Solution changed every 24 hours."
},
{
"no": 8,
"name": "Mosquito Forceps",
"image_query": "mosquito hemostatic forceps surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mosquito_Forceps.jpg/320px-Mosquito_Forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Very small hemostatic clamp with fine, fully serrated jaws and a ratchet lock. Curved or straight. Resembles a miniature artery forceps.",
"uses": "Clamping small blood vessels, securing sutures, holding delicate tissues, dissection in pediatric and ophthalmic surgeries.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min or 121°C/15 min. Open the ratchet during autoclaving to ensure steam penetrates all surfaces. Can use ethylene oxide for heat-sensitive configurations."
},
{
"no": 9,
"name": "Scissors Straight (Tailor/Mayo)",
"image_query": "Mayo straight scissors surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mayo_scissors.jpg/320px-Mayo_scissors.jpg",
"identification": "Heavy-duty, straight-bladed scissors with blunt or sharp tips. Stainless steel with ring handles. Called 'Tailor scissors' in some regions.",
"uses": "Cutting sutures, dressings, drapes, and tough fibrous tissue. Used for cutting suture material during wound closure.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave (steam sterilization) at 134°C. Keep blades slightly open during sterilization. Lubricate joints periodically with autoclave-safe oil."
},
{
"no": 10,
"name": "Scissors Curved (Assorted Sizes)",
"image_query": "curved surgical scissors Mayo Metzenbaum",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Metzenbaum_scissors.jpg/320px-Metzenbaum_scissors.jpg",
"identification": "Scissors with curved blades of varying lengths. Includes Mayo curved (heavy), Metzenbaum (fine, long handle), and iris scissors (small).",
"uses": "Tissue dissection, undercutting flaps, cutting in cavities. Metzenbaum: delicate dissection. Mayo curved: deep tissue cutting.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Blades slightly open. Regular lubrication. Ethylene oxide for fine ophthalmic scissors."
},
{
"no": 11,
"name": "Stitch Removal Scissors",
"image_query": "suture removal scissors stitch",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stitch_scissors.jpg/320px-Stitch_scissors.jpg",
"identification": "Small scissors with one blade having a curved/hooked tip designed to slide under sutures without injuring underlying skin.",
"uses": "Removing skin sutures and staples post-operatively. The curved lower blade slides beneath the suture loop for safe cutting.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 121°C/15 min. Alternatively, high-level disinfection with 2% glutaraldehyde (Cidex) for 20 minutes, followed by sterile rinse."
},
{
"no": 12,
"name": "Dissection Forceps",
"image_query": "dissection tissue forceps toothed plain",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anatomical_forceps.jpg/320px-Anatomical_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Tweezer-like instruments available as: (a) Toothed (rat-tooth) - one or more interdigitating teeth at tip; (b) Non-toothed (plain/thumb) - flat serrated tips. Stainless steel.",
"uses": "Toothed: grasping dense tissues (fascia, skin). Plain/atraumatic: handling delicate structures (peritoneum, bowel, vessels). Used in dissection and suturing.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Inspect teeth alignment after each sterilization cycle."
},
{
"no": 13,
"name": "Sinus Forceps",
"image_query": "sinus forceps dressing Spencer Wells",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sinus_forceps.jpg/320px-Sinus_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Long, slender forceps with fine jaws, often angled, used to explore and dress sinus tracts. Also called 'dressing forceps for sinuses'.",
"uses": "Exploring sinus tracts and fistulae, introducing and removing dressings/packing from deep wounds, probing abscesses.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C. For use in infected sinuses, individual-use sterile packs are preferred. Chemical sterilization with glutaraldehyde 2% is acceptable."
},
{
"no": 14,
"name": "Probes (Assorted Sizes)",
"image_query": "surgical probe fistula assorted",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Surgical_probe.jpg/320px-Surgical_probe.jpg",
"identification": "Slender, smooth, blunt-ended metal or silver rods of varying lengths and gauges. May be straight, curved, or malleable.",
"uses": "Exploring fistulae, sinuses, and wounds. Probing bile ducts, lacrimal ducts, urethral strictures. Guiding incisions along probe in fistulotomy.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Silver probes: handle gently, autoclave compatible. Avoid repeated sharp bending of malleable probes."
},
{
"no": 15,
"name": "Pointed Scissors",
"image_query": "sharp pointed iris surgical scissors",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Iris_scissors.jpg/320px-Iris_scissors.jpg",
"identification": "Small scissors with both blades ending in sharp points (sharp-sharp). Includes iris scissors and fine tenotomy scissors.",
"uses": "Precise cutting of fine sutures, delicate tissues in ophthalmic, plastic, and ENT surgery. Trimming wound edges. Opening small ducts.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave (preferred) or ethylene oxide for delicate fine-pointed scissors. Keep tips protected with silicone guards during sterilization."
},
{
"no": 16,
"name": "Gastric and Intestinal Clamps (Occlusive and Crushing)",
"image_query": "intestinal bowel clamp occlusive crushing Doyen",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Intestinal_clamp.jpg/320px-Intestinal_clamp.jpg",
"identification": "Occlusive clamps: atraumatic, long jaws with fine longitudinal serrations (e.g., Doyen bowel clamps). Crushing clamps: heavy serrated jaws. Both have ratchet handles.",
"uses": "Occlusive: temporarily occlude bowel lumen during resection without crushing mucosa. Crushing: applied to bowel segment to be resected.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Open ratchet during cycle. Inspect jaw alignment. Ethylene oxide for instruments with rubber/neoprene jaw inserts."
},
{
"no": 17,
"name": "Abdominal Retractors",
"image_query": "abdominal retractor Morris Deaver surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deaver_retractor.jpg/320px-Deaver_retractor.jpg",
"identification": "Large, curved or angled metal blades with a handle. Types include: Morris retractor (right angle), Deaver retractor (curved blade), and Balfour (self-retaining).",
"uses": "Retracting abdominal wall, liver, bowel, and other viscera to expose the operative field during abdominal and pelvic surgeries.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. For Balfour self-retaining retractor with multiple components, disassemble before autoclaving."
},
{
"no": 18,
"name": "Tissue Forceps",
"image_query": "tissue forceps Allis Babcock surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Allis_tissue_forceps.jpg/320px-Allis_tissue_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Ratchet-locking forceps with multiple fine interlocking teeth at the jaw tips (e.g., Allis forceps). Designed to grasp tissue without excessive trauma.",
"uses": "Grasping and holding tissue during dissection and suturing. Used in skin closure, fascia handling, and manipulating bowel edges.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Inspect teeth integrity before each use. Unlock ratchet during sterilization."
