Opthalmology
"age-related macular degeneration"[MeSH Terms] AND treatment
"age-related macular degeneration" AND "anti-VEGF"

| Gene | Role |
|---|---|
| CFH (Complement Factor H) | Most strongly associated; abnormal CFH → unchecked complement activation |
| CFI (Complement Factor I) | Complement regulatory gene |
| Other complement regulatory genes | Polymorphisms increase risk |
| Factor | Notes |
|---|---|
| Smoking | Strongest modifiable risk factor; accelerates degeneration |
| Advanced age | Risk doubles each decade after 55 |
| Family history | Strong genetic component |
| Hyperopia | Associated risk |
| Blue eyes/fair skin | Increased susceptibility |
| Systemic hypertension | Vascular risk factor |
| High lipid levels | Accelerates disease |
| Uncontrolled blood sugar | Metabolic risk |
| UV exposure | Environmental oxidative stress |


| Stage | Features |
|---|---|
| Early AMD | Small to medium drusen (<125 µm), no pigmentary changes |
| Intermediate AMD | Large drusen (>125 µm) or medium drusen with pigmentary changes |
| Advanced Dry AMD | Geographic atrophy of RPE ± photoreceptors, not involving the fovea |
| Advanced Wet AMD | CNV with subretinal fluid/hemorrhage, disciform scar |
| Condition | Key Distinguishing Feature |
|---|---|
| Myopic degeneration | Peripapillary changes, macular changes without drusen, high myopia |
| Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) | Serous retinal elevation, usually <50 years, no drusen |
| Ocular histoplasmosis | Small white-yellow chorioretinal scars, peripapillary atrophy |
| Inherited macular dystrophies (Stargardt, Best disease) | Usually <50 years, familial, no drusen |
| Chloroquine toxicity | Bull's eye maculopathy, drug history |
| Angioid streaks | Sub-retinal red-brown bands radiating from optic disc |
| IPCV (polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy) | Polyp-like aneurysmal choroidal dilations on ICGA; common in Asian patients |
Note: Beta-carotene is NOT recommended in smokers due to increased risk of lung cancer.
| Drug | Class | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ranibizumab (Lucentis) | Anti-VEGF-A fragment (Fab) | FDA-approved, gold standard |
| Bevacizumab (Avastin) | Full anti-VEGF antibody | Off-label, widely used; comparable efficacy in CATT trial |
| Aflibercept (Eylea) | VEGF trap (VEGF-A + PlGF) | Longer dosing intervals possible |
| Faricimab (Vabysmo) | Dual inhibitor of VEGF-A + Angiopoietin-2 | Newest agent; longest dosing intervals (up to 16 weeks) |
Recent Evidence Update (2025): A network meta-analysis (PMID: 40241463) comparing all intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies for neovascular AMD showed comparable efficacy across agents. A systematic review of faricimab (PMID: 39043575) confirmed non-inferiority to ranibizumab and aflibercept with extended dosing intervals.
