You are writing exam-answer content for a B.Sc. Medical Biotechnology "Bioanalytical Techniques" question bank (Malla Reddy University, subject code MR25-1MBT303). Each question is worth 8 marks (many are split 4+4 marks between two sub-parts). Write clear, well-organized, textbook-accurate answers suitable for a university exam answer script — detailed enough to earn full marks but concise and structured (use short paragraphs, bullet points, and simple labeled diagrams described in words where a diagram is asked for, e.g. "Draw a ray diagram" -> describe the ray path in words/ASCII since you cannot draw). Use the medical-library skill (read /skills/readonly/medical-library/SKILL.md first, then use query_library_db and read_file) to look up accurate content on microscopy, centrifugation, and viscosity topics from indexed textbooks (biochemistry/biophysics textbooks in the library). Where the library doesn't have the specific instrument/technique details, use your own accurate scientific/biotechnology knowledge to write the answer — do not skip any question. Answer ALL of the following 25 questions, each labeled with its number. For each, reproduce the question number and question text as a heading, then give the full answer below it. Target roughly 250-450 words per question (more for 8-mark full questions, appropriately split for 4+4 questions). 1. What all important properties of light contribute in image formation of microscope? How refractive index affects the resolution of microscope? (4+4) 2. What is the principle of imaging in a compound microscope? Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in microscope. (4+4) 3. What is the difference between Bright field and Dark field microscope? How does magnification of microscope relate to focal length. (4+4) 4. Elaborate about the principle of phase contrast microscope and its advantage over the compound microscope? (4+4) 5. Elaborate about fluorescence with help of Jablonski diagram? Describe in details about fluorescence microscope? (4+4) 6. What is Nomarski prism? Describe the working principle of Differential interference microscope? (4+4) 7. What is the advantage of using pinholes in confocal microscope? Describe the working principle and application of confocal microscope. (4+4) 8. Describe enantiomers. Which instrument is used to determine the optical purity of a compound. (4+4) 9. Describe the advantage of Electron microscope over light microscope. Elaborate about Scanning Electron Microscope principle and its application. (4+4) 10. Elaborate about the instrumentation and principle of Transmission Electron Microscope. Mention its biological significance. (4+4) 11. Elaborate about the principle, designing and working of Abbe's Refractometer. (8) 12. What is centrifugal force? Describe about the working principle of Centrifugation. (4+4) 13. Differentiate between RPM and RCF? Describe in details about different types of rotors used for Centrifugation? (4+4) 14. What is preparative and analytical Centrifugation? Elaborate about different types of Centrifugation on the basis of their speed. (4+4) 15. Describe about the principle and biological application of differential Centrifugation? (8) 16. What is density gradient Centrifugation? Differentiate between Rate zonal and Isopycnic Centrifugation. (4+4) 17. Define Viscosity and effect of temperature on viscosity of gases and liquid? Describe in details about the correlation of viscosity with Stokes law and Fick's law. (4+4) 18. Elaborate about the working principle of Ostwald's Viscometer and its application? (8) 19. Define Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluid. Describe about different viscous biological fluids with their significance? (4+4) 20. Describe about the effect of haematocrit, temperature and inflammation on Viscosity of blood? (8) 21. What is chromatography and how is it different from Centrifugation? Describe the parameters that are responsible for chromatographic performance. (4+4) 22. What is the principle of TLC? Mention about applications of TLC. (4+4) 23. Which chromatographic technique is used to isolate biomolecules on the basis of molecular weight and size? (8) [Answer: Gel filtration / Size exclusion chromatography] 24. Which chromatographic technique is used to isolate biomolecules on the basis of different charges? (8) [Answer: Ion exchange chromatography] 25. Describe about partition chromatography. Draw a difference between partition and absorption chromatography. (4+4) Return your FINAL answer as one single continuous plain text/markdown document containing all 25 numbered question headings and their full answers in order. Do not add extra commentary before or after — just the Q&A content, ready to be pasted into a Word document.

