Orris

Marasmus results from a diet deficient in both protein and what?

Marasmus results from a diet deficient in both protein and total calories (energy). It is a form of severe acute malnutrition caused by an overall lack of macronutrients - essentially starvation. This distinguishes it from kwashiorkor, which is primarily a protein deficiency with relatively adequate caloric intake.

1. Sulfation is one of the phase 1 reactions in the metabolism of xenobiotics. 2. Cytochrome P450 is not only involved in drug metabolism, but also in steroid, fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. 3. Retinol is re-esterified to long-chain fatty acids in the intestinal mucosa and secreted as acomponent of VLDL into the lymphatic system. : 4. The cytochrome P450s, found in the adrenal gland participate primarily in detoxification. 5. ALT and AST measurement in the urine could aid in monitoring the progress of viral hepatitis. 6. Enzymes with maltase and isomaltaseactivity are found in complexes located on the surface of the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells. They complete the conversion of starch to glucose, galactose and fructose. 7. Liver's inability to detoxify urea, might lead to hepatic encephalopathy. 7 8. In result of removing factor XIII from plasma, fibrinolysis will be stunted 9. Micelles are microdroplets having both protein and lipid content. all of them are false give me a simple reason why? just so that i can remember why each staement is false

Here's a quick, memorable reason why each statement is false:
  1. Sulfation is Phase 1 - Wrong. Sulfation is a Phase 2 (conjugation) reaction. Phase 1 = oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis (CYP450).
  2. CYP450 not involved in steroid/cholesterol biosynthesis - Wrong. CYP450 is involved in steroid, fatty acid, and cholesterol biosynthesis - the statement says "not only... but also," which is actually TRUE. (This one may be the trick - re-read it; statement 2 is arguably correct.)
  3. Retinol secreted as part of VLDL - Wrong. Retinol is secreted as part of chylomicrons, not VLDL, into the lymphatic system.
  4. Adrenal CYP450s primarily for detoxification - Wrong. Adrenal CYP450s are primarily for steroidogenesis (making cortisol, aldosterone, sex steroids), not detoxification.
  5. ALT/AST measured in urine - Wrong. ALT and AST are measured in serum/blood, not urine, to monitor hepatitis.
  6. Starch converted to glucose, galactose, and fructose - Wrong. Starch is made only of glucose units, so it breaks down to glucose only - not galactose or fructose.
  7. Liver can't detoxify urea - Wrong. The liver produces urea (via the urea cycle) to detoxify ammonia. It's ammonia accumulation (not failure to detoxify urea) that causes hepatic encephalopathy.
  8. Removing Factor XIII stunts fibrinolysis - Wrong. Factor XIII cross-links fibrin to stabilize the clot. Removing it would impair clot stabilization (coagulation), not fibrinolysis. If anything, it might make clots easier to lyse.
  9. Micelles contain protein - Wrong. Micelles are made of bile salts and lipids only - no protein. Chylomicrons are the lipid-protein particles.

10.HSL function mainly is related to feeding state, where it mediates the uptake of VLDL and chylomicron contents to the tissue 11.ALP elevation is the most specific marker for liver damage, especially due to hepatitis. 12.The purpose of Synachten stimulation test is to detect Cushing’s disease. 13.Iron increases the uptake of Vitamin C from the intestinal tract. 14.Inorganic iron gets absorbed more easily in the presence of chelating agents. 15.Fatty acids and ketone bodies are oxidized by certain tissues, including liver. 16.aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) can be prolonged in case of XII factor deficiency, this means that it measures the time necessary for extrinsic pathway 17.Expression of the gene for glucose-6-phosphatase allows most tissues to provide free glucose to brain and RBCs. 18.Liver cells take up glucose by a transport process that is stimulated by insulin. Transporter: GLUT5. 19.Muscle cells take up glucose by a transport process that is stimulated by insulin. Transporter: GLUT2. 20.Pyruvate carboxylase, the enzyme which is used for the synthesis of pyruvate during glycolysis, is largely activated in the absorptive state. 21.Omental fat is associated with less health risks compared to gluteal region fat store 22.During absorption, retinol leaves the small intestines with the help of retinolbinding protein (RBP). 23.Elevation of blood urea is an important sign of liver disease and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension 24.PKU heel prick capillary blood test screens newborn babies on congenital hypothyroidism. 25.Immunoglobulin expression follow the “one gene, one protein” paradigm. 26.The sensitivity of a test refers to the percentage of negative test results in patients without the disease (“true negative”) 27.Ectopic fat is associated with increased insulin sensitivity and hyperglycemia. 28.HbA1C test is for confirmation if a patient has anemia or any other blood disorders. can u do the same with this as well all of these are false statements i want u to give me a simple reason of why they are false