| Feature | Dry AMD | Wet AMD |
|---|---|---|
| Frequency | 90% of cases | 10% of cases |
| Vision loss | Gradual, over years | Sudden/rapid |
| Key finding | Drusen, geographic atrophy | CNV, subretinal fluid/hemorrhage |
| VEGF role | Not primary driver | Central driver (→ CNV) |
| Treatment | AREDS2 supplements, lifestyle | Anti-VEGF injections |
| Prognosis | Variable; can be severe | Poor if untreated; treatable if caught early |
Make a ppt
mkdir -p /home/daytona/workspace/amd-ppt && node /home/daytona/skills/shared/scr…
~/amd-ppt/amd.js
const pptxgen = require("pptxgenjs");
const fs = require("fs");
const pres = new pptxgen();
pres.layout = "LAYOUT_16x9";
pres.title = "Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)";
pres.author = "Orris Medical";
// Load images
const img0 = fs.readFileSync("/home/daytona/workspace/amd-ppt/img0.txt", "utf8"); // pathogenesis diagram dry vs wet
const img1 = fs.readFileSync("/home/daytona/workspace/amd-ppt/img1.txt", "utf8"); // fundus dry AMD
const img2 = fs.readFileSync("/home/daytona/workspace/amd-ppt/img2.txt", "utf8"); // fundus wet AMD
// ── Color Palette ──────────────────────────────────────────────
const DARK_BG = "0D1B2A"; // deep navy
const MID_BG = "1A2E42"; // slate navy
const ACCENT = "1E90FF"; // clinical blue
const ACCENT2 = "E83030"; // alert red (wet AMD)
const ACCENT3 = "2ECC71"; // treatment green
const WHITE = "FFFFFF";
const LIGHT_GRAY= "D0D8E4";
const GOLD = "F4C430"; // soft gold for headers
// ── Helper: dark slide background ──────────────────────────────
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// ── Slide 1: Title ─────────────────────────────────────────────
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// ── Slide 2: Overview & Epidemiology ──────────────────────────
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{ val: "8.5%", label: "Of global blindness\ncaused by AMD", color: "8B5E3C" },
{ val: "1.75M+", label: "Americans affected", color: ACCENT2 },
{ val: "8%", label: "Cumulative incidence\nin those aged 75+", color: "2E8B57" }
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{ text: "• Affects both eyes; only central vision is lost — peripheral vision is spared\n", options: { color: WHITE, fontSize: 11 } },
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// ── Slide 3: Pathophysiology ───────────────────────────────────
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{ label: "Dry AMD", body: "Drusen (lipoprotein deposits in Bruch's membrane) → geographic atrophy via complement activation (CFH gene)", color: "2ECC71" },
{ label: "Wet AMD", body: "VEGF-driven choroidal neovascularization (CNV) penetrates Bruch's → leakage, hemorrhage, disciform scar", color: ACCENT2 }
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// ── Slide 4: Types & Clinical Features ────────────────────────
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s.addImage({ data: img1, x: 0.35, y: 1.4, w: 2.5, h: 1.6 });
s.addText("Fundus: fine macular drusen", {
x: 0.35, y: 3.0, w: 2.5, h: 0.25,
fontSize: 7.5, color: "555555", italic: true, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0, align: "center"
});
s.addText([
{ text: "Symptoms\n", options: { bold: true, color: "2E8B57", breakLine: false } },
{ text: "• Gradual central vision loss\n• Metamorphopsia (Amsler grid)\n• May be asymptomatic for years\n\n", options: { color: "333333" } },
{ text: "Key Signs\n", options: { bold: true, color: "2E8B57", breakLine: false } },
{ text: "• Soft drusen >60 μm\n• RPE mottling / depigmentation\n• Geographic atrophy (advanced)", options: { color: "333333" } }
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s.addImage({ data: img2, x: 5.35, y: 1.4, w: 2.5, h: 1.6 });
s.addText("Fundus: CNV with hemorrhage & drusen", {