},
{
"no": 19,
"name": "Babcock's Forceps",
"image_query": "Babcock forceps surgical atraumatic",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Babcock_forceps.jpg/320px-Babcock_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Ratchet-locking forceps with triangular fenestrated (windowed) jaws with smooth edges. No teeth. Atraumatic design.",
"uses": "Grasping and holding delicate hollow viscera without crushing: appendix, fallopian tube, ureter, bowel. Commonly used in appendicectomy.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. The fenestrated jaw must be inspected to ensure no tissue remnants. Clean thoroughly before re-sterilization."
},
{
"no": 20,
"name": "Kocher's Forceps",
"image_query": "Kocher forceps crushing surgical toothed",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kocher_forceps.jpg/320px-Kocher_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Heavy hemostatic forceps with transverse serrations throughout jaw length and 1×2 interlocking teeth at the tip. Straight or curved. Strong ratchet lock.",
"uses": "Clamping and crushing large blood vessels and pedicles during thyroid, gallbladder, and major abdominal surgery. Holding dense fibrous tissues.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Unlock ratchet during autoclaving. The toothed jaw requires thorough cleaning to remove tissue debris."
},
{
"no": 21,
"name": "Urethral Dilators",
"image_query": "urethral dilators Lister metal bougies",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Urethral_dilator.jpg/320px-Urethral_dilator.jpg",
"identification": "Set of smooth, curved metal (or Teflon) rods of graduated sizes (French gauge). Curved tip for male urethra. Lister's dilators are most common.",
"uses": "Dilating urethral strictures, calibrating urethra, facilitating catheter passage. Used in BPH management and urethral reconstruction.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min for metal dilators. Teflon/plastic dilators: ethylene oxide or glutaraldehyde 2% (20 min). Never boil Teflon dilators."
},
{
"no": 22,
"name": "Rubber Catheters (Assorted Sizes)",
"image_query": "Foley rubber urinary catheter assorted sizes",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Foley_catheter.jpg/320px-Foley_catheter.jpg",
"identification": "Flexible latex or silicone tubes with multiple drainage eyes near a rounded tip. Foley catheter has an inflatable balloon. Sizes in French gauge (Fr), range 6–30 Fr.",
"uses": "Urinary bladder drainage, monitoring urine output, post-operative bladder care, urethral washout, measuring residual urine. NG tubes: gastric drainage.",
"sterilization": "Single-use, disposable (sterile packed). Reusable rubber catheters (older): autoclave at 121°C or boil for 20 min. Modern practice: use only single-use sterile catheters."
},
{
"no": 23,
"name": "Metal Catheters",
"image_query": "metal urethral catheter steel",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Metal_catheter.jpg/320px-Metal_catheter.jpg",
"identification": "Rigid stainless steel catheter with a curved beak (Coudé tip) for male patients. Straight for female. Has drainage eye at tip and funnel end for syringe attachment.",
"uses": "Bladder drainage when soft catheter fails (strictures, BPH). Suprapubic cystostomy guide. Urethral dilation as a catheter-bougie. Diagnostic cystoscopy preparation.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Boiling acceptable. Chemical sterilization: 2% glutaraldehyde (20 min). Must be thoroughly dried before storage."
},
{
"no": 24,
"name": "Suturing Needle (Straight or Curved, Assorted Sizes)",
"image_query": "suturing needles assorted curved straight surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Suture_needle_types.jpg/320px-Suture_needle_types.jpg",
"identification": "Needles classified by: (a) shape: straight (Keith), curved (1/2, 3/8, 5/8 circle); (b) point: cutting (triangular), reverse cutting, round-bodied (taper); (c) eye or eyeless (atraumatic).",
"uses": "Wound closure, anastomosis, vessel ligation. Cutting needles for skin/fascia. Round-bodied for bowel/vessels. Straight needles for skin suturing by hand.",
"sterilization": "Reusable needles: autoclave at 134°C. Most modern needles are single-use, factory-sterilized (ethylene oxide). Inspect needle tip and curvature before use."
},
{
"no": 25,
"name": "Surgical Thread (Suture Material)",
"image_query": "surgical suture thread absorbable non-absorbable",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Surgical_sutures.jpg/320px-Surgical_sutures.jpg",
"identification": "Classified as: (a) Absorbable: Catgut (plain/chromic), Vicryl (polyglactin), PDS, Monocryl; (b) Non-absorbable: Silk, Nylon, Prolene, Ethibond. Available in sizes 5-0 to 2.",
"uses": "Wound closure (skin, subcutaneous, fascial layers), vessel ligation, anastomosis, tendon repair. Absorbable for internal use; non-absorbable for skin and tension sutures.",
"sterilization": "Commercially supplied pre-sterilized (ethylene oxide or gamma irradiation). Do NOT re-sterilize. Store in cool, dry place. Use before expiry date."
},
{
"no": 26,
"name": "Sponge Holding Forceps",
"image_query": "sponge holding forceps ring surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sponge_forceps.jpg/320px-Sponge_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Long ratchet-locking forceps with large, oval/ring-shaped, serrated fenestrated jaws. Also called 'ring forceps' or 'swab-holding forceps'.",
"uses": "Holding surgical swabs/gauze for skin preparation (painting with antiseptic), cleaning surgical field, packing cavities, and applying pressure to bleeding points.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Unlock ratchet during sterilization. Inspect fenestrated jaws for trapped debris. Ultrasonic cleaning recommended before autoclaving."
},
{
"no": 27,
"name": "Right Angle Cholecystectomy Forceps",
"image_query": "right angle forceps mixter cholecystectomy",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Right_angle_clamp.jpg/320px-Right_angle_clamp.jpg",
"identification": "Forceps with jaws bent at 90° to the shaft, with fine transverse serrations. Also known as Mixter or right-angle (RA) clamp. Various jaw lengths available.",
"uses": "Dissecting and isolating cystic duct and cystic artery during cholecystectomy. Passing ligatures around tubular structures (bile duct, vessels, ureter).",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. The angled jaw requires thorough mechanical cleaning. Open ratchet during autoclave cycle."
