Quick Reference - All Questions Answered

PAPER 1

1. E-waste - Definition, health effects (neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, carcinogenicity from lead/mercury/cadmium/dioxins), preventive measures (E-Waste Rules 2016, EPR, formal recycling, PPE, 4R principle)
2. Flood Preparedness - Disaster preparedness (hazard mapping, stockpiling, mock drills), Triage (START system, RED/YELLOW/GREEN/BLACK categories), Vaccination (cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, tetanus, measles)
3. National Nutrition Policy - Objectives (reduce PEM, anemia, VAD, IDD), strategies (direct + indirect), major programs (POSHAN Abhiyaan, ICDS, Mid-Day Meal, NIPI)
4. 6×6×6 Anemia Mukt Bharat - 6 beneficiary groups × 6 interventions (IFA, deworming, testing, BCC, treatment) × 6 institutional platforms
5. Health Indicators - Mortality, morbidity, nutrition, service, socioeconomic, utilization, composite; IMR as most important indicator
6. BCC for Sanitation - Situation analysis, CLTS triggering approach, interpersonal + mass media channels, Swachh Bharat Mission linkage, ODF monitoring

• A: Social Security - Definition, benefits, Factory Act provisions for women (Section 19 separate toilets, Section 48 crèche, Section 66 no night work, Section 27 dangerous machinery)
• B: Ayushman Bharat - Beneficiaries (50 crore via SECC 2011), 2 pillars (HWCs + PM-JAY), key features (Rs. 5 lakh/year, cashless, portable, pre-existing covered)

1. Food fortification - iodized salt, iron-fortified flour
2. Type I (false positive) and Type II (false negative) errors
3. U.WIN - digital immunization registry platform
4. Types of epidemics - common source, propagated, explosive, seasonal, pandemic
5. Ayurveda and Homeopathy (most prevalent in Punjab)

PAPER 2

1. Sampling - Definition; probability (SRS, systematic, stratified, cluster, multistage) vs non-probability (convenience, purposive, snowball, quota); advantages and limitations of each
2. Pollution + Air Monitoring - 8 types of pollution; NAAQM, CAAQMS, AQI (8 pollutants, 6-color scale), NCAP 2019, monitoring methods (gravimetric HVS, spectrophotometry)
3. Medical Error Disclosure - Ethical principles (autonomy, non-maleficence, veracity), 7 steps: immediate treatment → preparation → disclosure meeting → answer questions → document → follow-up → root cause analysis
4. Screening Test Calculations:
   • Sensitivity = 90% (900/1000)
   • Specificity = 90% (8100/9000)
   • Screening (asymptomatic, high sensitivity, presumptive) vs Diagnostic (symptomatic, high specificity, confirmatory)
5. Epidemiological Studies - Observational (descriptive + analytical) vs Experimental; 7 steps of case-control study (define question → select cases → select controls → assess exposure → calculate Odds Ratio → control confounders → interpret)
6. Nutritional Assessment in Pregnancy (2nd trimester) - Quantitative (anthropometry: weight/MUAC; biochemistry: Hb, ferritin, OGTT; 24-hr dietary recall); Qualitative (clinical signs: pallor/goiter/edema; food habits/taboos; socioeconomic status; obstetric history)

1. Natural History of Disease - Patient is in Subclinical/Presymptomatic stage (Stage 2); labeled 5-stage diagram with levels of prevention
2. Level of Prevention = Secondary Prevention (screening); Intervention: start Metformin for DM2 + ACE inhibitor/Amlodipine for HTN
3. Iceberg of Disease - Patient represents the submerged hidden portion; tip = symptomatic diagnosed cases; bulk below waterline = subclinical (this patient), latent, carriers, undiagnosed individuals