Orris

Tumour Markers - role in diagnosis ; Cancer - laboratory diagnosis ;Benign and Malignant Neoplasms - differences, Malignant Neoplasms - routes of spread with examples; Neoplasia - define, classification, laboratory diagnosis; Modes of Metastasis; Teratoma; Chemical Carcinogenesis -describe, steps with examples; Pathways of spread of Malignant Neoplasms - discuss 2nd yr mbbs pathology refer robbins answer in detail

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All notes are drawn directly from Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease and Robbins & Kumar Basic Pathology. Here is a topic-by-topic summary of what is covered above:

What's Covered (All Your Topics):

  1. Neoplasia - Definition: Disorder of cell growth from mutations giving growth advantage independent of physiologic controls (Robbins PBD, p. 254)
  2. Classification: Benign vs. malignant; carcinoma vs. sarcoma; full nomenclature table by tissue of origin; mixed tumors; confusing names (lymphoma, melanoma are malignant)
  3. Benign vs. Malignant Neoplasms - Differences: Complete comparison table covering differentiation, anaplasia, growth rate, invasion, capsule, metastasis, nuclear features, necrosis, recurrence, prognosis
  4. Routes / Pathways of Spread of Malignant Neoplasms:
    • Lymphatic (carcinomas) - axillary nodes (breast), Virchow's node (stomach)
    • Hematogenous (sarcomas + carcinomas) - liver, lungs, bone, brain; Batson's plexus
    • Transcoelomic/Seeding - peritoneal cavity (ovarian Ca, Krukenberg tumor), CSF (medulloblastoma)
    • Direct/Contiguous spread
  5. Modes of Metastasis: Full invasion-metastasis cascade (loss of E-cadherin, MMP activation, intravasation, survival, extravasation, colonization); organ tropism via chemokine receptors
  6. Tumor Markers: AFP, CEA, PSA, hCG, CA-125, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, calcitonin, LDH, thyroglobulin - with normal values, associated cancers, clinical uses and limitations
  7. Cancer - Laboratory Diagnosis: Biopsy types, histopathology, IHC, flow cytometry, molecular profiling, liquid biopsy, grading vs. staging
  8. Teratoma: Definition, origin (totipotential germ cells), three categories (mature/benign, immature/malignant, monodermal), dermoid cyst morphology, struma ovarii, carcinoid; testicular vs. ovarian differences
  9. Chemical Carcinogenesis: Initiation (irreversible, DNA mutation) → Promotion (reversible, clonal expansion) → Progression; direct-acting vs. indirect-acting (procarcinogens); key examples: benzo[a]pyrene (lung), aflatoxin B1 (HCC, codon 249 TP53), 2-naphthylamine (bladder), vinyl chloride (angiosarcoma), nitrosamines (stomach)
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