},
{
"no": 28,
"name": "Stone Holding Forceps",
"image_query": "stone holding forceps gallstone calculus",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Stone_forceps.jpg/320px-Stone_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Strong forceps with specially shaped fenestrated, cupped, or serrated jaws designed to grasp calculi. Examples: Desjardin's gallstone forceps, Randall stone forceps.",
"uses": "Extracting gallstones during open cholecystectomy, removing renal calculi during pyelolithotomy, extracting bladder stones.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. The serrated cupped jaws need ultrasonic cleaning to remove stone debris before autoclaving."
},
{
"no": 29,
"name": "Proctoscope (with or without Illuminator)",
"image_query": "proctoscope illuminated anoscope rectal",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Proctoscope.jpg/320px-Proctoscope.jpg",
"identification": "Short (7–10 cm), rigid, hollow metal or plastic cylinder with an obturator (trocar) and optional built-in light source. Available in adult and pediatric sizes.",
"uses": "Examination of anorectal canal, visualizing hemorrhoids, polyps, fissures, fistulae openings. Banding, injection sclerotherapy, and minor biopsies in clinic.",
"sterilization": "Metal: Autoclave at 134°C. Plastic with light: High-level disinfection with 2% glutaraldehyde (20 min) or hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization. Do NOT autoclave plastic."
},
{
"no": 30,
"name": "Bougies (Hegar/Megar Dilators)",
"image_query": "Hegar dilators bougies cervical uterine",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hegar_dilators.jpg/320px-Hegar_dilators.jpg",
"identification": "Set of graduated, smooth, blunt-ended metal rods. Hegar dilators are double-ended with two different sizes per instrument. Available in sizes 1–18 mm.",
"uses": "Dilating the cervical os (for D&C, hysteroscopy). Dilating esophageal/rectal strictures. Calibrating luminal size in surgical procedures.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Store in a protective case to prevent surface damage. Inspect for burrs or surface defects that could cause mucosal injury."
},
{
"no": 31,
"name": "Allis Forceps Small",
"image_query": "Allis tissue forceps small surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Allis_forceps_small.jpg/320px-Allis_forceps_small.jpg",
"identification": "Small ratchet-locking forceps with multiple fine interlocking teeth arranged along the inner jaw surface. Designed for less traumatic tissue grasping than heavy forceps.",
"uses": "Grasping delicate tissues: vaginal wall, thin fascia, peritoneum edges, intestinal mucosa, and skin flaps during minor surgical procedures.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Unlock ratchet. Ultrasonic clean to remove tissue from teeth before autoclaving."
},
{
"no": 32,
"name": "Allis Forceps Big",
"image_query": "Allis tissue forceps large surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Allis_tissue_forceps.jpg/320px-Allis_tissue_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Larger version of Allis forceps with wider jaws and stronger ratchet mechanism. Multiple interlocking fine teeth on broader jaw surface.",
"uses": "Grasping substantial tissue masses: fascia, breast tissue, large skin flaps, abdominal wall layers, and robust organ edges during major surgery.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Same protocol as small Allis. Inspect teeth and ratchet mechanism for wear."
},
{
"no": 33,
"name": "Pile Holding Forceps",
"image_query": "pile holding forceps hemorrhoid St Marks",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pile_forceps.jpg/320px-Pile_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Specially designed ratchet forceps with elliptical fenestrated jaws to grasp hemorrhoidal tissue without crushing. St. Mark's pile forceps is the standard type.",
"uses": "Grasping, holding, and presenting hemorrhoids (piles) during hemorrhoidectomy (Milligan-Morgan procedure), ligation, or injection therapy.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Single-use preference in some centers due to infection risk from anorectal procedures."
},
{
"no": 34,
"name": "Artery Forceps Small",
"image_query": "artery forceps small hemostatic mosquito",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Artery_forceps.jpg/320px-Artery_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Small hemostatic clamp (Spencer Wells or Halsted mosquito type) with fully transversely serrated jaws and a box ratchet locking mechanism. Straight or curved.",
"uses": "Clamping small arteries and veins for hemostasis, holding suture tags, blunt dissection, and securing small pedicles in minor surgical procedures.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Open ratchet during sterilization. Inspect jaw alignment to ensure effective clamping after each cycle."
},
{
"no": 35,
"name": "Artery Forceps Big",
"image_query": "artery forceps large Spencer Wells hemostatic",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Large_artery_forceps.jpg/320px-Large_artery_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Large hemostatic clamp (Spencer Wells) with long, heavily serrated jaws and robust ratchet lock. May be straight or curved. Handles are longer for deeper reach.",
"uses": "Clamping large arteries and veins, securing major pedicles during thyroidectomy, mastectomy, or abdominal surgery. Mass ligations in major hemorrhage.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Open ratchet. Heavy jaws need thorough mechanical cleaning before autoclaving."
},
{
"no": 36,
"name": "Artery Forceps Medium",
"image_query": "artery forceps medium hemostatic clamp",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Artery_forceps.jpg/320px-Artery_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Intermediate-sized hemostatic clamp (Spencer Wells medium). Transverse jaw serrations, ratchet lock. Available straight or curved. Most commonly used size.",
"uses": "General-purpose hemostasis in both superficial and moderately deep surgical wounds. Standard instrument on all surgical trays for routine procedures.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Standard protocol: open ratchet, clean, wrap, autoclave. Most commonly autoclaved instrument in surgical practice."
},
{
"no": 37,
"name": "Sigmoidoscope (Rigid or Flexible)",
"image_query": "sigmoidoscope rigid flexible colonoscopy rectal",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rigid_sigmoidoscope.jpg/320px-Rigid_sigmoidoscope.jpg",
"identification": "Rigid: 25–30 cm metal/plastic tube with obturator and light source. Flexible: 60 cm fiber-optic or video endoscope with air/water channels and biopsy port.",
"uses": "Examination of sigmoid colon and rectum. Diagnosing polyps, cancer, colitis, diverticular disease, bleeding sources. Biopsy collection.",
"sterilization": "Rigid metal: Autoclave. Flexible: High-level disinfection with 2% glutaraldehyde (20–45 min) or automated endoscope reprocessor (AER). Follow manufacturer guidelines."
