Diagram of pathophysiology of cerebral edema
diagram pathophysiology of cerebral edema vasogenic cytotoxic interstitial osmotic mechanisms
cerebral edema pathophysiology
cerebral edema pathophysiology vasogenic cytotoxic interstitial osmotic review
Educational medical flowchart diagram of cerebral edema pathophysiology. Start with four causes: blood-brain barrier injury (tumor, trauma, inflammation), ischemia or hypoxia, hypo-osmolality or rapid correction of hyperglycemia, and obstructive hydrocephalus. Show vasogenic edema: disrupted blood-brain barrier leads to protein-rich fluid entering extracellular white matter. Show cytotoxic edema: ATP depletion causes Na+/K+-ATPase failure, intracellular Na+ and water influx, astrocyte and neuron swelling; then ionic edema and possible blood-brain barrier failure. Show osmotic edema: decreased plasma osmolality causes water movement into brain cells. Show interstitial edema: raised intraventricular CSF pressure causes transependymal CSF flow into periventricular white matter. Merge all pathways into increased brain volume, raised intracranial pressure, reduced cerebral perfusion pressure, ischemia, and herniation. Include simple labels and arrows; make it medically accurate and easy to study.
Key pathways
- Vasogenic edema: blood-brain barrier disruption permits protein-rich plasma fluid to enter the extracellular space, mainly white matter. Typical settings include tumors, trauma, inflammation, and severe hypertension.
- Cytotoxic edema: ischemia or hypoxia causes ATP depletion and Na+/K+-ATPase failure. Sodium and water enter neurons and astrocytes, producing intracellular swelling. It commonly precedes ionic and vasogenic edema in ischemic injury.
- Osmotic edema: decreased plasma osmolality drives water into brain cells, such as with severe hyponatremia or water intoxication.
- Interstitial edema: obstructive hydrocephalus raises intraventricular CSF pressure, driving CSF across the ependyma into periventricular white matter.