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Items Identified (All 16 Pages)

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1. Sahli's Haemoglobinometer (Sahli Haemometer) - Page 1 & Page 16

• Name: Sahli's Haemometer (also: Sahli-Adams haemoglobinometer)
• Point 1 - Principle: Blood is diluted with N/10 HCl, which converts haemoglobin to acid haematin (a brownish compound). The test tube is topped up with distilled water until its color matches the amber standard tubes on either side, and the haemoglobin is read directly from the graduated scale in g/dL.
• Point 2 - Range: The scale reads from 2 to 22 g% (g/dL). It is a colorimetric method and is simple/cheap but less accurate than the cyanmethhaemoglobin method due to dependence on visual color matching.

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2. RBC Pipette (Red Cell Diluting Pipette) - Page 2

• Name: Thoma's RBC Diluting Pipette
• Point 1 - Construction: Has a graduated capillary below the bulb marked 0.5 and 1.0, and a large mixing bulb (marked 101) containing a red glass bead to aid mixing. The total dilution when filled to the 0.5 mark and diluted to 101 is 1:200.
• Point 2 - Use: Used to make a 1:200 dilution of blood in isotonic saline (Hayem's or Normal saline) for counting red blood cells under a microscope using a haemocytometer. It has been largely replaced by electronic cell counters but remains a practical teaching tool.

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3. WBC Pipette (White Cell Diluting Pipette) - Page 3

• Name: Thoma's WBC Diluting Pipette
• Point 1 - Construction: Has capillary markings at 0.5 and 1.0, and a mixing bulb (marked 11) containing a white bead. Filling to the 0.5 mark and diluting to 11 gives a 1:20 dilution; filling to 1.0 gives a 1:10 dilution.
• Point 2 - Use: Used with a WBC diluting fluid (Turk's fluid - dilute acetic acid with gentian violet) that lyses RBCs and stains WBC nuclei, allowing white cell counting under a haemocytometer.

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4. Improved Neubauer Haemocytometer - Page 4

• Name: Improved Neubauer Haemocytometer (Counting Chamber)
• Point 1 - Design: Has two counting platforms, each engraved with a ruled grid. The central large square (1 mm²) is divided into 25 medium squares each subdivided into 16 small squares (0.0025 mm² each). The depth between slide and coverslip is 0.1 mm, giving a small square volume of 0.00025 µL.
• Point 2 - Use: Used to count blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelets) and other cells microscopically. The standard "W" or "L" counting pattern across specific squares is used, and the formula [cells counted × dilution factor × depth correction] gives cells per µL.

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5. Sahli's Pipette - Page 5 (left instrument)

• Name: Sahli's Blood Pipette (Haemoglobin Pipette)
• Point 1 - Volume: Designed to draw exactly 20 µL (0.02 mL) of blood for the haemoglobin estimation using the Sahli haemometer. The capillary end is inserted into the fingertip blood or venous sample.
• Point 2 - Use: Blood is drawn to the 20 µL mark and then blown into the HCl in the haemometer tube. The pipette is rinsed 2-3 times with the acid mixture to ensure all blood is transferred.

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6. Buffy Coat Tube / Wintrobe Tube (ESR) - Page 6

• Name: Wintrobe's Tube (for ESR / haematocrit)
• Point 1 - Design: Uniform bore throughout (internal diameter ~2.5 mm), 11 cm long, calibrated 0 at the top to 10 at the bottom (cm scale). It has no external anticoagulant - blood is added with a Pasteur pipette from the bottom up.
• Point 2 - ESR Method: Used for the Wintrobe method of ESR measurement. Anticoagulated blood is filled to the 0 mark and left vertical for exactly 1 hour. The distance the RBCs fall (in mm) is read as the ESR. Normal: males < 9 mm/hr, females < 20 mm/hr.

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7. Magnet (Metal Block) - Page 7

• Name: Metal Weight / Magnet for Haematocrit centrifuge or lab balance use (context-dependent)
• Point 1: Could be used as a balance weight for a laboratory scale.
• Point 2: May also serve as a magnet to hold/orient the mixing bead in cell-counting pipettes after dilution.

