A clinical photograph of a male patient demonstrating the physical presentation of a left-sided upper brachial plexus palsy (Erb-Duchenne palsy), involving the C5 and C6 nerve roots. The image shows significant postural asymmetry between the upper limbs. The affected left arm exhibits classic clinical signs, including adduction at the shoulder and internal rotation of the humerus. There is visible muscle atrophy and a loss of rounded contour in the left deltoid and shoulder girdle compared to the healthy right side. Additionally, the left shoulder is positioned lower than the right. The patient's right arm displays a normal neutral position and muscle bulk. This visual serves as a primary clinical example of peripheral nerve injury manifestations, specifically highlighting the 'waiter's tip' position resulting from paralysis of the abductors and external rotators of the shoulder.

This clinical photograph illustrates a sensory stimulation technique used in neonatal rehabilitation, specifically for managing Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy (NBPP). The image depicts an infant lying in a lateral decubitus position on a padded surface. An adult caregiver or therapist is performing tactile and proprioceptive stimulation on the infant's affected upper limb. One hand stabilizes the infant's distal arm and hand in an elevated position, while the other hand applies a soft-bristled brush to the skin of the upper arm and shoulder region. This therapeutic intervention aims to provide varied sensorimotor input, promote central integration of the injured limb, and increase the infant's sensory perception of the arm. The use of different textures, such as the brush shown, is a key component of an early occupational therapy program designed to prevent sensory neglect and support the functional recovery of affected nerves following birth-related brachial plexus injury.

This diagnostic image consists of coronal (A) and axial (B) high-resolution Balanced Fast Field Echo (BFFE) MRI views of the cervical spine in a pediatric patient. The images demonstrate a right-sided brachial plexus birth injury involving a C6 root avulsion. In the coronal view (A), the spinal cord is surrounded by bright cerebrospinal fluid, with a distinctive hyperintense fluid collection (asterisk) on the right side indicating a traumatic pseudomeningocele (PMC). The axial view (B) provides a detailed comparison between the normal left side and the injured right side. On the left, the ventral and dorsal nerve roots are clearly visible as intact hypointense linear structures (arrowheads) emerging from the spinal cord. On the right, the ventral root is completely avulsed from the cord (upper arrow), and only a short remnant stump of the dorsal root is visible (lower arrow) within the CSF-filled pseudomeningocele. This imaging is characteristic of preganglionic nerve root injury in the context of neonatal brachial plexus palsy.

Diagnostic axial MRI images of a neonatal brain demonstrating pathological changes associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and white matter injury. The image panel contains two T1-weighted sequences and one T2-weighted sequence. On the T1-weighted images (left and center), red circles highlight multiple small, punctate hyperintensities located within the periventricular and subcortical white matter of the frontal and temporal lobes, characteristic of focal white matter lesions. On the T2-weighted image (right), a white square demarcates a region of diffuse excessive high signal intensity (DEHSI) in the posterior periventricular white matter, primarily involving the occipital region. This T2-hyperintensity is indicative of increased water content, such as vasogenic edema or dysmyelination. These imaging findings represent common neuroradiological markers for neonatal seizures and subsequent neurodevelopmental risks following hypoxic-ischemic events.

A multi-panel axial brain MRI compilation of neonatal patients demonstrating typical patterns of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The image is organized into three columns representing distinct injury patterns across T2-weighted (T2WI), Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) sequences. Pattern 1 (a-c) illustrates central involvement, highlighting focal hyperintensity on T2WI and diffusion restriction (low ADC, high DWI signal) in the left thalamus. Pattern 2 (d-f) demonstrates a watershed distribution, characterized by inhomogeneous signal alterations and diffusion restriction within the bilateral frontal and right parietal white matter. Pattern 3 (g-i) shows a mixed pattern involving both deep gray matter and peripheral structures, specifically showing restricted diffusion in the bilateral capsulo-lenticular regions, corpus callosum, and diffuse white matter areas. Arrows and asterisks facilitate the identification of pathological signal changes. This diagnostic image serves as a clinical reference for classifying neonatal HIE severity based on anatomical distribution (basal ganglia/thalamus vs. watershed areas).