Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - PSM RGUHS Important Questions

RS2 / Short Answer Questions

1. Define Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
2. When were SDGs adopted and when did they come into force?
3. How many SDGs are there?
4. Write the five themes or “5 Ps” of SDGs.
5. State SDG 3.
6. Enumerate any four health-related targets under SDG 3.
7. What is meant by Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?
8. Mention the target year of SDGs.
9. List the three dimensions of sustainable development.
10. What are the differences between MDGs and SDGs?
11. Mention any four SDGs indirectly related to health.
12. Write the maternal mortality target under SDG 3.
13. State the neonatal and under-five mortality targets under SDG 3.
14. What is the target for premature mortality due to NCDs?
15. Mention the SDG target related to road traffic accidents.
16. State SDG targets on tobacco control and health workforce.

RS3 / Short Essay Questions

1. Describe Sustainable Development Goals. Enumerate all 17 SDGs.
2. Write a note on SDG 3: targets and public-health importance.
3. Compare Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
4. Explain the role of Universal Health Coverage in achieving SDG 3.
5. Describe health-related SDGs and their intersectoral links.
6. Write a note on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
7. Discuss the relevance of SDGs to community health in India.
8. Describe the role of primary health care in achieving health-related SDGs.

High-yield Answer: Sustainable Development Goals

• Social
• Economic
• Environmental

1. People
2. Planet
3. Prosperity
4. Peace
5. Partnership

The 17 SDGs

1. No poverty
2. Zero hunger
3. Good health and well-being
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and sanitation
7. Affordable and clean energy
8. Decent work and economic growth
9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure
10. Reduced inequalities
11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Responsible consumption and production
13. Climate action
14. Life below water
15. Life on land
16. Peace, justice and strong institutions
17. Partnerships for the goals

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being

• Reduce global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.
• End preventable newborn and under-five child deaths.
• End epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases.
• Reduce premature mortality due to NCDs by one-third through prevention and treatment.
• Promote mental health and well-being.
• Prevent and treat substance abuse.
• Halve global deaths and injuries due to road traffic accidents.
• Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health services.
• Achieve Universal Health Coverage, including financial risk protection, essential services, medicines and vaccines.
• Reduce deaths and illnesses due to hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution.
• Strengthen tobacco control, health financing, health workforce, early warning and management of health emergencies.

One-line MDG vs SDG Difference

• MDGs: 8 goals, 2000-2015, mainly focused on developing countries.
• SDGs: 17 goals, 2016-2030, universal goals covering social, economic and environmental development.

RS4 / Long Essay Questions: SDGs - PSM RGUHS

1. Define Sustainable Development Goals. Describe the 17 SDGs and discuss their relevance to health.
2. Describe SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being. Enumerate and explain its targets.
3. Discuss the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development under the following headings:
   • Background and year of adoption
   • 5 Ps
   • 17 SDGs
   • Health-related goals
   • Role of health sector and primary health care
4. Compare Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
5. Discuss the role of Universal Health Coverage in achieving SDG 3 and other health-related SDGs.
6. Enumerate health-related SDGs. Explain how social determinants such as poverty, nutrition, education, gender equality, water and sanitation influence health.
7. Discuss India’s challenges and strategies for achieving health-related SDGs by 2030.
8. Write an essay on primary health care as a strategy for achieving Sustainable Development Goals.

Most important RS4 question

Describe Sustainable Development Goals. Enumerate the 17 goals. Explain SDG 3 and its targets.

Suggested 10-mark answer structure

1. Definition and background: UN adopted in September 2015; implemented from 1 January 2016; target year 2030.
2. Three dimensions: social, economic and environmental.
3. Mention 5 Ps.
4. Enumerate all 17 SDGs.
5. Explain SDG 3 and list its important targets.
6. Conclude with UHC, primary health care and intersectoral coordination.