},
{
"no": 38,
"name": "Barron Pile's Gun (Hemorrhoid Bander)",
"image_query": "Barron band ligator hemorrhoid banding gun",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Band_ligator.jpg/320px-Band_ligator.jpg",
"identification": "Pistol-grip instrument with a hollow cylindrical head that loads small rubber bands (O-rings). Single-fire or multi-band loaders. Drum-magazine type available.",
"uses": "Rubber band ligation of internal hemorrhoids (grades I–III). The band is applied at the base of the hemorrhoid, causing ischemic necrosis and sloughing.",
"sterilization": "Single-use plastic components: discard after use. Reusable metal ligators: Autoclave at 134°C. Inspect rubber band loading mechanism integrity."
},
{
"no": 39,
"name": "Laryngoscope (Pediatric or Adult)",
"image_query": "laryngoscope Macintosh blade pediatric adult",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Laryngoscope_Macintosh.jpg/320px-Laryngoscope_Macintosh.jpg",
"identification": "Handle with battery-operated light source + interchangeable blades. Macintosh (curved) and Miller (straight) blades in sizes 0–4. Pediatric blades are smaller.",
"uses": "Direct laryngoscopy for endotracheal intubation during anesthesia, visualizing vocal cords, foreign body removal from larynx/trachea.",
"sterilization": "Blades: Autoclave (metal) or single-use plastic blades (discard). Handle: Wipe with 70% alcohol (non-immersible). Bulb/LED: Check function before each use."
},
{
"no": 40,
"name": "Ambu Bag (BVM Resuscitator)",
"image_query": "Ambu bag BVM bag valve mask resuscitator",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ambu_bag.jpg/320px-Ambu_bag.jpg",
"identification": "Self-inflating bag (BVM = Bag-Valve-Mask) comprising: silicone/rubber bag, one-way valve, face mask (adult/child/infant sizes), and optional O2 reservoir tail.",
"uses": "Manual ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), pre-oxygenation before intubation, transport ventilation, and respiratory support.",
"sterilization": "Disassemble all components. Single-use masks: discard. Reusable components: wash with detergent, high-level disinfection with glutaraldehyde or hydrogen peroxide. Autoclave silicone masks. Check valve function after reassembly."
},
{
"no": 41,
"name": "Suction Machine (Electrical or Manual)",
"image_query": "surgical suction machine electrical aspirator",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Suction_machine.jpg/320px-Suction_machine.jpg",
"identification": "Electrical: Motor-driven vacuum pump with collection jar, tubing, and suction catheters. Manual: Foot-operated or hand-operated bellows-type. Generates negative pressure.",
"uses": "Airway suctioning, surgical field aspiration, wound drainage, gastric contents removal, and emergency airway clearance.",
"sterilization": "Collection jar: autoclave or single-use. Suction tubing and catheters: single-use (discard). Machine external: wipe with 70% alcohol. Filters: replace regularly."
},
{
"no": 42,
"name": "Emergency Light",
"image_query": "emergency backup light LED surgical theatre",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Emergency_light_fitting.jpg/320px-Emergency_light_fitting.jpg",
"identification": "Battery-backed LED or fluorescent light unit that activates automatically on mains power failure. Wall-mounted or portable. Provides minimum 3-hour backup illumination.",
"uses": "Ensures continuous illumination during power failures in operation theatres, ICU, and emergency wards. Critical for patient safety during procedures.",
"sterilization": "Not sterilized. Clean casing with damp cloth and 70% alcohol. Test battery monthly. Replace batteries as per manufacturer schedule."
},
{
"no": 43,
"name": "Skin Grafting Knife with Handle",
"image_query": "skin grafting knife Humby Watson dermatome",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Humby_knife.jpg/320px-Humby_knife.jpg",
"identification": "Long, flat, wide-bladed knife with an adjustable roller guard to control skin graft thickness. Examples: Humby knife, Watson modification. Handle is reusable; blade disposable.",
"uses": "Harvesting split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) from donor sites for coverage of burns, ulcers, and traumatic defects.",
"sterilization": "Handle: Autoclave at 134°C. Blade: Single-use sterile disposable. Roller mechanism: disassemble and autoclave. Calibrate thickness gauge before each use."
},
{
"no": 44,
"name": "Surgical Blades (Assorted Sizes)",
"image_query": "surgical scalpel blades assorted sizes 10 11 15 22",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scalpel_blades.jpg/320px-Scalpel_blades.jpg",
"identification": "Single-use disposable carbon steel or stainless steel blades. Common sizes: #10 (general), #11 (pointed, stab incisions), #15 (small curved), #20/#22 (large curved).",
"uses": "#10: General skin incisions. #11: Stab incisions, abscess drainage, tenotomy. #15: Delicate surgery, biopsies, pediatric. #22: Large abdominal incisions.",
"sterilization": "Pre-sterilized by gamma radiation (single-use). Never re-use or re-sterilize. Discard in sharps bin after single use. Handle: reusable, autoclave separately."
},
{
"no": 45,
"name": "BP Handle (Scalpel Handle, Assorted Sizes)",
"image_query": "scalpel BP handle number 3 4 7 surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/BP_handle.jpg/320px-BP_handle.jpg",
"identification": "Reusable stainless steel handle for surgical blades. Common sizes: No. 3 (fits #10, 11, 12, 15 blades), No. 4 (fits #20, 21, 22, 23 blades), No. 7 (fine, for #10-15).",
"uses": "Holds and secures disposable surgical blades for skin incision, dissection, and tissue cutting during all surgical procedures.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Remove blade before sterilizing handle. Inspect the blade slot for security and proper blade engagement after each cycle."
},
{
"no": 46,
"name": "Self-Retaining Retractor",
"image_query": "self retaining retractor Weitlaner Gelpi surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Weitlaner_retractor.jpg/320px-Weitlaner_retractor.jpg",
"identification": "Retractors with a ratchet/locking mechanism that holds wound edges apart without continuous manual holding. Types: Weitlaner (general), Gelpi (deep), Balfour (abdominal), West (thyroid).",
"uses": "Maintaining exposure of operative field hands-free. Reduces need for assistant. Used in neck, orthopaedic, abdominal, and spinal surgery.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Disassemble multi-component retractors (Balfour). Inspect ratchet teeth and locking mechanism."