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{ text: "Key Signs\n", options: { bold: true, color: ACCENT2, breakLine: false } },
{ text: "• Subretinal fluid / CNV\n• Subretinal hemorrhage\n• Disciform scar (end-stage)", options: { color: "333333" } }
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}
// ── Slide 5: Risk Factors & Genetics ─────────────────────────
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{ text: "(Complement Factor I) — regulatory gene\n", options: { color: LIGHT_GRAY } },
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{ text: "→ Excess complement activity → RPE injury", options: { color: ACCENT, italic: true } }
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{ text: "• Hypertension • Dyslipidaemia\n• Poor glycaemic control\n• UV exposure", options: { color: LIGHT_GRAY } }
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const nrfs = [
["Age", "Risk doubles every decade after 55; cumulative 8% at 75+"],
["Family history", "Strong genetic heritability"],
["Hyperopia", "Long-sighted individuals at higher risk"],
["Blue eyes / fair skin", "Lower macular pigment density"],
["Female sex", "Slightly higher prevalence in women"],
["Fellow eye involvement", "10–12% annual risk of CNV in second eye if first eye affected"]
];
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});
}
// ── Slide 6: Diagnosis & Investigations ───────────────────────
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const investigations = [
{
title: "Amsler Grid",
body: "Home monitoring tool\nDetects metamorphopsia (wavy/distorted lines)\nDaily use mandatory for at-risk patients",
color: "2ECC71", icon: "📊"
},
{
title: "Dilated Fundus Exam",
body: "First-line clinical exam\nIdentifies drusen, RPE changes, CNV, hemorrhage\nBilateral evaluation essential",
color: ACCENT, icon: "👁"
},
{
title: "OCT (Gold Standard)",
body: "Detects SRF, IRF, RPE detachments, CNV\nQuantifies fluid for treatment monitoring\nOCT-A: non-invasive CNV mapping (no dye)",
color: GOLD, icon: "🔬"
},
{
title: "Fluorescein Angiography",
body: "Classic CNV: early leakage, well-defined\nOccult CNV: late, poorly defined leakage\nStill gold standard for CNV characterisation",
color: ACCENT2, icon: "💉"
},
{
title: "ICGA",
body: "Indocyanine green angiography\nBetter for occult CNV & polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV)\nEssential in Asian patients",
color: "9B59B6", icon: "🩺"
},
{
title: "AMD Staging (AREDS)",
body: "Early: small/medium drusen\nIntermediate: large drusen ±pigment change\nAdvanced: geographic atrophy or wet AMD",
color: "E67E22", icon: "📋"
}
];
investigations.forEach((inv, i) => {
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// ── Slide 7: Management — Dry AMD ─────────────────────────────
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s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0.2, y: 1.0, w: 5.8, h: 0.42,
fill: { color: ACCENT3 }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addText("AREDS2 Supplementation Formula", {
x: 0.3, y: 1.03, w: 5.6, h: 0.38,
fontSize: 13, bold: true, color: WHITE, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 2
});
const areds = [
["Vitamin C", "500 mg"],
["Vitamin E", "400 IU"],
["Lutein", "10 mg"],
["Zeaxanthin", "2 mg"],
["Zinc", "80 mg"],
["Copper", "2 mg (prevents zinc-induced deficiency)"]
];
areds.forEach((a, i) => {
s.addText([
{ text: a[0] + " ", options: { bold: true, color: ACCENT3 } },
{ text: a[1], options: { color: LIGHT_GRAY } }
], {
x: 0.4, y: 1.5 + i * 0.37, w: 5.5, h: 0.35,
fontSize: 10.5, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 2
});
});
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0.25, y: 3.9, w: 5.7, h: 0.02,
fill: { color: ACCENT3 }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addText([
