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Give answer of this question for ms orthopaedic university examination long question

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"scaphoid nonunion" AND management

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This is a comprehensive, examination-ready long answer covering all major components that MS Orthopaedics examiners expect. Here's a quick guide to what's covered:
Structure of the answer:
  1. Introduction — definition and incidence
  2. Anatomy & Blood Supply — the essential foundation explaining why nonunion occurs
  3. Risk Factors — in a table for quick recall
  4. Classification — Herbert & Fisher (the most tested classification)
  5. Pathomechanics — humpback deformity, DISI, and SNAC staging (I–III)
  6. Clinical Features & Investigations — including the role of CT, MRI, and intraoperative assessment
  7. Management — organized by type:
    • Fixation alone (Type D1)
    • Non-vascularized bone graft (Matti-Russe, Fisk-Fernandez)
    • Vascularized bone graft (1,2-ICSRA, MFC free flap)
    • Fixation technique (screw vs. K-wire vs. plate)
    • Arthroscopic-assisted (emerging)
  8. Salvage for SNAC wrist — by stage
  9. Operative steps for Fisk-Fernandez (commonly asked)
  10. Prognosis, complications, outcomes
  11. Decision algorithm
  12. Current evidence citations (3 systematic reviews/meta-analyses from 2022–2023)

Varus deformity for long case examination

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"cubitus varus" AND osteotomy

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