},
{
"no": 47,
"name": "Bone Drill Machine",
"image_query": "orthopedic bone drill machine surgical electric",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Orthopedic_drill.jpg/320px-Orthopedic_drill.jpg",
"identification": "Electric, battery-operated, or pneumatic drill with an orthopedic chuck for holding drill bits, K-wires, and screwdriver attachments. Variable speed control.",
"uses": "Drilling cortical holes in bone for screw fixation, K-wire insertion, intramedullary nailing, bone biopsy, and ORIF procedures.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave-compatible handpieces: autoclave at 134°C. Battery packs: wipe with 70% alcohol (not immersed). Drill bits: single-use or autoclave. Follow manufacturer protocol."
},
{
"no": 48,
"name": "Bone Cutter",
"image_query": "bone cutter rongeur orthopedic surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bone_cutter.jpg/320px-Bone_cutter.jpg",
"identification": "Heavy-duty scissors or rongeur-type instrument with hardened stainless steel cutting jaws. Types: side-cutting rongeur, bone-cutting forceps (double-action), bone nibbler.",
"uses": "Cutting, nibbling, and shaping bone during orthopedic procedures: amputations, laminectomy, osteotomy, and bone fragment removal.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Clean all bone debris from jaws before sterilization. Inspect cutting edge sharpness. Sharpen as needed."
},
{
"no": 49,
"name": "Gigli Saw",
"image_query": "Gigli wire saw orthopedic bone surgical",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gigli_saw.jpg/320px-Gigli_saw.jpg",
"identification": "A flexible, twisted wire saw with two T-bar handles. The wire has sharp lateral cutting edges. Passed around bone using a guide/carrier before cutting.",
"uses": "Cutting bone in areas inaccessible to other saws: amputation (femoral neck, below-knee), craniotomy, pubic symphysis division (Pfannenstiel-Maylard), limb-sparing surgery.",
"sterilization": "Single-use sterile packed (preferred). Reusable wire saws: autoclave at 134°C. Inspect wire integrity - discard if any kinks, frays, or broken strands detected."
},
{
"no": 50,
"name": "Scoop (Bone Curette/Spoon)",
"image_query": "bone curette scoop surgical orthopedic",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bone_curette.jpg/320px-Bone_curette.jpg",
"identification": "Spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp or blunt circular cup and long handle. Available in straight and angled varieties, multiple sizes.",
"uses": "Scooping out necrotic or infected bone (curetting sequestra), curettage of bone cysts, removal of cartilage, and harvesting bone graft material.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Ultrasonic cleaning recommended to remove bone fragments from the cup before autoclaving."
},
{
"no": 51,
"name": "Periosteum Elevator",
"image_query": "periosteal elevator Langenbeck Cobb orthopedic",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Periosteal_elevator.jpg/320px-Periosteal_elevator.jpg",
"identification": "Flat, spatula-like instrument with a beveled or rounded blade. Examples: Langenbeck elevator (curved blade), Cobb elevator (flat, wide). Handle for leverage.",
"uses": "Stripping periosteum from bone surface for fracture repair, osteotomy, bone grafting, and access to bone for implant placement.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Inspect blade edge for burrs or bending after each use. Reshape if needed."
},
{
"no": 52,
"name": "Magill Forceps",
"image_query": "Magill forceps anesthesia intubation airway",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Magill_forceps.jpg/320px-Magill_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Large angled ring forceps designed to work inside the oral cavity. The angled jaw allows the operator to direct an ET tube or foreign body without blocking the laryngoscope view. Available in adult and pediatric sizes.",
"uses": "Directing endotracheal tube tip into larynx during nasotracheal intubation. Removing foreign bodies from larynx/pharynx. Inserting nasogastric tubes.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Standard anesthetic equipment processing protocol. Wipe with 70% alcohol between patients in emergency settings."
},
{
"no": 53,
"name": "Endotracheal Tubes (Assorted Sizes)",
"image_query": "endotracheal tube ETT cuffed uncuffed assorted",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Endotracheal_tube.jpg/320px-Endotracheal_tube.jpg",
"identification": "Flexible PVC tubes with Murphy eye, 15 mm universal connector, and inflatable cuff (cuffed, adult) or without cuff (uncuffed, pediatric). Sizes 2.5–9.0 mm internal diameter.",
"uses": "Securing and maintaining an open airway during general anesthesia or mechanical ventilation. Preventing aspiration. Facilitating pulmonary toilet.",
"sterilization": "Single-use disposable (preferred, factory-sterilized). Reusable rubber ETTs (older): autoclave at 121°C or ethylene oxide. Check cuff integrity before use."
},
{
"no": 54,
"name": "High Pressure Autoclave",
"image_query": "high pressure autoclave sterilizer hospital",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Autoclave_front.jpg/320px-Autoclave_front.jpg",
"identification": "Stainless steel pressure vessel with a door, pressure gauge, temperature gauge, and timer. Operates at 121°C/15 psi (gravity) or 134°C/30 psi (pre-vacuum). Benchtop or floor-standing.",
"uses": "Steam sterilization of surgical instruments, dressings, glassware, and heat-stable materials. The gold standard for sterilization of critical items.",
"sterilization": "The autoclave itself is the sterilization device. Validate regularly with chemical indicators (Bowie-Dick test), biological indicators (Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores), and maintenance per biomedical standards."
},
{
"no": 55,
"name": "Fumigator (Formaldehyde Chamber)",
"image_query": "fumigator formaldehyde cabinet sterilization hospital",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fumigator_chamber.jpg/320px-Fumigator_chamber.jpg",
"identification": "Sealed metal or glass cabinet with a heating element to vaporize formaldehyde solution, or a fogging machine for room fumigation. Equipped with timer and seal.",
"uses": "Low-temperature chemical sterilization of heat-sensitive instruments (endoscopes, rubber goods). Room fumigation after infectious cases.",
"sterilization": "The fumigator IS the sterilization method. Use 40% formalin at 60°C. Aerate instruments thoroughly post-fumigation before use. Increasing replacement by hydrogen peroxide plasma."
},
{
"no": 56,
"name": "Refrigerator",
"image_query": "medical refrigerator blood vaccine storage hospital",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Medical_refrigerator.jpg/320px-Medical_refrigerator.jpg",
"identification": "Medical-grade refrigerator with precise temperature control (2–8°C). Features include data logger, alarm system, lockable door, and dedicated shelving.",
"uses": "Storing blood products, vaccines, insulin, IV solutions, tissue specimens, skin grafts, culture media, and temperature-sensitive drugs.",
"sterilization": "Not sterilized. Clean interior with 70% isopropyl alcohol monthly. Defrost regularly. Monitor temperature log daily. Calibrate thermometer annually."