{ text: "⚠ Beta-carotene is NOT recommended in smokers", options: { bold: true, color: ACCENT2 } },
{ text: " — increased lung cancer risk", options: { color: LIGHT_GRAY } }
], {
x: 0.3, y: 3.95, w: 5.7, h: 0.45,
fontSize: 10, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 3
});
// Lifestyle column
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 6.2, y: 1.0, w: 3.6, h: 4.4,
fill: { color: "0A2012" }, line: { color: GOLD, width: 1.5 }
});
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 6.2, y: 1.0, w: 3.6, h: 0.42,
fill: { color: GOLD }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addText("Lifestyle & Monitoring", {
x: 6.3, y: 1.03, w: 3.4, h: 0.38,
fontSize: 13, bold: true, color: DARK_BG, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 2
});
const lifestyle = [
["Stop smoking", "Most important modifiable action"],
["Control BP", "Reduces vascular stress on RPE"],
["Control lipids", "Limit drusen progression"],
["Glycaemic control", "Prevents metabolic damage"],
["Diet", "Green leafy veg (lutein/zeaxanthin)"],
["Amsler grid", "Daily home monitoring for CNV onset"],
["Low vision aids", "Magnifiers, video aids for independence"]
];
lifestyle.forEach((l, i) => {
s.addText([
{ text: l[0] + ": ", options: { bold: true, color: GOLD } },
{ text: l[1], options: { color: LIGHT_GRAY } }
], {
x: 6.3, y: 1.5 + i * 0.55, w: 3.4, h: 0.48,
fontSize: 10, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 3
});
});
// Footer note
s.addText("No curative treatment exists for dry AMD. Supplements retard progression from intermediate → advanced AMD.", {
x: 0.2, y: 5.1, w: 9.6, h: 0.35,
fontSize: 9, color: "5A8F70", italic: true, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0, align: "center"
});
}
// ── Slide 8: Management — Wet AMD ─────────────────────────────
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
midBg(s);
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0, y: 0, w: 10, h: 0.85,
fill: { color: DARK_BG }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0, y: 0, w: 0.08, h: 5.625,
fill: { color: ACCENT2 }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addText("Management — Wet AMD (Anti-VEGF Therapy)", {
x: 0.3, y: 0.12, w: 9, h: 0.65,
fontSize: 22, bold: true, color: WHITE, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0
});
// Anti-VEGF drugs table
const drugs = [
{ name: "Ranibizumab", brand: "Lucentis", class: "Anti-VEGF-A Fab fragment", notes: "FDA-approved. Gold standard. Monthly injection.", color: ACCENT },
{ name: "Bevacizumab", brand: "Avastin", class: "Full anti-VEGF-A antibody", notes: "Off-label. Comparable efficacy (CATT trial). Lower cost.", color: "2E86AB" },
{ name: "Aflibercept", brand: "Eylea", class: "VEGF trap (VEGF-A + PlGF)", notes: "Longer dosing intervals possible (8 weeks).", color: "8E44AD" },
{ name: "Faricimab", brand: "Vabysmo", class: "Dual inhibitor: VEGF-A + Ang-2", notes: "Newest agent. Up to 16-week intervals. 2025 meta-analysis confirms non-inferiority.", color: ACCENT2 }
];
drugs.forEach((d, i) => {
const y = 0.98 + i * 1.12;
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0.2, y, w: 9.6, h: 1.05,
fill: { color: WHITE },
line: { color: d.color, width: 1.5 },
shadow: { type: "outer", color: "000000", blur: 3, offset: 1, angle: 135, opacity: 0.08 }
});
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0.2, y, w: 0.5, h: 1.05,
fill: { color: d.color }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addText(d.name, {
x: 0.85, y: y + 0.05, w: 2.2, h: 0.4,
fontSize: 13, bold: true, color: d.color, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0
});
s.addText("(" + d.brand + ")", {
x: 0.85, y: y + 0.48, w: 2.2, h: 0.3,
