https://youtu.be/zrriz_1ylnI?si=Q4f7CjFkjawyWUyb. Handwritten convert notes 📝
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📝 Epithelial Tissue (उपकला ऊतक)
Anatomy & Physiology Notes
For: BSc Nursing (1st Year) | GNM / ANM | B. Pharmacy | MLT / DMLT / BMLT
1. Introduction
Epithelial Tissue covers body surfaces, lines internal cavities and hollow organs, and forms glands.
- Cells are tightly packed with little intercellular matrix
- Always rests on a basement membrane
- Avascular (no blood vessels) - nourished by diffusion
2. Classification of Epithelial Tissue
A. Simple Epithelium (सरल उपकला)
Single layer of cells - all touch the basement membrane
| Type | Cell Shape | Location | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Squamous | Flat, scale-like | Alveoli, blood vessels (endothelium), kidney glomerulus | Diffusion, filtration |
| Simple Cuboidal | Cube-shaped | Kidney tubules, thyroid gland, ovary surface | Absorption, secretion |
| Simple Columnar | Tall, column-like | Stomach, intestines, uterus | Absorption, secretion |
| Pseudostratified Columnar | Varying heights (looks layered, but is NOT) | Trachea, bronchi, male urethra | Secretion, movement of mucus |
B. Stratified Epithelium (स्तरित उपकला)
Multiple layers - mainly for PROTECTION
| Type | Location | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Stratified Squamous (Keratinized) | Skin (epidermis) | Protection from drying, abrasion |
| Stratified Squamous (Non-keratinized) | Mouth, esophagus, vagina | Protection, reduces friction |
| Stratified Cuboidal | Sweat glands, salivary ducts | Secretion |
| Stratified Columnar | Male urethra, conjunctiva | Protection, secretion |
| Transitional Epithelium | Urinary bladder, ureters, renal pelvis | Allows stretching |
3. Functions of Epithelial Tissue
| Function | Example |
|---|---|
| Protection | Skin protects from injury, pathogens, chemicals |
| Absorption | Villi of small intestine absorb nutrients |
| Secretion | Glands secrete hormones, enzymes, mucus, sweat |
| Excretion | Kidney tubules eliminate waste |
| Filtration | Glomerulus filters blood |
| Sensation | Neuroepithelium for smell, taste, hearing |
4. Special Features
- Tight junctions - bind cells together, prevent leakage
- Cilia - hair-like projections on pseudostratified epithelium (move mucus)
- Microvilli - increase surface area for absorption (brush border of intestine)
- Goblet cells - mucus-secreting cells found in columnar epithelium
5. Glandular Epithelium
| Type | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Exocrine Glands | Secrete into ducts onto a surface | Sweat, salivary, sebaceous glands |
| Endocrine Glands | Secrete hormones directly into blood (ductless) | Thyroid, adrenal, pituitary glands |
| Mixed Glands | Both exo- and endocrine portions | Pancreas |
6. Quick Memory Tips
- S-C-C = Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube), Columnar (column) - shapes of cells
- Simple = 1 layer | Stratified = multiple layers
- Transitional = "transitions" between layers when stretched (unique to urinary tract)
- Pseudostratified = LOOKS layered, IS single layer
Related topics in this series: Connective Tissue, Muscular Tissue, Nervous Tissue, Cardiovascular System, Integumentary System, Urinary System
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