},
{
"no": 57,
"name": "Nitrous Oxide Cylinder",
"image_query": "nitrous oxide cylinder blue anesthesia gas",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Nitrous_oxide_cylinder.jpg/320px-Nitrous_oxide_cylinder.jpg",
"identification": "Blue (UK/international standard) or grey (older) high-pressure cylinder containing liquefied nitrous oxide (N2O). Pin-index valve (size 3 & 5). Available in various capacities.",
"uses": "Analgesia (Entonox - 50% N2O/O2 mixture), anesthetic agent in combination with other agents, dental analgesia, and procedural sedation.",
"sterilization": "Not sterilized. Regulators and connections: wipe with 70% alcohol. Store upright, chained to wall. Check valve integrity. Cylinders are not reprocessed by end-users."
},
{
"no": 58,
"name": "Hydraulic Operation Table",
"image_query": "hydraulic operation table surgical electric",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Operating_table.jpg/320px-Operating_table.jpg",
"identification": "Electrically or manually operated table with hydraulic lift mechanism. Adjustable sections for head, back, legs. Removable/interchangeable attachments (leg holders, arm boards).",
"uses": "Positioning patients for all types of surgery (supine, prone, lateral, Trendelenburg, lithotomy). Adjustable height, tilt, and flexion for optimal surgical access.",
"sterilization": "Not autoclaved. Table surface and padding: wipe with 1% sodium hypochlorite or 70% alcohol between cases. Removable pads with waterproof covers: machine wash."
},
{
"no": 59,
"name": "Anaesthesia Trolley / Boyle's Apparatus",
"image_query": "Boyle anaesthesia machine trolley gas",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Boyles_machine.jpg/320px-Boyles_machine.jpg",
"identification": "Boyle's apparatus: wheeled machine with rotameters (flowmeters) for O2, N2O, CO2; vaporizer for volatile agents (halothane, isoflurane); breathing circuit; ventilator; monitoring.",
"uses": "Delivering precise mixtures of anesthetic gases and oxygen to the patient during general anesthesia. Monitoring respiratory parameters.",
"sterilization": "External: wipe with 70% alcohol. Breathing circuits: single-use or autoclave reusable circuits. Vaporizers: manufacturer service. Soda lime canister: replace regularly."
},
{
"no": 60,
"name": "Gabriel Syringe",
"image_query": "Gabriel syringe hemorrhoid injection sclerotherapy",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gabriel_syringe.jpg/320px-Gabriel_syringe.jpg",
"identification": "Glass or metal barrel syringe with a locking ring to prevent accidental plunger withdrawal. Specially angled nozzle and long needle for submucosal injection. Capacity: 2–5 mL.",
"uses": "Injection sclerotherapy of internal hemorrhoids (Grade I-II) using 5% phenol in almond oil or other sclerosants. Injected at the base of each hemorrhoid.",
"sterilization": "Glass syringe: Autoclave at 121°C. Needle: single-use. Ensure all components are reassembled correctly. Locking ring must be tested before use."
},
{
"no": 61,
"name": "Stretcher with Trolley",
"image_query": "hospital stretcher trolley wheeled patient transport",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hospital_stretcher.jpg/320px-Hospital_stretcher.jpg",
"identification": "Wheeled stainless steel or aluminum-framed trolley with padded, height-adjustable mattress section, side rails, and IV pole attachment. Foldable for storage.",
"uses": "Transporting patients within the hospital (from ward to OT, ICU, radiology). Emergency patient movement. Used in OT for positioning patients pre/post-surgery.",
"sterilization": "Not sterilized. Clean metal frame with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Mattress cover: wipe with disinfectant; replace if damaged. IV pole wipe with 70% alcohol."
},
{
"no": 62,
"name": "Non-Mercury Sphygmomanometer",
"image_query": "aneroid sphygmomanometer blood pressure cuff",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sphygmomanometer.jpg/320px-Sphygmomanometer.jpg",
"identification": "Aneroid or electronic blood pressure monitor with inflatable cuff, manometer, and stethoscope (for aneroid). No mercury. Available in adult, pediatric, and neonatal cuff sizes.",
"uses": "Measuring systolic and diastolic blood pressure for pre-operative assessment, intra-operative monitoring, and post-operative care.",
"sterilization": "Not sterilized. Cuff outer surface: wipe with 70% alcohol between patients. Bladder: do not wet. Calibrate aneroid gauge annually against mercury standard."
},
{
"no": 63,
"name": "Doyen's Retractor",
"image_query": "Doyen retractor abdominal bladder pelvic",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Doyen_retractor.jpg/320px-Doyen_retractor.jpg",
"identification": "Large, curved, broad-bladed retractor with a handle. The blade is wide and gently curved to conform to the pelvic or abdominal wall. Both shallow and deep varieties.",
"uses": "Retracting bladder and uterus during lower abdominal, pelvic, and caesarean section operations. Providing access in hysterectomy and prostatectomy.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Single broad instrument - straightforward to clean and autoclave. Inspect blade curvature."
},
{
"no": 64,
"name": "Green-Armytage Forceps",
"image_query": "Green Armytage forceps uterine hemostasis LSCS",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Green_armytage_forceps.jpg/320px-Green_armytage_forceps.jpg",
"identification": "Broad, flat, fenestrated triangular jaw forceps with a ratchet handle. The jaws are wide and atraumatic to avoid tearing uterine muscle.",
"uses": "Controlling hemorrhage from the uterine incision edges during lower segment caesarean section (LSCS). Grasping and holding uterine wall during repair.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Routinely found in LSCS sets. Inspect fenestrated jaws and ratchet after each cycle."
},
{
"no": 65,
"name": "Sterilizer (Drum/Bowl Sterilizer)",
"image_query": "stainless steel sterilizer boiler instrument hospital",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Instrument_sterilizer.jpg/320px-Instrument_sterilizer.jpg",
"identification": "Stainless steel electric boiling sterilizer or pressure cooker-type device. Holds water which is heated to 100°C (boiling) or above (pressure type). Perforated tray inside.",
"uses": "Sterilizing instruments by boiling (100°C, 20 min) in field settings or low-resource environments where autoclave is unavailable. Used for metal instruments, syringes.",
"sterilization": "The sterilizer itself: drain water, wipe interior with dilute bleach weekly. Descale regularly. Note: Boiling achieves disinfection, NOT true sterilization (does not kill all spores)."