fontSize: 9.5, color: "666666", italic: true, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0
});
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 3.15, y: y + 0.18, w: 0.02, h: 0.7,
fill: { color: "CCCCCC" }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addText(d.class, {
x: 3.3, y: y + 0.05, w: 2.8, h: 0.95,
fontSize: 10, color: "333333", fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 4, valign: "middle"
});
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 6.2, y: y + 0.18, w: 0.02, h: 0.7,
fill: { color: "CCCCCC" }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addText(d.notes, {
x: 6.35, y: y + 0.05, w: 3.3, h: 0.95,
fontSize: 10, color: "333333", fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 4, valign: "middle"
});
});
// Footer regimen note
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0.2, y: 5.1, w: 9.6, h: 0.4,
fill: { color: "EFF4F9" }, line: { color: ACCENT, width: 1 }
});
s.addText([
{ text: "Treatment Regimen: ", options: { bold: true, color: ACCENT } },
{ text: "Loading phase (3 monthly injections) → Maintenance via PRN or treat-and-extend (T&E) protocol | ", options: { color: "333333" } },
{ text: "Early treatment = gains in vision (33% gain >15 letters)", options: { color: ACCENT2, bold: true } }
], {
x: 0.3, y: 5.12, w: 9.4, h: 0.36,
fontSize: 9.5, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 2
});
}
// ── Slide 9: Differential Diagnosis ───────────────────────────
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
darkBg(s);
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0, y: 0, w: 10, h: 0.85,
fill: { color: MID_BG }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addText("Differential Diagnosis", {
x: 0.3, y: 0.12, w: 9, h: 0.65,
fontSize: 22, bold: true, color: WHITE, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0
});
const diffs = [
{ dx: "Myopic Degeneration", clue: "High myopia, peripapillary changes, macular changes WITHOUT drusen", color: ACCENT },
{ dx: "CSCR", clue: "Central serous chorioretinopathy. Serous elevation, usually <50 yrs, no drusen, often males", color: "27AE60" },
{ dx: "Ocular Histoplasmosis", clue: "White-yellow chorioretinal scars, peripapillary atrophy, CNV possible", color: GOLD },
{ dx: "Stargardt / Best Disease", clue: "Inherited macular dystrophies. Usually <50 yrs, familial, no drusen, variable atrophy", color: "9B59B6" },
{ dx: "Chloroquine Toxicity", clue: "Bull's-eye maculopathy — ring of hyperpigmentation. Drug history essential", color: ACCENT2 },
{ dx: "Angioid Streaks", clue: "Red-brown/gray bands radiating from optic disc. Associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum", color: "E67E22" },
{ dx: "IPCV (Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy)", clue: "Polyp-like aneurysmal choroidal dilations on ICGA. Common in Asian patients. Serosanguineous RPE detachments", color: "1ABC9C" }
];
diffs.forEach((d, i) => {
const col = i < 4 ? 0 : 1;
const row = i < 4 ? i : i - 4;
const x = col === 0 ? 0.2 : 5.15;
const y = 0.98 + row * 1.17;
const w = col === 0 ? 4.7 : 4.7;
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x, y, w, h: 1.1,
fill: { color: "0A1628" }, line: { color: d.color, width: 1 }
});
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x, y, w: 0.35, h: 1.1,
fill: { color: d.color }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addText(d.dx, {
x: x + 0.45, y: y + 0.05, w: w - 0.5, h: 0.38,
fontSize: 10.5, bold: true, color: d.color, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 2
});
s.addText(d.clue, {
x: x + 0.45, y: y + 0.43, w: w - 0.5, h: 0.6,
fontSize: 9.5, color: LIGHT_GRAY, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 2
});
});
}
// ── Slide 10: Prognosis & Summary ─────────────────────────────
{
const s = pres.addSlide();
darkBg(s);
// Top bar
