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Solve thos mcqs
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Based on my medical knowledge, I can answer all these MCQs directly. Here are the answers from all four images:
Section A MCQs (Image 4 - leftmost page)
1. In a cohort study, the most appropriate measure of association is:
(B) Relative Risk
- Cohort studies follow exposed vs unexposed populations forward in time, allowing direct calculation of Relative Risk (Risk Ratio). Odds Ratio is for case-control studies.
2. Sensitivity of a screening test refers to:
(C) True positives
- Sensitivity = True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives). It measures the ability to correctly identify diseased individuals.
3. Dengue fever is transmitted by:
(B) Aedes
- Dengue is transmitted by Aedes aegypti (and Aedes albopictus). Anopheles transmits malaria; Culex transmits filariasis/Japanese encephalitis.
4. The best indicator of replacement level fertility is:
(B) TFR (Total Fertility Rate)
- TFR of ~2.1 represents replacement level fertility. NRR (Net Reproduction Rate) also indicates it, but TFR is the best/most commonly cited indicator.
5. Secondary attack rate is useful in:
(A) NCDs - Actually this is (B) Occupational diseases...
Wait - Secondary Attack Rate is actually most useful in studying communicable diseases to assess transmissibility within households/groups. The correct answer here is (D) Communicable diseases - it measures spread within a household/contact group.
Section B - Paper 1 MCQs (Image 2)
1. Standardization is used to compare:
(C) Mortality
- Age/sex standardization is classically used to compare mortality rates between populations with different age structures.
2. The denominator in incidence rate is:
(C) Population at risk
- Incidence rate = New cases / Population at risk × time. Only those who can develop the disease are in the denominator.
3. The most sensitive indicator of family planning performance is:
(B) CPR (Contraceptive Prevalence Rate)
- CPR directly measures the proportion of women using contraception and is the most sensitive indicator of family planning program performance.
4. Biomedical Waste Management Rules were revised in:
(C) 2016
- The BMW Management Rules were originally enacted in 1998 and significantly revised in 2016 (BMW Management Rules 2016), with further amendments in 2018-2019.
5. Malaria surveillance is an example of:
(B) Secondary prevention
- Surveillance detects cases early to limit spread - this is early diagnosis and prompt treatment = secondary prevention.
6. BOD is an indicator of:
(B) Water pollution
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) measures organic matter decomposition in water and is a key indicator of water pollution/quality.
7. Tribal populations commonly suffer from:
(B) Double burden of disease
- Tribal communities face both infectious/communicable diseases (malnutrition, infections) AND increasing non-communicable diseases = double burden.
8. Census is conducted every:
(C) 10 years
- In India (and most countries), the census is conducted every 10 years. India's last census was in 2011 (2021 census was delayed).
9. The epidemiological triad consists of:
(A) Agent-Host-Environment
- The classic epidemiological triad is Agent, Host, and Environment.
10. Crude Birth Rate is expressed per:
(B) 1000
- CBR = (Live births / Mid-year population) × 1000. It is expressed per 1,000 population.
Section B - Paper 2 MCQs (Image 3)
6. Median is preferred when data are:
(B) Skewed
- The median is robust to outliers and is preferred for skewed distributions. Mean is used for normal/symmetrical data.
7. Human anatomical waste is discarded in:
(C) Yellow bag
- As per BMW Management Rules 2016: Human anatomical waste (body parts, organs, tissues) goes into Yellow bags/containers for incineration.
8. Spot map is used in:
(B) Descriptive epidemiology
- Spot maps display geographic distribution of cases and are a tool of descriptive epidemiology (place component of person-place-time).
9. A disease constantly present in a locality is:
(C) Endemic
- Endemic = disease constantly present in a particular geographic area or population at a relatively stable rate.
10. Which of the following is a re-emerging disease?
(B) Tuberculosis
- TB is the classic example of a re-emerging disease (resurgence due to HIV, drug resistance, etc.). Scurvy, Beriberi, and Pellagra are nutritional deficiency diseases, not re-emerging infectious diseases.
Quick Summary Table
| Q# | Answer | Key Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Section A | ||
| A1 | (B) Relative Risk | Cohort study measure |
| A2 | (C) True positives | Sensitivity definition |
| A3 | (B) Aedes | Dengue vector |
| A4 | (B) TFR | Replacement fertility indicator |
| A5 | (D) Communicable diseases | SAR used in household spread |
| Section B - Paper 1 | ||
| 1 | (C) Mortality | Standardization classic use |
| 2 | (C) Population at risk | Incidence denominator |
| 3 | (B) CPR | Family planning indicator |
| 4 | (C) 2016 | BMW Rules revision |
| 5 | (B) Secondary prevention | Early detection |
| 6 | (B) Water pollution | BOD indicator |
| 7 | (B) Double burden | Tribal health |
| 8 | (C) 10 years | Census frequency |
| 9 | (A) Agent-Host-Environment | Epidemiological triad |
| 10 | (B) 1000 | CBR expression |
| Section B - Paper 2 | ||
| 6 | (B) Skewed | Median use case |
| 7 | (C) Yellow bag | Anatomical waste |
| 8 | (B) Descriptive epidemiology | Spot map use |
| 9 | (C) Endemic | Constant presence |
| 10 | (B) Tuberculosis | Re-emerging disease |
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