Here's a quick memorable reason for each:
  1. HSL in feeding state / uptakes VLDL contents - Wrong on both counts. HSL (Hormone-Sensitive Lipase) works in the fasting/starved state, and it mediates lipolysis (breakdown of stored triglycerides). The enzyme that takes up VLDL/chylomicron contents is LPL (Lipoprotein Lipase).
  2. ALP most specific for hepatitis - Wrong. ALP is most associated with cholestasis and bone disease, not hepatitis. The most specific markers for hepatocellular damage (hepatitis) are ALT and AST (especially ALT).
  3. Synacthen test detects Cushing's - Wrong. Synacthen (synthetic ACTH) stimulation test is used to detect Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency). Cushing's is investigated with a dexamethasone suppression test.
  4. Iron increases Vitamin C absorption - Wrong. It's the opposite: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) increases iron absorption by reducing Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺.
  5. Inorganic iron absorbed better with chelating agents - Wrong. Chelating agents bind iron and reduce its absorption. Absorption is enhanced by reducing agents like Vitamin C.
  6. Liver oxidizes ketone bodies - Wrong. The liver produces ketone bodies but cannot oxidize/use them (it lacks succinyl-CoA transferase/thiophorase). Ketone bodies are oxidized by brain, muscle, heart, kidney - not liver.
  7. aPTT measures extrinsic pathway - Wrong. aPTT measures the intrinsic pathway (Factors XII, XI, IX, VIII). The PT (prothrombin time) measures the extrinsic pathway.
  8. Most tissues express glucose-6-phosphatase - Wrong. Glucose-6-phosphatase is expressed almost exclusively in liver and kidney. Most tissues lack it and cannot release free glucose into the blood.
  9. Liver uses GLUT5, stimulated by insulin - Wrong on both. Liver uses GLUT2, and glucose uptake by the liver is not directly stimulated by insulin - GLUT2 works by concentration gradient.
  10. Muscle uses GLUT2 - Wrong. Muscle (and adipose) uses GLUT4, which is insulin-stimulated. GLUT2 is found in liver, pancreatic beta cells, and intestine.
  11. Pyruvate carboxylase synthesizes pyruvate / active in absorptive state - Wrong twice. Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate (gluconeogenesis), so it doesn't synthesize pyruvate. It is active in the fasting/post-absorptive state, not the absorptive state.
  12. Omental fat has less health risk than gluteal fat - Wrong. Omental (visceral/abdominal) fat is associated with greater metabolic and cardiovascular risk. Gluteal (subcutaneous) fat is the safer fat depot.
  13. Retinol leaves intestine with RBP during absorption - Wrong. During absorption, retinol leaves in chylomicrons (as retinyl esters). RBP is used to transport retinol from the liver to target tissues.
  14. Elevated blood urea = sign of liver disease / causes encephalopathy - Wrong. Liver disease causes decreased urea (the liver can't make it). Encephalopathy is caused by elevated ammonia, not urea. Elevated urea suggests kidney disease or dehydration.
  15. PKU heel prick test screens for congenital hypothyroidism - Wrong. The heel prick screens for PKU (phenylketonuria) by detecting elevated phenylalanine. Congenital hypothyroidism is also screened in the same panel but is detected by measuring TSH/T4, not the PKU test itself.
  16. Immunoglobulins follow "one gene, one protein" - Wrong. Immunoglobulins are a classic exception - they undergo V(D)J recombination and somatic hypermutation, meaning one protein can be generated from many gene combinations. This is the opposite of the paradigm.
  17. Sensitivity = true negative rate - Wrong. Sensitivity = true positive rate (correctly identifying sick patients). What's described is specificity (true negative rate).
  18. Ectopic fat = increased insulin sensitivity - Wrong. Ectopic fat (fat deposited in liver, muscle, pancreas) causes insulin resistance, not sensitivity. It's associated with hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes.
  19. HbA1C confirms anemia/blood disorders - Wrong. HbA1C is used to monitor long-term blood glucose control in diabetics (reflects average glucose over ~3 months). Anemia and blood disorders are diagnosed with a full blood count (FBC/CBC).
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