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0, y: 0, w: 10, h: 0.08,
fill: { color: ACCENT }, line: { type: "none" }
});
s.addText("Prognosis & Key Summary", {
x: 0.3, y: 0.18, w: 9, h: 0.65,
fontSize: 22, bold: true, color: WHITE, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 0
});
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0.3, y: 0.82, w: 9.4, h: 0.03,
fill: { color: ACCENT }, line: { type: "none" }
});
// Summary table
const rows = [
["", "DRY AMD", "WET AMD"],
["Frequency", "90% of cases", "10% of cases"],
["Vision loss", "Gradual (years to decades)", "Rapid / sudden"],
["Key finding", "Drusen, geographic atrophy", "CNV, hemorrhage, SRF"],
["VEGF role", "Not primary driver", "Central driver"],
["Treatment", "AREDS2 + lifestyle", "Anti-VEGF injections"],
["Prognosis", "Variable; can preserve vision", "Good if treated early; poor if not"]
];
const colW = [2.0, 3.5, 3.5];
const colX = [0.3, 2.4, 5.95];
rows.forEach((row, ri) => {
row.forEach((cell, ci) => {
const isHeader = ri === 0;
const isRowHeader = ci === 0 && ri > 0;
const bg = isHeader ? ACCENT : (ri % 2 === 0 ? "1A2E42" : "0D1B2A");
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: colX[ci], y: 0.93 + ri * 0.63, w: colW[ci], h: 0.6,
fill: { color: bg }, line: { color: "2A3D55", width: 0.5 }
});
s.addText(cell, {
x: colX[ci] + 0.05, y: 0.95 + ri * 0.63, w: colW[ci] - 0.1, h: 0.56,
fontSize: isHeader ? 11 : (isRowHeader ? 10.5 : 10),
bold: isHeader || isRowHeader,
color: isHeader ? WHITE : (isRowHeader ? GOLD : LIGHT_GRAY),
fontFace: "Calibri", align: isHeader ? "center" : "left", valign: "middle", margin: 4
});
});
});
// Prognosis callouts
s.addShape(pres.shapes.ROUNDED_RECTANGLE, {
x: 0.3, y: 5.1, w: 4.3, h: 0.42,
fill: { color: "0A2012" }, line: { color: ACCENT3, width: 1 }, rectRadius: 0.06
});
s.addText("✓ Anti-VEGF: 33% gain >15 letters | 90%+ maintain/improve vision", {
x: 0.4, y: 5.12, w: 4.1, h: 0.38,
fontSize: 9, color: ACCENT3, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 3
});
s.addShape(pres.shapes.ROUNDED_RECTANGLE, {
x: 5.0, y: 5.1, w: 4.7, h: 0.42,
fill: { color: "1A0A0A" }, line: { color: ACCENT2, width: 1 }, rectRadius: 0.06
});
s.addText("⚠ Fellow eye: 10–12% annual risk of CNV if one eye already affected", {
x: 5.1, y: 5.12, w: 4.5, h: 0.38,
fontSize: 9, color: ACCENT2, fontFace: "Calibri", margin: 3
});
// Bottom bar
s.addShape(pres.shapes.RECTANGLE, {
x: 0, y: 5.545, w: 10, h: 0.08,
fill: { color: ACCENT2 }, line: { type: "none" }
});
}
// ── Write file ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
pres.writeFile({ fileName: "/home/daytona/workspace/amd-ppt/AMD_Ophthalmology.pptx" })
.then(() => console.log("SUCCESS: AMD_Ophthalmology.pptx written"))
.catch(e => { console.error("ERROR:", e); process.exit(1); });
cd /home/daytona/workspace/amd-ppt && node amd.js 2>&1
ls -lh /home/daytona/workspace/amd-ppt/AMD_Ophthalmology.pptx
AMD Ophthalmology
Presentation · PPTX
| Slide | Content |
|---|---|
| 1 | Title slide — AMD with design accents |
| 2 | Overview & Epidemiology — 4 stat boxes + key facts |
| 3 | Pathophysiology — Robbins dry vs wet AMD diagram (embedded) + annotated mechanism boxes |
| 4 | Types & Clinical Features — Side-by-side dry vs wet with real fundus photographs |
| 5 | Risk Factors & Genetics — CFH/CFI genetics, modifiable vs non-modifiable RF |
| 6 | Diagnosis & Investigations — 6 investigation cards (Amsler, OCT, FA, ICGA, staging) |
| 7 | Management — Dry AMD — Full AREDS2 formula + lifestyle/monitoring column |
| 8 | Management — Wet AMD — Anti-VEGF drug table (Ranibizumab, Bevacizumab, Aflibercept, Faricimab) |
| 9 | Differential Diagnosis — 7 differentials with distinguishing features |
| 10 | Prognosis & Summary — Comparison table + prognosis callouts |