You are writing exam-answer content for a B.Sc. Medical Biotechnology "Bioanalytical Techniques" question bank (Malla Reddy University, subject code MR25-1MBT303). Each question is worth 8 marks (many are split 4+4 marks between two sub-parts). Write clear, well-organized, textbook-accurate answers suitable for a university exam answer script — detailed enough to earn full marks but concise and structured (use short paragraphs, bullet points, and simple labeled diagrams described in words where a diagram is asked for, e.g. schematic of flame photometer -> describe components/flow in words since you cannot draw). Use the medical-library skill (read /skills/readonly/medical-library/SKILL.md first, then use query_library_db and read_file) to look up accurate content on chromatography, electrophoresis, spectroscopy, and radioisotope/nuclear medicine topics from indexed textbooks (biochemistry/biophysics/nuclear medicine textbooks in the library). Where the library doesn't have the specific instrument/technique details, use your own accurate scientific/biotechnology knowledge to write the answer — do not skip any question. Answer ALL of the following 25 questions, each labeled with its number. For each, reproduce the question number and question text as a heading, then give the full answer below it. Target roughly 250-450 words per question (more for 8-mark full questions, appropriately split for 4+4 questions). 26. Describe the working principle and application of HPLC? (4+4) 27. Describe the working principle of Gas Chromatography Mass spectrometer (GCMS) and its applications. (4+4) 28. Elaborate the Electrophoresis techniques used for DNA Isolation and analysis? (8) [i.e., agarose gel electrophoresis, pulsed field gel electrophoresis] 29. Elaborate the Electrophoresis techniques used for Protein Isolation? (8) [i.e., SDS-PAGE, native PAGE] 30. What is native gel Electrophoresis? Elaborate about the principle of Isoelectric focusing Electrophoresis? (4+4) 31. Describe in details about the working principle of pH meter along with its application. (8) 32. What is electromagnetic spectrum? Describe its properties and role in Absorption spectroscopy? (4+4) 33. What does Beer-Lambert law state and its deviation? What is the significance of the law in spectroscopy. (4+4) 34. Elaborate about the instrumentation, basic principles and application of spectroscopy? (4+4) 35. Give an account on principle and instrumentation of IR spectroscopy. (8) 36. Explain principle and instrumentation of UV-visible spectroscopy. (8) 37. Describe about the principle of colorimeter. Elaborate about its application. (4+4) 38. Elaborate in details about principle and application of Mass Spectroscopy? (8) 39. What are the different types of chromophores? Describe absorption and intensity shifts. (4+4) [cover bathochromic, hypsochromic, hyperchromic, hypochromic shifts] 40. Write about the principle of Spectrofluorophotometer? Describe about its application in details. (4+4) 41. Draw the schematic diagram of a flame photometer and explain how you will determine sodium by using flame photometer. (4+4) 42. Describe about Radiation and its type. Differentiate between isotopes and radioisotopes with its application. (4+4) 43. Describe in details about different radioactive decay and their significance? (8) [alpha, beta, gamma decay] 44. Describe in details about Scintillation counting for dual-labelled samples. Elaborate about Scintillation proximity assay. (4+4) 45. Elaborate about the interaction of radioactivity with matter. (8) 46. Describe about methods used to detect and measure radioactivity. (8) [Geiger-Muller counter, scintillation counter, autoradiography, dosimeters] 47. Elaborate about different radioisotopes used in biological research. Describe quenching. (4+4) 48. What is Radiation therapy? Significance of radiation therapy in treatment of cancer therapy? (4+4) 49. Differentiate between PET scan and CT scan. Describe their roles in imaging. (4+4) 50. Describe in details about Nuclear Imaging. Elaborate its application in medical science. (4+4) Return your FINAL answer as one single continuous plain text/markdown document containing all 25 numbered question headings (26-50) and their full answers in order. Do not add extra commentary before or after — just the Q&A content, ready to be pasted into a Word document.