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8. Microscope Slides - Page 8

• Name: Plain Glass Microscope Slides
• Point 1 - Size: Standard size is 75 mm × 25 mm × 1 mm. Made of borosilicate glass for clarity and chemical resistance.
• Point 2 - Use in Haematology: Used to prepare peripheral blood smears (PBS). A drop of blood is spread with a spreader slide at ~30-45° angle to create a thin monolayer. After drying, slides are stained with Leishman's or Giemsa stain for differential white cell count and red cell morphology.

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9. Sodium Citrate Vacutainer (Light Blue Cap) - Page 9

• Name: Sodium Citrate Vacutainer (Light Blue Top Tube)
• Point 1 - Anticoagulant: Contains 0.109M (3.2%) trisodium citrate, which chelates calcium ions reversibly, preventing the coagulation cascade without destroying clotting factors.
• Point 2 - Use: Collected in a 9:1 blood-to-anticoagulant ratio (1.8 mL anticoagulant + 16.2 mL blood, or proportionally for smaller volumes). Used for coagulation tests: PT (Prothrombin Time), aPTT, Fibrinogen, and ESR by the Westergren method. Must be filled exactly to the marked line.

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10. L-Tube / Clot Activator Vacutainer (Red Cap) - Page 10

• Name: Plain Red Top Vacutainer (Clot Activator Tube / SST - Serum Separator Tube)
• Point 1 - Contents: Contains a clot activator (silica particles or thromboplastin) that accelerates clot formation, reducing clotting time from ~60 minutes to ~5 minutes. No anticoagulant is present.
• Point 2 - Use: Used to collect serum for biochemistry tests (LFT, RFT, electrolytes, lipid profile, hormones, serology). Blood is allowed to clot, then centrifuged; the serum (clear supernatant) is separated from the clot for analysis.

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11. Thoma's Pipette / Pasteur Pipette with Bulb - Page 11

• Name: Pasteur Pipette (Rubber Bulb Pipette)
• Point 1: Used to transfer fluids in the laboratory without precise measurement. The rubber bulb allows controlled aspiration and dispensing of liquids.
• Point 2: In haematology, commonly used to fill the Wintrobe tube with blood from the bottom up (to avoid air bubbles) for ESR and packed cell volume (PCV/haematocrit) measurement.

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12. Tissue Processing / Histology Cassette - Page 12

• Name: Histology/Biopsy Processing Cassette (Tissue Cassette)
• Point 1 - Design: Made of polypropylene with fine mesh walls that allow reagent penetration during tissue processing (fixation, dehydration, clearing, paraffin embedding).
• Point 2 - Use: Tissue biopsies are placed inside the cassette, which is then processed through an automated or manual tissue processor. The final paraffin block is sectioned on a microtome at 3-5 µm for staining and histological examination.

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13. Sahli's Haemoglobinometer Tube (Graduated Tube) - Page 13

• Name: Sahli's Haemometer Graduated Tube (Haemoglobin Estimation Tube)
• Point 1: Calibrated in g/dL (or g%), with red markings from 2-22 g%. The central tube slot holds this tube, which is filled with blood-acid haematin mixture.
• Point 2: The reading is taken at the meniscus level when the color of the acid haematin solution matches the amber standards, giving the haemoglobin concentration.

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14. Lens Cleaning / Objective Disc Tool - Page 14

• Name: Microscope Objective Lens (low-power objective or centering disc)
• Point 1: Objectives are screwed into the microscope nosepiece. Common magnifications used in haematology are 10x (scanning), 40x (high dry for PBS), and 100x (oil immersion for differential count and RBC morphology).
• Point 2: The 100x oil immersion lens requires a drop of immersion oil placed directly on the slide; this increases the refractive index and resolution, allowing fine detail of WBC nuclear lobes and RBC inclusions to be seen.

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15. Glass Capillary Tube / Stirring Rod - Page 15

• Name: Borosilicate Glass Capillary Tube / Glass Stirring Rod
• Point 1: Used in haematology for capillary blood collection (finger-prick blood drawn by capillary action) for PCV (packed cell volume) determination using a microhaematocrit centrifuge.
• Point 2: After filling 2/3 of the capillary tube with blood, one end is sealed with clay/wax and the tube is centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The ratio of packed RBCs to total blood volume gives the PCV (normal: males 40-54%, females 37-47%).

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Summary Table