},
{
"no": 66,
"name": "Sim's Speculum",
"image_query": "Sims speculum vaginal gynecology duck-bill",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sims_speculum.jpg/320px-Sims_speculum.jpg",
"identification": "Duck-bill shaped single-bladed speculum with a curved/angled blade and a handle. Retracts posterior vaginal wall. Available in small, medium, and large.",
"uses": "Retracting posterior vaginal wall to expose anterior wall, cervix, and vaginal fornices. Used for per-vaginal (PV) examination, procedures like cervical biopsy, and repair of tears.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Thoroughly clean blood and mucus from blade surfaces. Stainless steel: standard autoclave. Single-use plastic versions: discard after use."
},
{
"no": 67,
"name": "Anterior Vaginal Wall Retractor",
"image_query": "anterior vaginal wall retractor Auvard gynaecology",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Auvard_speculum.jpg/320px-Auvard_speculum.jpg",
"identification": "A weighted (Auvard) or plain curved-blade retractor for the anterior vaginal wall. The weighted Auvard has a counterweight at the handle to maintain retraction hands-free.",
"uses": "Retracting anterior vaginal wall to expose posterior wall, uterus, and cervix for examination, colporrhaphy (vaginal repair), and during hysterectomy.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Clean thoroughly; the weighted body needs inspection for any cracks. Standard gynecological instrument set autoclaving."
},
{
"no": 68,
"name": "Cusco's Speculum (Bivalve Speculum)",
"image_query": "Cusco bivalve vaginal speculum gynecology",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cusco_speculum.jpg/320px-Cusco_speculum.jpg",
"identification": "Self-retaining bivalve speculum with two opposing blades that separate when a screw or ratchet mechanism is tightened. Available in S/M/L. Metal (Graves) or plastic (disposable).",
"uses": "Visualizing the cervix and vaginal walls for Pap smear, cervical biopsy, IUCD insertion/removal, colposcopy, and routine gynecological examination.",
"sterilization": "Metal Cusco: Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Plastic Cusco: Single-use, discard after use. Clean all blood and mucus before autoclaving metal specula."
},
{
"no": 69,
"name": "Uterine Sound",
"image_query": "uterine sound metal sounding gynecology",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Uterine_sound.jpg/320px-Uterine_sound.jpg",
"identification": "Slender, graduated (in cm) metal probe with a bulbous tip, slightly curved to conform to uterine axis. Usually 30 cm long. Markings at 1 cm intervals.",
"uses": "Measuring uterine cavity length before IUCD insertion, D&C, and hysteroscopy. Assessing direction and depth of uterine cavity. Checking patency of cervical os.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Individual sterile packs preferred to prevent cross-contamination between patients. Inspect graduations for legibility."
},
{
"no": 70,
"name": "Anterior Vaginal Wall Retractor (Auvard/Weighted)",
"image_query": "Auvard weighted speculum posterior vaginal wall",
"wikimedia": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Auvard_speculum.jpg/320px-Auvard_speculum.jpg",
"identification": "Also called Auvard weighted speculum or posterior wall retractor (used to expose the anterior wall by retracting posteriorly). The weight provides self-retaining function.",
"uses": "Self-retaining retraction during vaginal hysterectomy, pelvic floor repair, and colporrhaphy. Frees the assistant's hands for other tasks.",
"sterilization": "Autoclave at 134°C/3 min. Same as #67. Part of standard gynaecological/obstetric instrument sets. Inspect weight attachment point for security."
},
]
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────
# IMAGE FETCHING
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────
FALLBACK_IMAGES = {
# map instrument number to a reliable wikimedia/public domain URL
}
HEADERS = {
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; SurgicalPDFBot/1.0)"
}
def download_image(url, filepath, timeout=10):
"""Download image from URL and save to filepath. Returns True on success."""
try:
req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=HEADERS)
with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=timeout) as response:
data = response.read()
# Validate it's an image
img = PILImage.open(BytesIO(data))
img.verify()
with open(filepath, 'wb') as f:
f.write(data)
return True
except Exception as e:
print(f" Failed to download {url}: {e}")
return False
def get_instrument_image(instrument):
"""Try to get image from wikimedia URL, return filepath or None."""
no = instrument["no"]
img_path = os.path.join(IMG_DIR, f"instrument_{no:03d}.jpg")
if os.path.exists(img_path) and os.path.getsize(img_path) > 1000:
return img_path
# Try wikimedia URL
url = instrument.get("wikimedia", "")
if url:
print(f" Downloading image for #{no}: {instrument['name'][:40]}")
if download_image(url, img_path):
return img_path
return None
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────
# PDF GENERATION
# ─────────────────────────────────────────────
def build_pdf():
doc = SimpleDocTemplate(
OUTPUT_PATH,
pagesize=A4,
rightMargin=1.5*cm,
leftMargin=1.5*cm,
topMargin=2*cm,
bottomMargin=2*cm,
title="Surgical Instruments Reference Manual",
author="Surgical Department"
)
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
# Custom styles
title_style = ParagraphStyle(
'CustomTitle',
parent=styles['Title'],
fontSize=24,
spaceAfter=6,
textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a5c'),
fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
alignment=TA_CENTER,
)
subtitle_style = ParagraphStyle(
'Subtitle',
parent=styles['Normal'],
fontSize=12,
spaceAfter=20,
textColor=colors.HexColor('#2e7d32'),
fontName='Helvetica',
alignment=TA_CENTER,
)
instr_title_style = ParagraphStyle(
'InstrTitle',
parent=styles['Heading2'],
fontSize=13,
spaceBefore=2,
spaceAfter=3,
textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a5c'),
fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
alignment=TA_LEFT,
)
label_style = ParagraphStyle(
'Label',
parent=styles['Normal'],
fontSize=9,
spaceAfter=1,
spaceBefore=3,
textColor=colors.HexColor('#b71c1c'),
fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
)
content_style = ParagraphStyle(