Tribal Health - Important RGUHS PSM Questions

RS3 / Short Essay Questions

1. Describe the health problems of tribal populations in India.
2. Discuss the factors responsible for poor health status among tribal communities.
3. Write a short note on the burden of disease in tribal areas.
4. Describe the health-care infrastructure in tribal areas.
5. Discuss the human-resource problems in tribal health services.
6. Write a note on the Tribal Sub-Plan / Scheduled Tribe Component.
7. Explain the measures for improving tribal health.
8. Discuss the role of primary health care in tribal areas.
9. Write a note on sickle-cell disease among tribal populations.
10. Describe tuberculosis and malnutrition as tribal health problems.
11. Discuss maternal and child health problems among tribal populations.
12. Describe the role of traditional healers and culturally acceptable health care in tribal areas.
13. Write a note on the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission.
14. Discuss barriers to utilization of health services by tribal communities.
15. Explain the importance of intersectoral coordination in tribal development and health.

RS4 / Long Essay Questions

1. Describe tribal health in India under the following headings:
   • Demographic profile
   • Determinants of health
   • Major health problems
   • Health-care infrastructure
   • Measures for improvement
2. Discuss the health problems of tribal populations in India and outline strategies to improve tribal health.
3. Describe health-care delivery in tribal areas. Discuss problems of health manpower and suggest remedial measures.
4. Discuss the burden of communicable diseases, malnutrition, maternal-child health problems, genetic disorders and NCDs among tribal populations.
5. Describe the socioeconomic and cultural determinants of tribal health. Explain the role of primary health care and community participation in improving tribal health.
6. Write an essay on tribal health programmes in India, including Tribal Sub-Plan/Scheduled Tribe Component and recent tribal health initiatives.
7. Discuss sickle-cell disease as a tribal health problem. Describe prevention, screening, counselling and management strategies.
8. Describe the challenges in providing equitable health care to tribal communities. Suggest a culturally appropriate tribal health-care model.

Most Expected RS4 Question

Discuss the health problems of tribal populations in India and measures to improve tribal health.

Answer framework for 10 marks

• India has over 104 million tribal people, belonging to 705 tribes, comprising about 8.6% of the population.
• Tribal populations often live in geographically remote areas and experience socioeconomic deprivation, poor connectivity and limited access to health care.

• Poverty, low literacy and unemployment
• Geographical isolation and difficult terrain
• Poor sanitation, unsafe water and inadequate housing
• Food insecurity and undernutrition
• Cultural beliefs, language barriers and dependence on traditional healers
• Inadequate transport, referral services and health infrastructure
• Shortage and poor retention of doctors and other health staff in tribal areas

1. Malnutrition: underweight, stunting, anaemia, micronutrient deficiencies.
2. Maternal and child health problems: low antenatal care, home delivery, low institutional delivery, low immunization and high infant/child mortality.
3. Communicable diseases: malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, acute respiratory infections and leprosy.
4. Genetic disorders: sickle-cell disease, thalassaemia and G6PD deficiency in selected populations.
5. NCDs and mental health: hypertension, diabetes, injuries, alcohol and tobacco-related illness.
6. Environmental and occupational problems: poor water supply, forest-related exposures and occupational hazards.

• Strengthen subcentres, PHCs, CHCs, mobile medical units and referral transport.
• Ensure local recruitment, training and retention incentives for health workers.
• Train tribal youth, ASHAs and local volunteers; involve traditional healers appropriately.
• Deliver culturally sensitive, language-appropriate health education.
• Strengthen nutrition services through ICDS, Poshan Abhiyaan, school meals and food security measures.
• Improve ANC, institutional deliveries, immunization and RMNCH+A services.
• Targeted malaria, TB, diarrhoea and vector-control interventions.
• Screen for sickle-cell disease, provide genetic counselling and ensure follow-up care.
• Improve water, sanitation, housing, roads, education and livelihood opportunities.
• Use telemedicine and mobile outreach for remote tribal settlements.
• Ensure convergence between health, tribal affairs, women and child development, rural development and education departments.