'Content',
parent=styles['Normal'],
fontSize=9,
spaceAfter=2,
spaceBefore=0,
textColor=colors.HexColor('#212121'),
fontName='Helvetica',
leading=12,
alignment=TA_JUSTIFY,
)
footer_style = ParagraphStyle(
'Footer',
parent=styles['Normal'],
fontSize=7,
textColor=colors.grey,
alignment=TA_CENTER,
)
story = []
# ── Cover page ──
story.append(Spacer(1, 3*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS", title_style))
story.append(Paragraph("Reference Manual", subtitle_style))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=2, color=colors.HexColor('#1a3a5c')))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(Paragraph(
"A Comprehensive Guide to Identification, Clinical Uses, and Sterilization",
ParagraphStyle('SubSubtitle', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=11,
textColor=colors.HexColor('#37474f'), alignment=TA_CENTER,
fontName='Helvetica-Oblique')
))
story.append(Spacer(1, 1*cm))
# Table of contents header
toc_style = ParagraphStyle('TOC_H', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=13,
textColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a5c'), fontName='Helvetica-Bold',
alignment=TA_CENTER, spaceAfter=8)
story.append(Paragraph("Instruments Covered (1–70)", toc_style))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=colors.HexColor('#90a4ae')))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
# Mini TOC in 2 columns
toc_items_left = []
toc_items_right = []
toc_item_style = ParagraphStyle('TOCItem', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=8,
fontName='Helvetica', textColor=colors.HexColor('#37474f'),
spaceAfter=1)
half = (len(INSTRUMENTS) + 1) // 2
for i, inst in enumerate(INSTRUMENTS):
item = Paragraph(f"{inst['no']}. {inst['name']}", toc_item_style)
if i < half:
toc_items_left.append(item)
else:
toc_items_right.append(item)
# Pad to equal lengths
while len(toc_items_right) < len(toc_items_left):
toc_items_right.append(Spacer(1, 10))
toc_rows = [[l, r] for l, r in zip(toc_items_left, toc_items_right)]
toc_table = Table(toc_rows, colWidths=[9*cm, 9*cm])
toc_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
]))
story.append(toc_table)
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.5*cm))
story.append(HRFlowable(width="100%", thickness=1, color=colors.HexColor('#1a3a5c')))
story.append(Spacer(1, 0.3*cm))
story.append(Paragraph("Prepared: July 2026 | For Educational & Clinical Reference Use",
ParagraphStyle('Footer2', parent=styles['Normal'], fontSize=8,
textColor=colors.grey, alignment=TA_CENTER)))
story.append(PageBreak())
# ── Instruments ──
for inst in INSTRUMENTS:
print(f"Processing #{inst['no']}: {inst['name'][:50]}")
img_path = get_instrument_image(inst)
# Number badge + title
badge_text = f"<font color='white'><b> {inst['no']:02d} </b></font>"
badge = Paragraph(badge_text, ParagraphStyle('Badge', parent=styles['Normal'],
fontSize=12, fontName='Helvetica-Bold', alignment=TA_CENTER,
backColor=colors.HexColor('#1a3a5c'), textColor=colors.white))
title_p = Paragraph(inst['name'].upper(), instr_title_style)
# Info table rows
rows = [
[Paragraph("IDENTIFICATION", label_style),
Paragraph(inst['identification'], content_style)],
[Paragraph("CLINICAL USES", label_style),
Paragraph(inst['uses'], content_style)],
[Paragraph("STERILIZATION", label_style),
Paragraph(inst['sterilization'], content_style)],
]
info_table = Table(rows, colWidths=[3.2*cm, 11.6*cm])
info_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 3),
('ROWBACKGROUNDS', (0,0), (-1,-1),
[colors.HexColor('#e8f5e9'), colors.HexColor('#e3f2fd'), colors.HexColor('#fff3e0')]),
('GRID', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0.5, colors.HexColor('#b0bec5')),
]))
# Image cell
if img_path:
try:
img = PILImage.open(img_path)
iw, ih = img.size
max_w, max_h = 4.5*cm, 4.5*cm
ratio = min(max_w/iw, max_h/ih)
disp_w = iw * ratio
disp_h = ih * ratio
rl_img = Image(img_path, width=disp_w, height=disp_h)
img_content = rl_img
except Exception as e:
img_content = Paragraph("[Image unavailable]", content_style)
else:
img_content = Paragraph(f"[{inst['name']}]",
ParagraphStyle('NoImg', parent=styles['Normal'],
fontSize=8, textColor=colors.grey,
alignment=TA_CENTER))
# Outer card table: [image | title+info]
header_row = [[badge, title_p]]
header_table = Table(header_row, colWidths=[1.2*cm, 14.6*cm])
header_table.setStyle(TableStyle([
('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'MIDDLE'),
('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.HexColor('#e8eaf6')),
('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
('ROUNDEDCORNERS', [3,3,0,0]),
]))
card_body = Table(
[[img_content, info_table]],
colWidths=[4.8*cm, 11*cm]
)
card_body.setStyle(TableStyle([
('VALIGN', (0,0), (-1,-1), 'TOP'),
('ALIGN', (0,0), (0,-1), 'CENTER'),
('LEFTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
('RIGHTPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 0),
('TOPPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
('BOTTOMPADDING', (0,0), (-1,-1), 4),
('BACKGROUND', (0,0), (-1,-1), colors.white),
('BOX', (0,0), (-1,-1), 1, colors.HexColor('#90a4ae')),
]))
block = KeepTogether([
header_table,
card_body,
Spacer(1, 0.35*cm),
])
story.append(block)
# Build PDF
print("Building PDF...")
doc.build(story)
print(f"PDF saved to: {OUTPUT_PATH}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
build_pdf()
Running Command
cat -n /home/daytona/workspace/surgical-instruments/generate_pdf.py | head -30
Running Command
grep -c '"name"' /home/daytona/workspace/surgical-instruments/generate_pdf.py; g…
Running Command
wc -l /home/daytona/workspace/surgical-instruments/generate_pdf.py; head -5 /hom…
Reading File
Running Command
python3 -c " import ast, sys with open('/home/daytona/workspace/surgical-instrum…
Running Command
cd /home/daytona/workspace/surgical-instruments && python3 generate_pdf.py 2>&1 …
Running Command
ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/surgical-instruments/Surgical_Instruments_Referen…
Running Command
ls /home/daytona/workspace/surgical-instruments/images/ | wc -l; ls /home/dayton…
Reading File
Reading File
Reading File
Reading File
Running Command
python3 << 'PYEOF' import urllib.request, urllib.error, os, time IMAGE_DIR = "/…
Running Command
python3 << 'PYEOF' """ Generate instrument placeholder images using matplotlib w…
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